The document discusses electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems. It describes the limitations of carburetor systems and the need for EFI to provide uniform fuel distribution in multi-cylinder engines. It discusses two main types of EFI systems - single point (throttle body) injection and multi-point port injection. Single point injection uses one or two injectors mounted in the throttle body, while multi-point injection uses a separate injector for each cylinder mounted in the intake manifold. The document provides details on the components, operation, and advantages of these EFI systems.

1. Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) SYSTEM
SI ENGINE – EFI : TBI and MPFI
BY
S K Singh
Centre for Energy Studies
IIT Delhi

2. LIMITATIONS OF CARBURETTOR
-Non Uniform Mixture In Multi Cylinder Engines
- Accumulation Of Fuel In Manifolds So Uneven Mixture Distribution
- Rich Mixture Enters At End Cylinders And Leaner Mixture At
Cylinders near To Carburettor !!!

3. NEED OF ELECTRONIC FUEL
INJECTION (EFI)!!
- For uniform distribution of fuel in multi cylinder engines
- To Improve volumetric efficiency
- To prevent loss of fuel in scavenging in 2 stroke engines

4. Types of injection system
(i) Gasoline Direct injection (GDI)
(ii) Port Injection – Timed and continuous
(iii) Manifold injection
These three can be grouped under SINGLE POINT or MULTI POINT
FUEL INJECTION (MPFI)
SINGLE POINT (or Throttle Body Injection (TBI)) : 1 or 2 injectors are
mounted inside the throttle body
MULTI POINT : 1 injector for each cylinder. Fuel is injected in more than
one location

8. Types of injection system contd..
(i) Continuous injection : Uses a rotary pump (creates 0.75 to 1.5
bar pressure). Timing and duration of injection is determined
by ECU
(ii) Timed injection: A fuel supply pump supplies fuel at around 2
bar pressure when engine runs at maximum speed . Also
fitted with an Injection pump and nozzle.
Nozzle injection pressure:
- At port 6.5 bar
- Inside combustion chamber 16 to 35 bar

9. Basic components of injection system
-Pumping element
-Metering element
-Mixing element
-Metering control
-Mixture control
-Distributing element
-Timing control
-Ambient Control

10. Introduction to Electronic Petrol
Throttle/Single Point Fuel Injection Systems
The Carburettor has now been replaced with petrol injection systems.
These systems supply the engine with a highly atomized mixture of air
and fuel in the correct air/fuel ratio. This has the following advantages
over the carburettor systems
Lower exhaust emissions (pollution)
Better fuel consumption
Smoother engine operation and greater power
Automatic adjustment of the air/fuel ratio to keep the vehicles
Electronic Fuel Injector

11. Needle valve
Electrical connector
Fuel filter
Fuel in
Spring
Armature
Nozzle/jet
Solenoid coil
Electronic Fuel Injector Operation
An injector sprays fuel into the inlet manifold by use of a solenoid coil.
When the coil is switch on by the ECU, it pulls the armature/needle
valve away from the nozzle, allowing pressurized fuel into the engine.
When the coil is not switched on, the spring pushes the
armature/needle against the nozzle, no fuel is injected into the inlet
manifold
Injectors are more precise and
efficient than carburettors.

12. INJECTOR

13. Introduction to Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)
Systems
Modern cars uses engine sensors, computer and solenoid
operated fuel injectors to meter and inject the right quantity of
fuel
An Electronic control Unit (ECU) or the computer receives
electrical signals in the form of current or voltage from various
sensors. It then uses the stored data to operate the injectors,
ignition system and other devices.

14. Introduction to Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)
Systems contd..
The ECUcontains the following sensors:
(i) Exhaust gas or oxygen sensor (Senses O2 in engine exhaust ,
calculates A/F ratio. Sensor output voltage changes in
proportion to A/f ratio)
(ii) Engine temperature sensor (senses coolant temp : increases
richness if desired for cold starting)
(iii) Air flow sensors (senses air and monitors quantity of fuel as
per requirement)
(iv) Air Inlet Temperature sensor
(v) Throttle position sensor (senses engine throttle position and
adjusts mixture strength)
(vi) Manifold pressure sensor (monitors vacuum in engine intake
manifold so that mixture strength can be adjusted with
changes in engine load)
(vii) Camshaft position sensor (for speed and timing of injection)
(viii) Knock sensor (microphone type – detects pinging noise or
pre ignition noise so that the engine timing can be retarded)

15. Heating
element
Sensor
element
Protective
cap with gas
intake slots
Wires
to ECU
Heating
element
Sensor
element
Protective
cap with gas
intake slots
Wires
to ECU
Reference
voltage
Engine coolant
temperature sensor
+V
V
0V

Reference
voltage
Reference
voltage
Engine coolant
temperature sensor
+V
V
0V

+5V
0V
TPS
+5V
0V
TPS
TPS
ECU
IAC valve
Throttle valve
Air in
Solenoid coil
ECU
IAC valve
Throttle valve
Air in
Solenoid coil
The ECU (Brain) receives
Information from various sensors.
From this information it works out
how much fuel the engine needs
Inputs Outputs
Single Point Injection
Sensor

18. Advantages of Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)
Systems contd..
-Increased volumetric efficiency
- No wetting of manifold
-Easy starting
-Better atomization, vaporization and mixing
-Less volatile fuel can be used
-A/F ratio variation negligible

19. Limitations of Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)
Systems contd..
- High Initial cost
-High Maintenance cost
- Servicing problems
- Sensors problems

20. Electronic Fuel Injection Systems
- Two Basic arrangements are used
1. Port Injection: injector is placed on side of the
intake manifold near the intake port. The
injector injects petrol into the air inside intake
manifold. This mixture then passed through
intake valve inside the cylinder for combustion.
Every cylinder is fitted with separate
injector
2. Throttle body injection (TBI) or Single point
Injection: An injector is placed above the throat
of the throttle body

21. Air drawn in by the engine
Fuel Supply
Throttle Body
Throttle Valve
Inlet Manifold
The Engine
Throttle Body/Single Point EFI

22. Single Point Electronic Fuel Injection (or
Throttle body Injection TBI) System
A fuel injector (may be 2)
is located in a throttle
body assembly that sits
on top of the inlet
manifold.
Fuel is sprayed into the
inlet manifold from
above the throttle valve,
mixing with incoming
air.
Fuel quantity, how
much fuel is injected is
controlled by an ECU.
Single Point (Throttle Body) Fuel Injection
ECU
Fuel in
Inlet manifold
Air in
TB injector

23. Throttle Body Injection contd..
• The throttle body injection (TBI) system uses one or two injector valves mounted in a
throttle body assembly. The injectors spray fuel into the top of the throttle body air horn
The TBI fuel spray mixes with the air flowing through the air horn. The mixture is
then pulled into the engine by intake manifold vacuum. The throttle body injection
assembly typically consists of the following: throttle body housing, fuel injectors, fuel
pressure regulator, throttle positioner, throttle position sensor, and throttle plates.
• The THROTTLE BODY housing, like a carburetor body, bolts to the pad on the
intake manifold. It houses the metal castings that hold the injectors, the fuel pressure
regulator, and the throttle plates. The throttle plates are located in the lower section of
the body. A linkage or cable connects the throttle plates with the accelerator pedal. An
inlet fuel line and outlet return line connects to the fittings on the body.

24. THROTTLE BODY INJECTION SYSTEM CONTD..
A type of electronic fuel injection system that uses a single injector or pair of
injectors mounted in a centrally located throttle body. The throttle unit
resembles a carburetor except that there is no fuel bowl, float or metering
jets. Fuel is sprayed directly into the throttle bore(s) by the injector(s).

25. EXAMPLE OF THROTTLE BODY INDIRECT MPI AND
DIRECT MPI INJECTION SYSTEM

26. Multi-Point Fuel Injection MPFI
SYSTEM
1. Port Injection
In this the injector is placed on the side of the intake manifold near the intake
manifold

27. Air drawn in by the engine
Fuel Injectors
Throttle Valve
Fuel
Supply
Inlet Manifold
Injectors
Engine
Multi – Point S.I. Fuel Injection

28. M.P.F.I. System
• M.P.F.I. means Multi Point Fuel Injection system. In this system each
cylinder has number of injectors to supply/spray fuel in the
cylinders as compared to one injector located centrally to
supply/spray fuel in case of single point injection system.
Multi-point fuel injection injects fuel into the intake port just
upstream of the cylinder's intake valve, rather than at a central point
within an intake manifold. MPFI (or just MPI) systems can be:
SEQUENTIAL, in which injection is timed to coincide with each
cylinder's intake stroke, BATCHED, in which fuel is injected to the
cylinders in groups, without precise synchronization to any
particular cylinder's intake stroke, or SIMULTANEOUS, in which fuel
is injected at the same time to all the cylinders.
Many modern EFI systems utilize sequential MPFI; however, it is
beginning to be replaced by direct injection systems in newer gasoline
engines.

29. 1. More uniform A/F mixture will be supplied to each
cylinder, hence the difference in power developed in
each cylinder is minimum. Vibration from the engine
equipped with this system is less, due to this the life of
engine components is improved.
2. No need to crank the engine twice or thrice in case of
cold starting as happens in the carburetor system.
3. Immediate response, in case of sudden acceleration
/deceleration.
4. Since the engine is controlled by ECM* (Engine Control
Module), more accurate amount of A/F mixture will be
supplied and as a result complete combustion will take
place. This leads to effective utilization of fuel supplied and
hence low emission level.
The mileage of the vehicle will be improved.
Advantage of M. P. F. I. System

30. CLASSIFICATION OF MPFI SYSTEM
(i) D-MPFI SYSTEM & (ii) L-MPFI SYSTEM
• D MPFI SYSTEM: (Manifold Fuel injection system)
• Vacuum in intake manifold is first sensed and also
senses volume of air by its density.
• As air enters into the intake manifold, the manifold
pressure sensor detects intake manifold vacuum and
sends information to ECU.
• Speed sensor - sends information about engine RPM
to ECU
• ECU regulates the amount of fuel supply – injector
sprays fuel in intake manifold

31. D-MPFI SYSTEM (Manifold FI system)
Inlet
manifold
vacuum
sensor
Engine
Air
Mixture of Air and Fuel
RPM Sensor
ECU
injector
Injection into intake
manifold
Injection
Volume
control
Fuel

32. CLASSIFICATION OF MPFI SYSTEM
Contd..
L-MPFI SYSTEM (Port Fuel injection system)
• The fuel metering is regulated by engine speed and
amount of air that actually enters the engine. This is
called air mass metering or air flow metering
• As air enetrs into intake manifold , the air flow sensor
measures the amount of air and sends information to
ECU.
• The speed sensor sends information about engine
speed to ECU
• ECU processes received information and sends
command to injector

33. Air flow
sensor
Engine
Air
Mixture of Air and Fuel
RPM Sensor
ECU
injector
Injection Near port
Injection
Volume
control
Fuel
L-MPFI SYSTEM (Port FI system)
Throttle valve