Downloaded 576 times
More Related Content
Similar to Electrical installation & maintenance
More from Penaflorida Roel
Electrical installation & maintenance
- 1.
- 2.
- 3. Benjamin Franklin Father ofElectricity Kite experiment (one stormy night in Philadelphia) In 1752 Electricity had positive and negative el ements
- 4. Thomas Edison Electric lightbulb (perfected his invention) Direct current (DC) electricity (1879)
- 5.
- 6. Electricity Electricity isthe flow of electrical power or charge It is a secondary energy source Electro-magnetic conversion such as a wire, inside a magnetic field generator connected to a turbine turbine provides the motion required to move the conductor in the generator. Chemical reaction
- 7. Electricity Primary sources Coal Natural gas Oil Nuclear power Hydropower Geothermal Energy Biomass Ocean Power Solar Energy
- 8. Resistance Opposition that a substance offersto the flow of electric current
- 9. Resistance The standard unit ofresistance is the ohm, (Greek letter Omega (Ω). Represented by the uppercase letter R.
- 10. Resistance The higherthe resistance, the lower the current flow. If abnormally high, one possible cause (among many) could be damaged conductors due to burning or corrosion. All conductors give off some degree of heat, so overheating is an issue often associated with resistance. The lower the resistance, the higher the current flow. Possible causes: insulators damaged by moisture or overheating.
- 11.
- 12. Volt Electrical Pressure that causesthe electron to move through a conductor Electromotive Force (EMF) Presented by letter V or E
- 13.
- 14. Ampere Base unitof electric current in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after André- Marie Ampère (1775–1836), An ampere is the unit used to measure electric current. Current is a count of the number of electrons flowing through a circuit. How fast an electric current flows is an example of an ampere.
- 15.
- 16. Watt The basic unitof electric, Unit of power (W) The watt is a measure of how much power is released Power consumed
- 17.
- 18. Classification of ElectricCurrent Direct Current ( DC ) Alternating Current ( AC )
- 19. Direct Current (DC ) Current can only flow in one direction, flow steadily in a single direction, or "forward”
- 20. Alternating Current (AC ) Electrons keep switching directions, sometimes going "forward" and then going "backward.“ Flows on multi-path simultaneously
- 21.
- 22. Conductors & Insulators Conductors:Materials that offer very little resistance where electrons can move easily. Examples: silver, copper, gold and aluminum. Insulators: Materials that present high resistance and restrict the flow of electrons. Examples: Rubber, paper, glass, wood and plastic.
- 23.
- 24.
- 25.
- 26. Solid Wire Asingle conductor that is either bare or insulated by a protective colored sheath. It offers low resistance and are perfect for use in higher frequencies
- 27. Stranded Wire Strandedwires are used where flexibility is important because which the wire can be used for a longer period. This type of wire have larger cross-sectional area than solid wires for the same current carrying capacity.
- 28.
- 29. Stranded Wire Sizeof Wires - Each application requires a certain wire size for installation, and the right size for a specific application is determined by the wire gauge
- 30. Stranded Wire WireLettering – The letters THHN, THWN, THW and XHHN represent the main insulation types of individual wires. These letters depict the following NEC requirements:. T – Thermoplastic insulation H – Heat resistance HH – High heat resistance (up to 194°F) W – Suitable for wet locations N – Nylon coating, resistant to damage by oil or gas X – Synthetic polymer that is flame-resistant
- 31. Triplex Wires Triplex Wires: Triplex wires are usually used in single- phase service drop conductors, between the power pole and weather heads. They are composed of two insulated aluminum wires wrapped with a third bare wire which is used as a common neutral. The neutral is usually of a smaller gauge and grounded at both the electric meter and the transformer.
- 32.
- 33. Main Feeder Wires MainFeeder Wires : Main power feeder wires are the wires that connect the service weather head to the house. They’re made with stranded or solid THHN wire and the cable installed is 25% more than the load required.
- 34.
- 35. Panel Feed Wires PanelFeed Wires : Panel feed cables are generally black insulated THHN wire. These are used to power the main junction box and the circuit breaker panels. Just like main power feeder wires, the cables should be rated for 25% more than the actual load.
- 36.
- 37. Non-Metallic Sheathed Wires Non-MetallicSheathed Wires : Non-metallic sheath wire, or Romex, is used in most homes and has 2-3 conductors, each with plastic insulation, and a bare ground wire. The individual wires are covered with another layer of non-metallic sheathing. Since it’s relatively cheaper and available in ratings for 15, 20 and 20 amps, this type is preferred for in-house wiring.
- 38.
- 39. Single Strand Wires SingleStrand Wires : Single strand wire also uses THHN wire, though there are other variants. Each wire is separate and multiple wires can be drawn together through a pipe easily. Single strand wires are the most popular choice for layouts that use pipes to contain wires.
- 40.
- 41. Service Drop Wire(DUPLEX) Overhead electrical line running from a utility pole, to a customer's building or other premises. It is the point where electric utilities provide power to their customers At the customer's premises, the wires usually enter the building through a weatherhead that protects against entry of rain and snow, and drop down through conduit to an electric meter which measures and records the power used for billing purposes, then enters the main service panel
- 42. Service Drop Wire(DUPLEX)
- 43. Wires Color Codes– Different color wires serve different purposes, like Black : Hot wire, for switches or outlets. Red : Hot wire, for switch legs. Also for connecting wire between 2 hardwired smoke detectors. Blue and Yellow : Hot wires, pulled in conduit. Blue for 3-4 way switch application, and yellow for switch legs to control fan, lights etc. White : Always neutral. Green and Bare Copper : Only for grounding. Philippine Electrical Code : ‘ HOT wire is always the Dark (Color) one.
- 44. Cable Wire is asingle electrical conductor, whereas a cable is a group of wires swathed in sheathing.
- 45. Different Classification ofWires & Cables Twisted pair cable – A twisted pair cable has two cables that are twisted across each other. Twisting can avoid noise that produced by magnetic coupling, so this type of cable is best suited for carrying signals. It is generally used in telecommunication and data communication.
- 46.
- 47. Multi-conductor cable Multi-conductor cable– Multi conductor cable has two or more conductors that are insulated from each other. Their purpose is to protect signal integrity by reducing hum, noise and crosstalk. Applications include computers, communications, instrumentation, sound, control, audio, and data transmission. Both multi conductor and twisted pair cables are called balanced line configuration cables.
- 48.
- 49. Coaxial cable Coaxialcable – Coaxial cable is composed of an inner solid conductor surrounded by a paralleled outer foil conductor that is protected by an insulating layer. The two conductors are separated from each other by an insulating dielectric. Coaxial cables are generally used in TV Cable. It is called an unbalanced line as the signal on the two conductors is not same, which result in interference but the performance is more stable than a twisted pair cable.
- 50.
- 51. Fiber optics cable Fiberoptics cable – This kind of cable transmits signals by a bundle of glass threads. Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables, which means they can carry more data. They are also less susceptible to interference. For these two reasons, fiber optic cables are increasingly being used instead of traditional copper cables despite that they are expensive.
- 52.
- 53.
- 54. Splices & Joints Theconnections must be well made and the wires tightly joined to prevent a loss of voltage to the device powered. In high current situations a poor connection causes heat at the connection and oxidiation of the wires and no more or intermittent connections. Most problems in electrical is not a short but: an open connection.
- 55. Kinds of Splices WesternUnion Splice Tap joint Fixture splices, or fixture joints Rat-tail splice, Twist splice, Pig-tail splice Britannia Splice A Through Fixture joint Wrapped Tap
- 56. Western Union Splice TheWestern Union splice works best to splice together small, solid conductors. It is the most common type of wire splice. To make the Western Union splice, first remove about five inches of insulation from both wires and cross the exposed wires. Wrap one wire around the other five or six times, and then do the same with the other. Cut the excess wires off and pinch the ends down with pliers.
- 57. Western Union Splice This is the most widely used splice or joint in interior wiring installation to extend the length of wire from one point to another. Used extensively for outside wiring to extend the length of wire from one end to another.
- 58. Tap splice orTap joint Used to connect a conductor to a running wire. To make a tap splice, strip about 1½ inches off the running wire. Take the connecting wire and wrap it once around the running wire. Now wrap the end of the wire through the loop you just made. Then wrap the connecting wire around the running wire about six times. Make sure the wire points away from the original turn. Solder the joint and wrap tape around it.
- 59. Tap splice orTap joint This is used where the tap wire is under considerable tensile stress circuit
- 60. Fixture splices, orfixture joints Used to connect wires of different sizes. This joint requires five inches of insulation stripped off the wire. Hold the wires together and then twist them a few times with a pair of pliers. Both wires must twist for the joint to be tight. Cut both ends of wire so that they are the same length, and then take the twisted joint and bend it so that it lines up with the wires. Take the cut ends and extend them perpendicular to the wire and the twisted portion. Wrap these two ends in the same direction as the twist. Solder the joint together and wrap tape around it.
- 61. Fixture splices, orfixture joints
- 62. Britannia Splice BritanniaSplice, also known as a cable spice, is not easy or neither difficult in doing. This splice is applied on both inside and outside of the building to big solid wire where twisting is difficult but there is an equipment to lessen the difficulty on doing this kind of splice.
- 63. Rat-tail splice/Twist splice/Pig-tailsplice Very basic electrical splice that can be done with both solid stranded wire. It is made by taking two or more bare wires of the same diameter and wrapping them together symmetrically around each a common axis. The bare splice can be insulated with electrical tape or other means.
- 64. Rat-tail splice/Twist splice/Pig-tailsplice commonly used to join two or more • conductors inside the junction box. It is • suitable for service where there is no • mechanical stress when wires are to be • connected in an outlet box, switch, or • conduit fitting
- 65. Wrapped Tap/ TeeJoint Used on large solid conductors where is difficult to wrap the heavy tap wire around the main wire. When a No. 6 AGW wire is used, both the main wire and the tap wire are skinned about 4 inches. The tap wire is bent into an L shape about ½ inches from the insulation so that it will rest along the side of the main wire. A wrapping wire is then prepared using size No. 18 bare conductors terminating beyond the bent of tap wire and up to the installation of the main conductor.
- 66. Wrapped Tap/ TeeJoint
- 67. Through Fixture Joint Used where fixtures are connected to branch wires at an intermediate point. In making this joint, the end of one conductor is skinned about 2 inches and the other about 4 inches. At a point ¼ inches away from the insulation of the longer wire, three or four long twists are made similar to the rat-tail joint. The long bared portion of the long wire is bent over parallel with the free ends. Both free ends are then place alongside each other wrapped together around the straight bared portion.
- 68.
- 69. Common Splices andJoints Demonstration Click Me!!!
- 70. Circuit Path in which electronsfrom a voltage or current s ource flow
- 71. Types Of ElectricalCircuit Series Circuit Parallel Circuit
- 72. Series Circuit Onlyone path for electricity to flow from one point to another. The amount of electricity in the circuit is consistent throughout any component in the circuit. When electricity flows through a series circuit, its rate of flow (speed) will never fluctuate. The total resistance of a series circuit equals the sum of individual resistances. The more resistors that a series circuit has, the more difficult it is for electrons to flow.
- 73.
- 74. Parallel Circuit Hasmultiple paths for electricity to flow from one point to another. According to website All About Circuits, “all components are connected between the same set of electrically common points.” Often, resistors and sources will be connected between two sets of electrically common points. In a parallel circuit, electricity can flow in multiple directions horizontally and vertically. The components of a parallel circuit will have the same voltage across their ends and will have identical polarities.
- 75.
- 76.
- 77. Difference between Series andParallel Circuit Click me!!!
- 78. Series-Parallel Circuit Properties ofboth series and parallel circuits can be combined to form a specialized series-parallel circuit, in which the wires or components are configured such that there are only two loops through which electricity can flow. Like series circuits, the electricity has a path to which it must adhere. Like parallel circuits, the circuit still has two sets of electrically common points.
- 79.
- 80. Difference between Paralleland Series Circuit
- 81. Raceway A raceway (sometimesreferred to as a raceway system) is an enclosed conduit that forms a physical pathway for electrical wiring. Raceways protect wires and cables from heat, humidity, corrosion, water intrusion and general physical threats
- 82.
- 83. Types of Raceway MetalRaceway Non-Metal Raceway
- 84.
- 85.
- 86.
- 87.
- 88. Cable Tray Manage allthese wires Separate power wiring and data/communication cabling, a single, large cable tray installation is capable of routing a large amount of wiring
- 89. Cable Tray Itheads off the possibility of a disorganized mass of conductors that are difficult to trace when changes must be made or faults located The NEC says a cable tray system is a unit or assembly of units or sections and associated fittings forming a structural system used to securely fasten or support cables and raceways
- 90. Conduit In additionto the cable Articles, Chapter 3 of the NEC contains a sequence of Articles pertaining to raceways. The Art. 100 definition of raceway indicates that it is an enclosed channel designed expressly for holding wires, cables, or busbars.
- 91. Classification of ConduitPipes Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC) Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC) Rigid Steel Conduit (RSC) Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC) Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit (LFMC) Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit (PVC) Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) Galvanized Rigid Conduit (GRC) PVC conduit
- 92. Intermediate Metal Conduit(IMC) The wall thickness of IMC is less than that of RMC, so it has more interior room for conductors. IMC is lighter and less expensive than rigid metal conduit Though IMC has thinner walls than RMC, IMC is actually the stronger of the two — because of the steel alloy used to make it. Intermediate metal conduit, or IMC, is a thinner, lighter-weight version of rigid metal conduit and is approved for use in all of the same applications as RMC.
- 93.
- 94. Rigid Metal Conduit(RMC)/Rigid Steel Conduit (RSC) RMCs and RSCs are your heaviest and thickest option, typically made of coated steel, stainless steel, red brass, or aluminum. These pipes can be installed above ground or underground. They are similar in appearance to metal water pipes and are threaded at both ends. Rigid metal conduit, or RMC & RSC, is heavy-duty galvanized steel tubing that is installed with threaded fittings. It is typically used outdoors Heaviest-weight and thickest wall conduit. Where galvanized by the hot-dip process, it has a coating of zinc on both the inside and outside. Electro- galvanized rigid conduit has a coating of zinc on the exterior only, with approved corrosion resistant.
- 95. Rigid Metal Conduit(RMC)/Rigid Steel Conduit (RSC)
- 96. Flexible Metal Conduit(FMC) This is your best option for areas that need to sustain large amounts of movement and vibration. They are found in stainless steel, galvanized steel, or aluminum. They can be waterproof if needed and are installed above ground. The appearance is similar to that of metallic armored cable. Flexible metal conduit (FMC), commonly called “Greenfield” or “flex,” is a raceway of an interlocked spiral metal strip. Equipment that moves, shakes, or vibrates. Examples of such equipment include pump motors and industrial machinery.
- 97.
- 98. Liquid tight FlexibleMetal Conduit (LFMC) Where vibration or frequent relocation is an issue, LFMC is often the solution for connecting the equipment. LFMC is of similar construction to FMC, but also has an outer liquidtight thermoplastic covering to provide protection from moisture and some corrosives. Liquid-tight flexible metal conduit (LFMC) is a special type of flexible metal conduit that has a plastic coating and is used with sealed fittings to make it watertight. It is commonly used with outdoor equipment, such as air conditioner units.
- 99. Liquid tight FlexibleMetal Conduit (LFMC)
- 100. Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit(PVC) PVC is made from a combination of plastic and vinyl. PVC pipes can be installed above ground, underground, or encased in cement. PVCs are most commonly used underground. These pipes are lightweight, flexible, impact- resistant, non-conductive, ultraviolet-resistant, and corrosion-resistant. Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is similar to plastic plumbing pipe and is installed with plastic fittings that are glued in place. It can be bent after being heated in a portable heater box. Because the conduit tubing and fittings are glued together, the conduit assemblies can be watertight, making PVC suitable for direct burial in the ground for many applications. It is also allowed in corrosive environments.
- 101.
- 102. Electrical Metallic Tubing(EMT) Sometimes called thin-wall, is commonly used instead of galvanized rigid conduit (GRC), as it is less costly and lighter than GRC. EMT itself is not threaded, but can be used with threaded fittings that clamp to it. Lengths of conduit are connected to each other and to equipment with clamp-type fittings. Like GRC, EMT is more common in commercial and industrial buildings than in residential applications. EMT is generally made of coated steel, though it may be aluminum. Electrical metallic tubing (EMT) is a lightweight raceway that’s relatively easy to bend, cut, and ream. Because it isn’t threaded, all connectors and couplings are of the threadless type and provide quick, easy, and inexpensive installation compared to threaded metallic conduit systems. Consequently, EMT is very popular. EMT is manufactured in galvanized steel or aluminum; the steel type is more commonly used.
- 103.
- 104. Galvanized Rigid Conduit(GRC) GRCs are created by taking one of your above RMC, RSD, or IMC and galvanizing it via hot dipping it in zinc. The zinc coating provides extra coating in areas that are wet or highly corrosive. GRCs are interchangeable with most RMC, RSD, and IMC to use when only an area of your piping is in need of additional protection. PVC coating can be added on top of GRC coating for ECs that will be exposed to chemicals and other highly abrasive materials.
- 105.
- 107. Purpose of ElectricalConduit To provide means for the runners or wires from one point to another
- 108. Purpose of ElectricalConduit To physically protect the wires
- 109. Purpose of ElectricalConduit To protect surrounding against the effect of fault in the wiring
- 110. Purpose of ElectricalConduit To protect the wiring system from damage by the building and the building occupants
- 111. Purpose of ElectricalConduit To protect the building and the occupants from damage by the electric system
- 112.
- 113. Outlets A socketthat connects an electrical device to an electricity supply. In buildings, electrical outlets are usually installed in the wall, although they can also be installed in the floor. Occasionally, they are found in the ceiling for powering devices such as garage door openers or neon signs in storefront windows
- 114. Kinds of Outlets Ligthing Outlet (L.O) Convenience Outlet (C.O) Special Purpose Outlet (S.P.O) Floor Outlet (F.O)
- 115. Lighting Outlet An outlet intendedfor the connection of a fixture or lamp holder
- 116. Convenience Outlet Inorder for electricity to work, it needs to create a circuit. An C.O is the source of electrical power you use to plug in many of your appliances, which is how you create that circuit in your home.
- 117. Special Purpose Outlet Because having a grounding wire and grounded (three-pronged) outlets adds an extra level of safety, newer houses and buildings are required to have three-pronged outlets with grounding wires. A grounding wire is connected separately to each outlet, and then is connected to the bottom of the breaker box. This grounding wire neutralizes any dangerous electrical current into the ground. A grounding line is used to protect your appliances from surges or overvoltage problems. It also stabilizes voltage and protects people, properties, and equipment from electric shock.
- 118.
- 119. Floor Outlet Becausehaving a grounding wire and grounded (three-pronged) outlets adds an extra level of safety, newer houses and buildings are required to have three-pronged outlets with grounding wires. A grounding wire is connected separately to each outlet, and then is connected to the bottom of the breaker box. This grounding wire neutralizes any dangerous electrical current into the ground. A grounding line is used to protect your appliances from surges or overvoltage problems. It also stabilizes voltage and protects people, properties, and equipment from electric shock.
- 120.
- 121.
- 122. GFCI A GroundFault Current Interrupter or GFCI outlet is an extremely sensitive outlet that monitors the current passing through it. If there’s a slight change in current coming back from the equipment plugged into the outlet, the GFCI will automatically disconnect the circuit so the electrical current is no longer flowing.
- 123. How GFCI Works CLICKME!!!
- 124.