This document discusses various types of electrical wiring systems including cleat wiring, CTS wiring, metal sheathed wiring, casing and capping wiring, and conduit wiring. It describes the key factors to consider when selecting a wiring system such as durability, safety, accessibility, cost, and maintenance. Safety devices for appliances like fuses, switches, and earth wires are also explained. The document emphasizes the importance of electrical safety and describes precautions to prevent electric shocks.
Design considerations of electrical installationsvishalgohel12195
Design considerations of electrical installations
Types of Loads
Estimation of load
Demand factor
Load factor
Diversity factor
Electric supply system
Overhead supply system
Underground cable system
Selection of type of wiring
Durability
Appearance
Cost
Safety
Accessibility
Maintenance cost
System of wiring
Design considerations of electrical installationsvishalgohel12195
Design considerations of electrical installations
Types of Loads
Estimation of load
Demand factor
Load factor
Diversity factor
Electric supply system
Overhead supply system
Underground cable system
Selection of type of wiring
Durability
Appearance
Cost
Safety
Accessibility
Maintenance cost
System of wiring
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
The wiring is important to every industries and domestic.And how the electrical power comes from transmission line to meter board to our domestic switch board ,switches etc.Here we explain the contents of the domestic wiring and industrial electrification etc.
below shows related documents.
KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,KADAPA.
_________________________
ELECTRIACAL WIRING IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIES
Contents :
Introduction
1.Electrical power supply wiring.
2.Domestic electric circuits.
3.Domestic wiring .
4.Sub-circuits in domestic wiring.
5.Methods of wiring.
6.Industrial Electrification .
7.Types of installation.
8.Electrical installation for power circuits.
INTRODUCTION :
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building’s wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. It is necessary to select proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical wiring.
Electrical power supply wiring
Fig(1):Electrical power transmission from electric pole to energy meter to distribution board
Domestic electric circuits:
1.Electric power is usually generated at places which are far away from the places where it is consumed . At the generating station, the electric power is generated at 11KV volts . This voltage alternates at a frequency of 50HZ.
2.The power is transmitted over a long distance at high voltages to minimize the loss of energy in the transmission.
3.The electric power line enter our house through three wires -namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire.
4.To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
5.The ted wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral, the earth wire is given green plastic insulation.
Domestic wiring
1.The live wire has a high potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire has zero potential .Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0=220V.
2.The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then the main switch.
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
The wiring is important to every industries and domestic.And how the electrical power comes from transmission line to meter board to our domestic switch board ,switches etc.Here we explain the contents of the domestic wiring and industrial electrification etc.
below shows related documents.
KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,KADAPA.
_________________________
ELECTRIACAL WIRING IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIES
Contents :
Introduction
1.Electrical power supply wiring.
2.Domestic electric circuits.
3.Domestic wiring .
4.Sub-circuits in domestic wiring.
5.Methods of wiring.
6.Industrial Electrification .
7.Types of installation.
8.Electrical installation for power circuits.
INTRODUCTION :
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building’s wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. It is necessary to select proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical wiring.
Electrical power supply wiring
Fig(1):Electrical power transmission from electric pole to energy meter to distribution board
Domestic electric circuits:
1.Electric power is usually generated at places which are far away from the places where it is consumed . At the generating station, the electric power is generated at 11KV volts . This voltage alternates at a frequency of 50HZ.
2.The power is transmitted over a long distance at high voltages to minimize the loss of energy in the transmission.
3.The electric power line enter our house through three wires -namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire.
4.To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
5.The ted wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral, the earth wire is given green plastic insulation.
Domestic wiring
1.The live wire has a high potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire has zero potential .Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0=220V.
2.The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then the main switch.
Relay is an electromagnetic two way switch with NC and NO which following the conditions of circuit joined to the common terminal of he relay and makes a smart system. This presentation basically related with the low voltage relay and introduces the pin configuration and further is implemented to give the forward and reverse rotation to a dc motor with single power source.
Pile driving problems and solutions by Dr. Malek Smadi of GEOTILLDr. Malek Smadi
GEOTILL Engineering (www.geotill.com) is Industry leading provider of Specialty Deep Foundations (drilled shafts, augercast piles, driven piling), Ground Improvement (soil-cement columns, vibro stone columns, compaction grouting, etc.), and Earth Retention Systems (cantilever soldier pile retaining walls, secant pile shoring, slurry walls, tie backs, etc.) throughout the United States on Commercial, Industrial, Electrical Transmission, Heavy Highway, and Heavy Civil type construction projects. Value Engineering and Design-Build Turnkey Solutions for any type of soil, loading, or limited access condition. Geotill has six locations Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky and Missouri.
Housekeeping
The basic concept of housekeeping has started from keeping a domestic house clean and has gradually come to maintaining high standards of cleanliness and maintenance at commercial levels. Besides this , housekeeping should also contribute to the saving in costs of labour, cleaning material and equipment, furnishings and the like in every type of establishment.
Housekeeping
means maintaining a house on a daily or long term
basis or looking after its cleanliness, tidiness, upkeep and smooth running.
How do you make sure that everything in the house is inusable condition?
None of the objects are broken or chipped and fabrics are not torn.
All the fixtures like taps, geysers are not leaking, electric wiring is proper and there is no danger of fire due to short circuiting and so on.
Is a process of keeping a place clean, beautiful and well maintained so that it looks and feels pleasant and inviting to all, either, living, visiting or working there.
Importance of Housekeeping
A good Housekeeping would have ensured smooth functioning of all gadgets, no leaks, a comfortable environment in which you would have enjoyed a hassle free living.
Thus housekeeping means attending to small tasks in time.
Areas of Housekeeping
In commercial establishments, the housekeeping services are done by a team of specialized people according to different areas.
Toilets
Taps, sinks, water closet, geysers, water supply, electrical sockets and switches, supply of towels, toilet paper, toiletries( shampoo, soap, etc.)
Rooms and Corridors
Ceiling and wall paint, wall paper, fans, air-conditioners, electrical switches and sockets, wiring, windows, doors, glass panes, bed, bed-making, carpets, locks, keys, etc.
Linen
Linen ( table napkin, tablecloth), towels, bed sheets, bed covers, blankets, garments of guest, staff uniforms, etc.
Furniture and furnishings
Furniture, curtains, table lamps, tube lights, chandeliers, bulbs, sofas, dining tables and chairs, etc.
Gardens
Plants, pots, lawn (grass), flowers, trees, bushes, hedges, etc.
Public areas
Stair case, corridors, lobby, conference/seminar room, waiting halls, recreation room, parking area, clubs, swimming pool, offices, common toilets, etc.
Personnel involved in Housekeeping in Commercial Establishments
Housekeeper
She or he is responsible for upkeep and maintenance of the premises.
Housekeeping Department
Wherever there is separate housekeeping department a proper organisational structure is necessary with different kinds of people responsible for different tasks and some people to supervise them
Housekeeper
The housekeeper is the overall in-charge of the housekeeping department. He or she directly controls all the personnel as well as all aspects of housekeeping.
She/ he is responsible for the cleanliness, beautification and maintenance of the premises.
Assistant housekeeper
He or she is responsible for all the aspects similar to that of the housekeeper.
In c
Every year people are killed or seriously injured by collapses and falling materials while working in excavations. They are at risk from:
Excavations collapsing and burying or injuring people working in them;
material falling from the sides into any excavation; and
people or plant falling into excavations.
Rai University provides high quality education for MSc, Law, Mechanical Engineering, BBA, MSc, Computer Science, Microbiology, Hospital Management, Health Management and IT Engineering.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Diploma i boee u 5 electrical wiring & safety and protection
1. Electrical wiring and safety and protection
Course: Diploma
Subject: Basics of Electrical Engineering
Unit: V
2. Connectors and switches
• An electrical connector is an electro-
mechanical device for joining electrical circuits as
an interface using a mechanical assembly.
Connectors consist of plugs (male-ended) and jacks
(female-ended). The connection may be temporary,
as for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly
and removal, or serve as a permanent electrical joint
between two wires or devices. An adapter can be
used to effectively bring together dissimilar
connectors.
3. Factors affecting electrical wiring
1.Durability:-Type of wiring selected for particular
application must be sufficiently durable .It should fulfill
the requirement of the consumer. It should be according to
proper specification.
2.Safety:-As there is danger of loosing life in case of electric
shocks, safety must be observed strictly.
3.Accessibility:-There should be certain prevision for future
expansion.
4.Cost:-There must be proper balance between convenience
and look of the wiring from installation cost point of view.
4. Cont..
5.Maintainance:-The maintainance cost of
wiring should be as low as possible.There
should be scope for further extension of
wiring . Renewal of wiring should be easily
possible.
5. Types of Wiring
1)Cleat wiring
2)CTS wiring or "FRS wiring or batten wiring
3)Metal sheathed wiring or lead sheathed wiring
4)Casing and capping
5)Conduit wiring
1)Cleat Wiring:
• Introduction
• The types of wiring to be adopted is dependent on
various factors, viz, durability, safety, appearance,
cost, consumer's budget etc.
• Cleat Wiring
• This System uses insulated Cables sub protected in
porcelain cleats.
6. Cont..
• Cleat wiring is recommended only for temporary
installations. The cleats are made in pairs having
bottom and top halves. The bottom half is
grooved to receive the wire and the top half is
for cable grip. Initially the bottom and top cleats
are fixed on the wall loosely according to the
layout. Then the cable is drawn, tensioned and
the cleats are tightened by the screw. Cleats are
of three types, having one, two or three grooves,
so as to receive one, two or three wires. Two
types of cleats.
7. Cont….
• Cleat wiring is one of the cheapest wiring
considering the initial cost and labor, and is
most suitable for temporary n :ring. This
wiring can be quickly installed, easily
inspected and altered. When not required,
this wiring could be dismantled without
damage to the cables, cleats and
accessories.
9. • Care should also be taken ensure that
grooves f porcelain cleats are essential and
the difference in size shall be reasonable.
Care should also be taken ensure that
grooves of porcelain cleats do not
compress the insulation nor be too wide for
a loose fit. Under no circumstances two
wires shall be placed in one groove of the
porcelain cleats.
• Batten Wiring
10. • Advantages:
I) Easy installation.
Materials can be retrieved for reuse.
Flexibility provided for inspection, modifications and
expansion.
Relatively economical.
Skilled manpower not required.
Disadvantages:
Appearance is not good.
Open system of wiring requiring regular cleaning.
Higher risk of mechanical injury.
•
11. • In this wiring symant. wires •harathed In tough nahlter are
used which
are quite nesIble. They are c. on wooden I eeeee ns with
brass clips
Oink or Jolts° and nays. on to Me walls or re iiiii us by nat
hand saran.
• IS/T RS WIRING
• h cables are moisture and chemical proof. 'I hey Sr.,
•ultahle
fur
• damp ell 00000 but not •ullable for outdoor use In sunlight.lkS
wiring Is mailable for lighting In low voltage Installations.
12. Cont…
• Metal Sheathed or Lead Sheathed wiring: The wiring
is similar to that of CTS but the conductors (two or
three) are individually insulated and covered with a
common outer lead-aluminum alloy sheath. The
sheath protects the cable against dampness.
atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages.
The sheath is earthed at every junction to provide a
path to ground for the leakage current. They are fixed
by means of metal clips on wooden battens. The
wiring system is very expensive. It is suitable for low
voltage installations.
•
13. • Lead-sheathed electrical wiring in Pilot
quarters
• Precautions to be taken during installation: The
clips used to fix the cables on battens should
not react with the sheath.
• Lead sheath should be properly earthed to
prevent shocks due to leakage currents.
• Cables should not be run in damp places and in
areas where chemicals (may react with the
lead) are used.
14. • Advantages: Easy installation and is aesthetic in
appearance.
• Highly durable.
• Suitable in adverse climatic conditions provided the
joints arc not exposed.
• Disadvantages:
• Requires skilled labor-
• 'Very expensive.
• Unsuitable for- eilcolicfli industries.
15. • Casing and Capping:
• It consists of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular,
teakwood or PVC boxes having grooves inside it. A
rectangular strip of wood called capping having same
width as that of casing is fixed over it. Both the casing and
the capping are screwed together at every 15 crns- Casing
is attached to the wall. Two or more wires of same polarity
are drawn through different grooves- The system is
suitable for indoor and domestic installations.
• Cheaper than lead sheathed and conduit wiring.
• Provides good isolation as the conductors are placed apart
reducing the risk of short circuit.
• Easily accessible for inspection and repairs.
• Since the wires are not exposed to atmosphere, insulation
is less affected by dust, dirt and climatic variations.
16. Domestic wiring system
• Accessories required for domestic wiring:-
a)Wire and cable
b)Flexible cords
c)Switch:-They are classified in two types:-
I)Tumbler switch
II) Flush switches
According to operation required they are classified as
One way switch
Two way switch
Centre off switch
Double pole switch
push button switch
Table lamp switch
17. Electricity
The main advantage of electrical energy is that it can
be transported over large distances to our homes.
Wires carry electricity from power stations to our
homes/schools/offices.
18. Electric Shocks
Electricity is dangerous and can kill!!
An electric shock can:
You can get an electric shock from anything which
is plugged in or connected to the mains supply.
• Affect your muscles.
• Affect your nerves.
• Paralyse you.
• Stop your heart beating.
19. Electrical Safety
The wires which carry electricity consist of two parts:
• The metal wires.
• The plastic coating round the metal wires.
20. Electrical Safety
The metal wires act as a conductor of electricity.
The plastic coating acts as an insulator which prevents
people from being electrocuted.
Conductors are materials which allow electricity to
pass through them easily.
Insulators are materials which do not allow electricity
to pass through them easily.
21. The Plug
Electrical cables allow you to:
• Plug appliances into the mains supply.
• Draw electricity from the mains supply.
22. The Plug
Most electric cables normally contain three wires:
Each of these three wire have different colours of
insulation.
• The live wire.
• The neutral wire.
• The earth wire.
23. The Plug
You have to remember the names and colours of each
of these three wires. You also have to remember the
position of each of these three wires in a standard
plug.
Wire Insulation
Colour
Location
LIVE BRown BR – bottom right
NEUTRAL BLue BL – bottom left
EARTH Green/Yellow Centre
24. Electrical Safety
Appliances have three safety devices:
• The fuse.
• The earth wire.
• The switch.
These devices are designed to stop you from being
electrocuted and to prevent the appliance from being
damaged.
25. The Fuse
A fuse is a thin piece of wire which will melt when too
much current passes through it.
A 3A fuse will melt when the current is greater than 3A.
When a fuse has blown, the wire inside it has melted.
Current is a flow of electricity and is measured in amps
(A).
Example
26. The Fuse
When the wire melts, all current is stopped from
reaching the appliance and switches it off.
The fuse stops a large current from flowing through the
appliance which could cause wires to overheat, melt or
catch fire.
27. The Switch
Together, the fuse and switch control the amount of
electricity that enters an appliance.
The fuse and the switch are connected to the live wire.
Electricity comes in through the live wire.
If the fuse is blown, or the switch is off, then the
electricity cannot reach the appliance.
28. What can go wrong!
The most dangerous thing that can happen is that the
live wire can become loose inside an appliance and
touches the casing.
This makes the casing LIVE!
If you touch the LIVE casing, you could be electrocuted
as you are providing a path for the electricity to flow.
29. Prevention
To prevent electrocution, the earth wire is connected to
the casing of the appliance.
If the live wire touches the
casing, the earth wire
provides a path for the
electricity to flow.
This blows the fuse and switches the appliance off,
leaving you safe.
30. Fault Spotting
Fault What could happen!
bare wires showing Danger of electrocution.
live and neutral wires
reversed
The appliance will still
work but when it is
switched off it can still
electrocute you.
wrong fuse used The fuse will not blow
when it should and there is
a danger of overheating
and/or fire.