The document discusses electronic fuel injection systems. It provides an introduction and overview of the history and components of fuel injection systems. These include the electronic control unit, sensors, actuators, fuel injectors, fuel rail, and fuel pressure regulator. The document then describes how the fuel injection system and injectors work, the injector firing process, and testing and cleaning of injectors. It also discusses different fuel injection types and the advantages and disadvantages of electronic fuel injection systems.

1. Presented by
Debashish bose
Reg no- 1101298278
Branch- mechanical
Roll no- 14
GUIDED BY
AYUSHMAN NAYAK
LECTURER
DEPT. MECH ENGG.

2. CONTENT
 Introduction
 Literature Review
 History
 Types Of Fuel Injection
 Components Of Electronic Injection System
 Fuel Injector Working
 How The Injector Fires
 Injector Testing
 Injector Cleaning
 Digital Twin Spark Swirl Induction (Dts-si)
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 References

3. INTRODUCTION
 Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an Internal Combustion Engine.
 It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in gasoline automotive engines,
having almost completely replaced carburetors in the late 1980s.
 With the advent of electronic fuel injection (EFI), the diesel and gasoline hardware
has become similar.
 Strict emission standards require precise fuel delivery
 Computers used to calculate fuel needs
 EFI very precise, reliable & cost effective
 EFI provide correct A/F ratio for all loads, speeds, & temp ranges

4. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems(Third edition) by Tom Denton BA, AMSAE,
MITRE, Cert.Ed.Associate Lecturer, Open University on Development of the automobile
electrical system.
 Gasoline Fuel-Injection System K-Jetronic by Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Ulrich Adler, Joachim Kaiser,
Berthold Gauder, Leinfelden-Echterdingen targeting to achieve higher fuel economy and
lower toxic emissions.
 Service Procedures 2379-03-02-02 Copper Sleeve, Unit Injector, Replacement(One) by Volvo
Trucks North America Greensboro, NC USA covering the propoer procedure for replacing
the copper sleeves for the unit injectors on the Volvo D16F engine.
 Service Procedures 2379-03-02-01 Unit Injector, Replacement D16 Engines by Volvo Trucks
North America Greensboro, NC USA covering information regarding replacing operation for
the engine unit injectors on the Volvo D16 engine.

5. HISTORY
 Frederic joined Forward gas engine in 1889 and do experiments in fuel injection.
 Fuel injection was in widespread commercial use in diesel engines by mid 1920s. The
direct injection was in employed in some notable designs like Benz, BMW.
 First gasoline injection system was developed by Bosch and introduced in 1955 in
Mercedes Benz-300 SL.
 The first commercial electronic fuel injection (EFI) system was Electrojector,
developed by the Bendix Corporation and was to be offered by American Motors
(AMC) in 1957 .

6. HISTORY(CONT..)
 In 1957, Chevrolet introduced a mechanical fuel injection option, made by
General Motors‘.
 Chrysler offered Electro injector on specific high performance 1958
models…the 300D, the D500 Arguably the first series cars equipped with an
EFI system, but the early electronic components were too slow.
 Bosch developed an electronic fuel injection system, called D-Jetronic (D for
Druck, the German word for pressure), which was first used on the VW
1600TL in 1967.

7. Types of Fuel Injection
 Direct Injection
 Throttle Body Injection
 Multi point Fuel Injection
 Continuous Injection
 Central Port Injection
 Central Multi-Port Injection
 Low Pressure Injection

8. Direct Injection(TDI):
 In direct injection the fuel injector sprays atomised fuel directly into the main
combustion chamber of each cylinder, rather than the pre-combustion chamber
prevalent in older diesels which used indirect injection.
 The engine is coupled with a turbocharger to increase the amount of air going
into the engine cylinders, and an intercooler to lower the temperature (and
therefore increase the density) of the air from the turbo, thereby increasing the
amount of fuel that can be injected and combusted

9. Throttle Body Injection (TBI)
 First injection unit used
 Also known as Snigle Point
Injector
 One or two injector
 One or two of these units are
directed at the intake manifold

10. Multi-point fuel injection:
 Multi-point fuel injection injects fuel
into the intake port just upstream of the
cylinder's intake valve, rather than at a
central point within an intake manifold.
 One injector per cylinder
 Mounts in intake manifold, sprays
directly at intake valve
 Fired in groups or individually (SFI)
 Leaner mixture during warm-up

11. Continuous injection
 In a continuous injection system, fuel flows at all times from the fuel injectors, but at a
variable flow rate.
 This is in contrast to most fuel injection systems, which provide fuel during short pulses
of varying duration, with a constant rate of flow during each pulse.
 Continuous injection systems can be multi-point or single-point, but not direct.

12. Central Port Injection (CPI)
 Injector located in center of
intake manifold
 60 psi system
 6 or 8 poppet valves attached
to one injector

13. Central Multi-Port Injection (CMPI)
 Similar to CPI
 Individual injectors, with
poppet valves

14. LOW PRESSURE FUEL INJECTOR
 13-16 psi operating pressure
 Ball style pintle
 Easily replaceable

15. Components Of Electronic Injection System
Electronic Parts
 Computer (PCM):
 logic device.
 Sensors :
 input data to the computer.
 Actuators :
 Convert output of the computer
into mechanical motion
Mechanical Parts
 Fuel tank.
 Fuel pump.
 Fuel filter and lines.
 Injector or injectors.
 Fuel rail.
 Pressure regulator.

16. Types of Engine Sensors
 Mass airflow sensor
 Oxygen sensor
 Throttle position sensor
 Coolant temperature sensor
 Voltage sensor
 Manifold absolute pressure sensor
 Engine speed sensor
 Crank Position Sensor
 Cam Angle Sensor

17. Computer Actuators (Outputs)
 Fuel Injectors
 Idle Air Control
 Fuel Pump Relay
 Cooling Fan Relay
 Torque Converter
 Malfunction Indicator Lamp

18. HIGH PRESSURE FUEL PUMP
 An electric fuel pump.
 Equipped with an Electronic
Control Unit (ECU).
 Increased safety

19. Fuel Filter and Fuel Lines
 Check for impurities
 Improve fuel quality
 Inline

20. Fuel Rail
 The rail - pipe that fills the injectors.
 A pipe (usually resembling a rail) used
to deliver fuel to individual fuel
injectors.
 It is designed to have a pocket or seat
for each injector as well as an inlet for
a fuel supply.

21. Fuel Pressure Regulator
 Located at end of fuel rail
 Maintains constant pressure at injectors
 Pressure adjusted for changes in intake manifold vacuum.
 Some are mechanical but newer cars use an electronic system

22. Fuel Pressure Regulator

23. Poppet Nozzles
 Contains a check ball & extension
spring
 Regulate the flow of fuel into
cylinder
 Fuel flows when pressure exceeds
40 psi
 Ball reseats when pressure drops

24. ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT
 ECU determines precisely how much fuel needs to be delivered by the injector by
monitoring the engine sensors.
 ECU monitors engine operating parameters via various sensors.
 The optimum amount of injected fuel depends on conditions such as engine and
ambient temperatures, engine speed and workload, and exhaust gas composition.
 Monitoring temperature and other sensors etc.

25. FUEL INJECTOR WORKING

26. FUEL INJECTOR WORKING
 Electronic Control System
 Fuel Delivery System
 Air Induction System

27. Electronic Control System
 Comprises of various electronic parts including sensor.
 The sensor sends sgnal to the Electronic Control Unit.
 The ECU processes all these signal and send appropriate commands to the
injectors.
 The injector inject fuel as per the command.

28. Fuel Delivery System
 It consist of fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, fuel delivery pipe, fuel
injector, fuel pressure regulator and fuel return pipe.
 Fuel is delivered from the tank to the injector by means of an electric fuel
pump. The pump is typically located in or near the fuel tank.
 Fuel is maintained at a constant pressure by means of a fuel pressure
regulator.

29. Air Induction System
 The air induction system consists of the air cleaner, air flow meter, throttle
valve, air intake chamber, intake manifold runner, and intake valve.
 When the throttle valve is opened, air flows through the air cleaner, through the
air flow meter (on L type systems), past the throttle valve, and through a well
tuned intake manifold runner to the intake valve.

30. How the Injector Fires
 The computer grounds the injector to turn it “pulse” -- “Pulse width”
 Pulses timed by crankshaft sensor (CKPS). And/or camshaft sensor (CPS).
 Three ways to fire the injectors:
1. Group
2. Gang injection
3. Sequential injection

31. Injector Testing
 Coil Test – Specific current
supplied, measures voltage drop
 Injector Balance – Inj. Energized
for a precise time frame, record fuel
pressure drop
 Noid lights
 Simple test light that plugs into
injector connector
 Light flashes with each electrical
pulse

32.  Periodic cleaning removes varnish
& other deposits
 Pressurized canister dispenses
cleaning solution
 Must disconnect fuel pump!
Injector Cleaning

33. Digital Twin Spark Swirl Induction (DTS-Si):
 Like the DTS-i engine, the DTS-Si engine also has 2 Spark Plugs, the timing of
which is controlled by a Digital Microprocessor.
 The difference between these two engines is the offset position of the inlet and
outlet ports of the DTS-Si engine.
 This offset position creates turbulence of the air-fuel mixture inside the engine.
 Benefits of DTS-Si Technology: This enhances the fuel efficiency of the engine
even further.

34. Advantages
 Uniform Air/Fuel Mixture Distribution.
 Highly Accurate Air/Fuel Ratio Control Throughout All Engine Operating
Conditions.
 Excellent Fuel Economy With Improved Emission Control.
 Improved Cold Engine Start ability.
 Simpler Mechanics, Reduced Adjustment Sensitivity

35. DISADVANTAGES
 Costly.
 Need regular maintenance.
 ECU can be hacked.

36. REFERENCES
 “Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems(Third edition)” by Tom Denton BA,
AMSAE, MITRE, Cert.Ed.Associate Lecturer, Open University.
 “Gasoline Fuel-Injection System K-Jetronic” by Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Ulrich Adler, Joachim
Kaiser, Berthold Gauder, Leinfelden-Echterdingen.
 “Service Procedures 2379-03-02-02 Copper Sleeve, Unit Injector,
Replacement(One)” by Volvo Trucks North America Greensboro, NC USA.
 “Service Procedures 2379-03-02-01 Unit Injector, Replacement D16 Engines” by
Volvo Trucks North America Greensboro, NC USA.