The common rail fuel injection system is finding increasing use engines as it has the potential to drastically cut emissions and fuel consumption. This system provides control of many important parameters linked to the injection system. It has a wide range of applications, From small to heavy-duty engines.
The heart of an automobile is its engine, and the heart requires a constant and ingenuous supply of blood, fuel in this case. There had been carburetors faithfully doing this holy work, but technology never seizes to move up. Therefore, the latest offering is the fuel injector for petrol engin es. Though it all started with a simple objective of supplying a controlled amount of fuel at proper intervals of time, it’s, as of now, not as simple as that. With emission norms getting stricter and changing trends in engine technology – high-speed engines, Variable displacement engines, Hybrid engines, etc – it became more and more of a necessity than a luxury to improve the fuel supply system.
Today’s fuel injection unit not only improves engine performance, but also helps in giving a cleaner exhaust that too with a increased fuel economy. The objectives can be attained using a microprocessor that directs the injector using a number of various input parameters. These parameters include manifold temperatures, throttle position, ignition timing, engine speed, load, and a lot more of other factors. The various strategically placed sensors measures these physical quantities and convey the same to the processor in electronic signals. The paper deals with the brief functionality and basic concept of operation of a modern fuel injector used in petrol engines.
The common rail fuel injection system is finding increasing use engines as it has the potential to drastically cut emissions and fuel consumption. This system provides control of many important parameters linked to the injection system. It has a wide range of applications, From small to heavy-duty engines.
The heart of an automobile is its engine, and the heart requires a constant and ingenuous supply of blood, fuel in this case. There had been carburetors faithfully doing this holy work, but technology never seizes to move up. Therefore, the latest offering is the fuel injector for petrol engin es. Though it all started with a simple objective of supplying a controlled amount of fuel at proper intervals of time, it’s, as of now, not as simple as that. With emission norms getting stricter and changing trends in engine technology – high-speed engines, Variable displacement engines, Hybrid engines, etc – it became more and more of a necessity than a luxury to improve the fuel supply system.
Today’s fuel injection unit not only improves engine performance, but also helps in giving a cleaner exhaust that too with a increased fuel economy. The objectives can be attained using a microprocessor that directs the injector using a number of various input parameters. These parameters include manifold temperatures, throttle position, ignition timing, engine speed, load, and a lot more of other factors. The various strategically placed sensors measures these physical quantities and convey the same to the processor in electronic signals. The paper deals with the brief functionality and basic concept of operation of a modern fuel injector used in petrol engines.
ENGINE AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
Electronically controlled gasoline injection system for SI engines, Electronically controlled diesel injection system (Unit injector system, Rotary distributor type and common rail direct injection system), Electronic ignition system (Transistorized coil ignition system, capacitive discharge ignition system), Turbo chargers (WGT, VGT), Engine emission control by three way catalytic converter system, Emission norms (Euro and BS).
Electronically controlled gasoline injection system for SI engines – Electronically controlled diesel injection system – unit injector system, rotary distributor type and common rail direct injection system – Electronic ignition system: transistorized coil ignition system, capacitive discharge ignition system – Turbochargers - waste gate turbocharger, variable geometry turbocharger – engine emission control by three way catalytic converter system – emission norms (Euro, BS).
A basic guide to Automotive Engineering. A must have for Automobile/Mechanical Engineers.
Includes all technologies like - Traction control, ABS, etc
CONTENTS:
1. Car body construction
2. Engines
3. Fuel Supply in Petrol & Diesel Engines
4. Engine related systems
5. Drive Train
6. Suspension & steering
7. For safety
8. Emissions
9. Electrical & HVAC systems
UNIT-II-ENGINE AUXILIARY SYSTEMS &TURBOCHARGERDineshKumar4165
Electronically controlled gasoline injection system for SI engines, Electronically controlled diesel injection system, Unit injector system, Rotary distributor type and common rail direct injection system, Electronic ignition system - Transistorized coil ignition system, capacitive discharge ignition system, Turbo chargers -Waste Gate Turbocharger, Variable Geomentry Turbocharger, Engine emission control by three way catalytic converter system, Emission norms (Euro and BS).
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
EFI system
1. Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) SYSTEM
SI ENGINE – EFI : TBI and MPFI
BY
S K Singh
Centre for Energy Studies
IIT Delhi
2. LIMITATIONS OF CARBURETTOR
-Non Uniform Mixture In Multi Cylinder Engines
- Accumulation Of Fuel In Manifolds So Uneven Mixture Distribution
- Rich Mixture Enters At End Cylinders And Leaner Mixture At
Cylinders near To Carburettor !!!
3. NEED OF ELECTRONIC FUEL
INJECTION (EFI)!!
- For uniform distribution of fuel in multi cylinder engines
- To Improve volumetric efficiency
- To prevent loss of fuel in scavenging in 2 stroke engines
4. Types of injection system
(i) Gasoline Direct injection (GDI)
(ii) Port Injection – Timed and continuous
(iii) Manifold injection
These three can be grouped under SINGLE POINT or MULTI POINT
FUEL INJECTION (MPFI)
SINGLE POINT (or Throttle Body Injection (TBI)) : 1 or 2 injectors are
mounted inside the throttle body
MULTI POINT : 1 injector for each cylinder. Fuel is injected in more than
one location
5.
6.
7.
8. Types of injection system contd..
(i) Continuous injection : Uses a rotary pump (creates 0.75 to 1.5
bar pressure). Timing and duration of injection is determined
by ECU
(ii) Timed injection: A fuel supply pump supplies fuel at around 2
bar pressure when engine runs at maximum speed . Also
fitted with an Injection pump and nozzle.
Nozzle injection pressure:
- At port 6.5 bar
- Inside combustion chamber 16 to 35 bar
9. Basic components of injection system
-Pumping element
-Metering element
-Mixing element
-Metering control
-Mixture control
-Distributing element
-Timing control
-Ambient Control
10. Introduction to Electronic Petrol
Throttle/Single Point Fuel Injection Systems
The Carburettor has now been replaced with petrol injection systems.
These systems supply the engine with a highly atomized mixture of air
and fuel in the correct air/fuel ratio. This has the following advantages
over the carburettor systems
Lower exhaust emissions (pollution)
Better fuel consumption
Smoother engine operation and greater power
Automatic adjustment of the air/fuel ratio to keep the vehicles
Electronic Fuel Injector
11. Needle valve
Electrical connector
Fuel filter
Fuel in
Spring
Armature
Nozzle/jet
Solenoid coil
Electronic Fuel Injector Operation
An injector sprays fuel into the inlet manifold by use of a solenoid coil.
When the coil is switch on by the ECU, it pulls the armature/needle
valve away from the nozzle, allowing pressurized fuel into the engine.
When the coil is not switched on, the spring pushes the
armature/needle against the nozzle, no fuel is injected into the inlet
manifold
Injectors are more precise and
efficient than carburettors.
13. Introduction to Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)
Systems
Modern cars uses engine sensors, computer and solenoid
operated fuel injectors to meter and inject the right quantity of
fuel
An Electronic control Unit (ECU) or the computer receives
electrical signals in the form of current or voltage from various
sensors. It then uses the stored data to operate the injectors,
ignition system and other devices.
14. Introduction to Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)
Systems contd..
The ECUcontains the following sensors:
(i) Exhaust gas or oxygen sensor (Senses O2 in engine exhaust ,
calculates A/F ratio. Sensor output voltage changes in
proportion to A/f ratio)
(ii) Engine temperature sensor (senses coolant temp : increases
richness if desired for cold starting)
(iii) Air flow sensors (senses air and monitors quantity of fuel as
per requirement)
(iv) Air Inlet Temperature sensor
(v) Throttle position sensor (senses engine throttle position and
adjusts mixture strength)
(vi) Manifold pressure sensor (monitors vacuum in engine intake
manifold so that mixture strength can be adjusted with
changes in engine load)
(vii) Camshaft position sensor (for speed and timing of injection)
(viii) Knock sensor (microphone type – detects pinging noise or
pre ignition noise so that the engine timing can be retarded)
15. Heating
element
Sensor
element
Protective
cap with gas
intake slots
Wires
to ECU
Heating
element
Sensor
element
Protective
cap with gas
intake slots
Wires
to ECU
Reference
voltage
Engine coolant
temperature sensor
+V
V
0V
Reference
voltage
Reference
voltage
Engine coolant
temperature sensor
+V
V
0V
+5V
0V
TPS
+5V
0V
TPS
TPS
ECU
IAC valve
Throttle valve
Air in
Solenoid coil
ECU
IAC valve
Throttle valve
Air in
Solenoid coil
The ECU (Brain) receives
Information from various sensors.
From this information it works out
how much fuel the engine needs
Inputs Outputs
Single Point Injection
Sensor
16.
17.
18. Advantages of Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)
Systems contd..
-Increased volumetric efficiency
- No wetting of manifold
-Easy starting
-Better atomization, vaporization and mixing
-Less volatile fuel can be used
-A/F ratio variation negligible
19. Limitations of Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)
Systems contd..
- High Initial cost
-High Maintenance cost
- Servicing problems
- Sensors problems
20. Electronic Fuel Injection Systems
- Two Basic arrangements are used
1. Port Injection: injector is placed on side of the
intake manifold near the intake port. The
injector injects petrol into the air inside intake
manifold. This mixture then passed through
intake valve inside the cylinder for combustion.
Every cylinder is fitted with separate
injector
2. Throttle body injection (TBI) or Single point
Injection: An injector is placed above the throat
of the throttle body
21. Air drawn in by the engine
Fuel Supply
Throttle Body
Throttle Valve
Inlet Manifold
The Engine
Throttle Body/Single Point EFI
22. Single Point Electronic Fuel Injection (or
Throttle body Injection TBI) System
A fuel injector (may be 2)
is located in a throttle
body assembly that sits
on top of the inlet
manifold.
Fuel is sprayed into the
inlet manifold from
above the throttle valve,
mixing with incoming
air.
Fuel quantity, how
much fuel is injected is
controlled by an ECU.
Single Point (Throttle Body) Fuel Injection
ECU
Fuel in
Inlet manifold
Air in
TB injector
23. Throttle Body Injection contd..
• The throttle body injection (TBI) system uses one or two injector valves mounted in a
throttle body assembly. The injectors spray fuel into the top of the throttle body air horn
The TBI fuel spray mixes with the air flowing through the air horn. The mixture is
then pulled into the engine by intake manifold vacuum. The throttle body injection
assembly typically consists of the following: throttle body housing, fuel injectors, fuel
pressure regulator, throttle positioner, throttle position sensor, and throttle plates.
• The THROTTLE BODY housing, like a carburetor body, bolts to the pad on the
intake manifold. It houses the metal castings that hold the injectors, the fuel pressure
regulator, and the throttle plates. The throttle plates are located in the lower section of
the body. A linkage or cable connects the throttle plates with the accelerator pedal. An
inlet fuel line and outlet return line connects to the fittings on the body.
24. THROTTLE BODY INJECTION SYSTEM CONTD..
A type of electronic fuel injection system that uses a single injector or pair of
injectors mounted in a centrally located throttle body. The throttle unit
resembles a carburetor except that there is no fuel bowl, float or metering
jets. Fuel is sprayed directly into the throttle bore(s) by the injector(s).
26. Multi-Point Fuel Injection MPFI
SYSTEM
1. Port Injection
In this the injector is placed on the side of the intake manifold near the intake
manifold
27. Air drawn in by the engine
Fuel Injectors
Throttle Valve
Fuel
Supply
Inlet Manifold
Injectors
Engine
Multi – Point S.I. Fuel Injection
28. M.P.F.I. System
• M.P.F.I. means Multi Point Fuel Injection system. In this system each
cylinder has number of injectors to supply/spray fuel in the
cylinders as compared to one injector located centrally to
supply/spray fuel in case of single point injection system.
Multi-point fuel injection injects fuel into the intake port just
upstream of the cylinder's intake valve, rather than at a central point
within an intake manifold. MPFI (or just MPI) systems can be:
SEQUENTIAL, in which injection is timed to coincide with each
cylinder's intake stroke, BATCHED, in which fuel is injected to the
cylinders in groups, without precise synchronization to any
particular cylinder's intake stroke, or SIMULTANEOUS, in which fuel
is injected at the same time to all the cylinders.
Many modern EFI systems utilize sequential MPFI; however, it is
beginning to be replaced by direct injection systems in newer gasoline
engines.
29. 1. More uniform A/F mixture will be supplied to each
cylinder, hence the difference in power developed in
each cylinder is minimum. Vibration from the engine
equipped with this system is less, due to this the life of
engine components is improved.
2. No need to crank the engine twice or thrice in case of
cold starting as happens in the carburetor system.
3. Immediate response, in case of sudden acceleration
/deceleration.
4. Since the engine is controlled by ECM* (Engine Control
Module), more accurate amount of A/F mixture will be
supplied and as a result complete combustion will take
place. This leads to effective utilization of fuel supplied and
hence low emission level.
The mileage of the vehicle will be improved.
Advantage of M. P. F. I. System
30. CLASSIFICATION OF MPFI SYSTEM
(i) D-MPFI SYSTEM & (ii) L-MPFI SYSTEM
• D MPFI SYSTEM: (Manifold Fuel injection system)
• Vacuum in intake manifold is first sensed and also
senses volume of air by its density.
• As air enters into the intake manifold, the manifold
pressure sensor detects intake manifold vacuum and
sends information to ECU.
• Speed sensor - sends information about engine RPM
to ECU
• ECU regulates the amount of fuel supply – injector
sprays fuel in intake manifold
31. D-MPFI SYSTEM (Manifold FI system)
Inlet
manifold
vacuum
sensor
Engine
Air
Mixture of Air and Fuel
RPM Sensor
ECU
injector
Injection into intake
manifold
Injection
Volume
control
Fuel
32. CLASSIFICATION OF MPFI SYSTEM
Contd..
L-MPFI SYSTEM (Port Fuel injection system)
• The fuel metering is regulated by engine speed and
amount of air that actually enters the engine. This is
called air mass metering or air flow metering
• As air enetrs into intake manifold , the air flow sensor
measures the amount of air and sends information to
ECU.
• The speed sensor sends information about engine
speed to ECU
• ECU processes received information and sends
command to injector
33. Air flow
sensor
Engine
Air
Mixture of Air and Fuel
RPM Sensor
ECU
injector
Injection Near port
Injection
Volume
control
Fuel
L-MPFI SYSTEM (Port FI system)
Throttle valve