Abstract Electron beam welding has proved phenomenal in welding of components used in space because it uses a vacuum environment which eliminates substances like oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. The main advantage of EBW is its ability to weld dissimilar materials and incorporate desirable properties in the assembly. It has high depth to width ratio and focuses exactly on the portion to be welded, thereby reducing the weld area, making it one of the most suitable welding processes. In this study, welding has been done on a circular heterogeneous component using an electron beam welding machine to determine the effect of beam current, speed of weld and dissolution on the bead geometry, hardness at the weld bead and the heat affected zone. This component is made up of AISI 304(Austenitic) and AISI 446 (Ferrite) stainless steel, both of which are widely used in space applications.
The document discusses electron beam welding (EBW). EBW uses a beam of high velocity electrons to melt and join materials in a vacuum. The electron beam is produced by heating a tungsten filament in an electron gun. The beam is focused using electromagnetic coils to a diameter of 0.25-1mm and power density of 10kW/mm2. EBW can weld almost any material combination and produces a narrow heat affected zone and deep penetration. It is useful for welding in applications like aerospace, medical devices, electronics and automotive transmissions.
The document discusses electron beam welding (EBW), a fusion welding process that uses a beam of high-velocity electrons to melt materials being joined. It describes how EBW machines work by accelerating electrons via high voltage to concentrate their kinetic energy on a target. The document classifies EBW machines, explains their components and principles, and discusses process parameters, applications, advantages, and fields of EBW use, noting it can join a variety of materials with high precision and fewer defects compared to arc welding.
Electron beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high velocity electrons is directed to the materials being joined.The workpieces melts as the kinetic energy of the lectrons is transformed
into heat upon impact.
Electron beam welding uses a beam of electrons accelerated by high voltage to melt and join materials. It can achieve deep penetration with minimal heat input. It produces a clean, homogeneous weld in a vacuum environment without filler metals or shielding gas. However, it requires expensive equipment and a vacuum chamber. Laser beam welding uses a focused laser beam to melt materials. It has high travel speeds but requires precise part fit-up and positioning. Solid state welding joins materials without melting through processes like friction, diffusion, or ultrasonic welding. This reduces heat effects but is limited in applications. Plasma welding uses an arc struck in an externally-supplied ionized gas to produce high temperature for welding metals.
Electron beam welding is a fusion welding process that uses a beam of high-velocity electrons to join materials. The kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact, melting the workpieces. It provides high quality welds with minimal heat input and distortion. The process occurs in a vacuum chamber to eliminate impurities and the need for shielding gases. It is well-suited for difficult welds and can achieve very narrow, deep welds at high welding speeds.
This Presentation covers the basic concepts of EBW in a easy version. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
Electron beam welding utilizes a focused beam of high-energy electrons to melt and join metal surfaces. The beam is generated by heating a tungsten filament in a high vacuum, which accelerates and focuses electrons into a narrow beam with a density of 0.5 to 10 kW/mm2. This generates heat of around 2500°C, enough to melt metals and fill narrow weld gaps. Electron beam welding is used for automotive, aerospace, and other metal components due to its ability to produce clean, porous-free welds at speeds up to 2500mm/min without distortion.
The document discusses electron beam welding (EBW). EBW uses a beam of high velocity electrons to melt and join materials in a vacuum. The electron beam is produced by heating a tungsten filament in an electron gun. The beam is focused using electromagnetic coils to a diameter of 0.25-1mm and power density of 10kW/mm2. EBW can weld almost any material combination and produces a narrow heat affected zone and deep penetration. It is useful for welding in applications like aerospace, medical devices, electronics and automotive transmissions.
The document discusses electron beam welding (EBW), a fusion welding process that uses a beam of high-velocity electrons to melt materials being joined. It describes how EBW machines work by accelerating electrons via high voltage to concentrate their kinetic energy on a target. The document classifies EBW machines, explains their components and principles, and discusses process parameters, applications, advantages, and fields of EBW use, noting it can join a variety of materials with high precision and fewer defects compared to arc welding.
Electron beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high velocity electrons is directed to the materials being joined.The workpieces melts as the kinetic energy of the lectrons is transformed
into heat upon impact.
Electron beam welding uses a beam of electrons accelerated by high voltage to melt and join materials. It can achieve deep penetration with minimal heat input. It produces a clean, homogeneous weld in a vacuum environment without filler metals or shielding gas. However, it requires expensive equipment and a vacuum chamber. Laser beam welding uses a focused laser beam to melt materials. It has high travel speeds but requires precise part fit-up and positioning. Solid state welding joins materials without melting through processes like friction, diffusion, or ultrasonic welding. This reduces heat effects but is limited in applications. Plasma welding uses an arc struck in an externally-supplied ionized gas to produce high temperature for welding metals.
Electron beam welding is a fusion welding process that uses a beam of high-velocity electrons to join materials. The kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact, melting the workpieces. It provides high quality welds with minimal heat input and distortion. The process occurs in a vacuum chamber to eliminate impurities and the need for shielding gases. It is well-suited for difficult welds and can achieve very narrow, deep welds at high welding speeds.
This Presentation covers the basic concepts of EBW in a easy version. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
Electron beam welding utilizes a focused beam of high-energy electrons to melt and join metal surfaces. The beam is generated by heating a tungsten filament in a high vacuum, which accelerates and focuses electrons into a narrow beam with a density of 0.5 to 10 kW/mm2. This generates heat of around 2500°C, enough to melt metals and fill narrow weld gaps. Electron beam welding is used for automotive, aerospace, and other metal components due to its ability to produce clean, porous-free welds at speeds up to 2500mm/min without distortion.
This document discusses three welding techniques: electron beam welding, ultrasonic welding, and the Francis turbine. Electron beam welding uses an electron beam gun and vacuum chamber to produce a narrow weld zone and join dissimilar materials. Ultrasonic welding uses high frequency vibrations to weld thin sections like wires without melting. The Francis turbine is more efficient than the Pelton wheel, can operate under a range of heads, and has less wear, but is more difficult to inspect and repair.
Laser beam welding is an advanced welding method that uses a laser beam to generate heat and join two components. The laser beam is a coherent, monochromatic beam of light that enables precise welding of small areas. It works by focusing the laser beam onto the joining surfaces to melt and fuse the materials. Key benefits are that it can weld a variety of metals and non-metals with high precision and without using an electrode. However, initial costs are high and it has limited applications for thicker materials.
Electron beam machining (EBM) and electrical discharge machining (EDM) are thermal machining processes that use concentrated electron beams or electric sparks to remove material. EBM uses high velocity electrons focused into a narrow beam to melt and vaporize workpiece material, allowing for precise cutting of metals. EDM erodes conductive materials by electrical discharges between an electrode tool and workpiece. Both processes can machine hard metals and produce burr-free edges, but have disadvantages like low material removal rates and high power consumption.
Electron beam machining (EBM) uses a focused electron beam within a vacuum environment to drill small, high-aspect-ratio holes in materials. The electron beam is generated by heating a cathode filament to produce electrons, which are accelerated and focused onto the workpiece. Upon impact, the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to heat, instantly melting and vaporizing the material. Multiple pulses are required to drill deeper holes. While EBM can precisely machine fragile materials with minimal heat impact, it has high equipment costs and requires regular maintenance of the vacuum systems.
This presentation discusses laser beam welding (LBW), including what a laser beam is, its properties, types of lasers, the LBW process, principles of operation, mechanics, parameters, advantages, and limitations. A laser beam is a powerful, narrow, monochromatic beam created when atoms in a lasing medium are excited by a flash tube, emitting photons. LBW uses the concentrated heat from a laser beam to fuse metals together without filler material. It offers advantages like narrow welds, low distortion, and the ability to weld dissimilar and high-alloy metals. However, it also has high costs and limitations such as difficulty welding thick joints.
Laser beam welding is an advanced welding method that uses the heat generated by a laser beam to join two components. The laser beam penetrates the upper material and is absorbed by the lower material, heating it up directly. This heat is then conducted to the upper layer, melting both materials. A pumping unit provides energy to the laser medium, exciting its atoms to emit stimulated light. This beam is focused onto the components to generate localized heat and form the weld. Laser beam welding offers advantages like welding metals and non-metals without an electrode and ability to weld small, hard-to-reach areas. However, its initial costs are high and the process can be slow.
The document summarizes electron beam machining (EBM). EBM works by converting the kinetic energy of high-speed electrons into heat energy when they impinge on a workpiece. This heat energy vaporizes material. The process requires vacuum. An electron gun generates electrons that pass through magnetic lenses to focus the beam on the workpiece. Material removal occurs through melting and vaporization. EBM can machine small, complex holes and is used in aerospace and nuclear industries. It offers good finishes but has low material removal rates and high costs.
This document discusses laser beam welding. It defines what a laser beam is, including that it is produced when atoms in a lasing medium are excited by light amplification. The properties of laser beams are that they are highly intense, monochromatic, powerful, and directional. There are different types of lasers including gas, liquid, and solid. The laser beam welding process involves using the concentrated energy of an electromagnetic laser beam to melt and join materials. The advantages are narrow heat zones and ability to weld dissimilar metals. Limitations include potential for cracking in some metals and high equipment and maintenance costs.
The document discusses laser beam welding (LBW) of aluminum alloys. LBW uses a concentrated laser beam to join materials through localized melting and solidification. It has advantages over other welding methods like low heat affected zones and no need for filler metal. Limitations include limited weld penetration depth and issues with highly reflective materials. A case study examines using a higher power laser to increase beam density and overcome limitations of welding aluminum alloy 5456. Metallographic analysis found a finer grain structure in the welds attributed to the laser's high density power source. In conclusion, laser welding vaporizes precipitates and produces welds with lower strength but higher toughness than the base metal.
Electron beam machining by Himanshu VaidHimanshu Vaid
Electron beam machining (EBM) is a thermal process that uses a focused beam of high-velocity electrons to perform high-speed drilling and cutting. It works by melting and rapidly vaporizing materials using the intense heat from electrons. The process requires specialized equipment that generates an electron beam through thermionic emission, accelerates the electrons, focuses the beam using electromagnetic lenses, and performs beam deflection inside a vacuum chamber to machine a workpiece. EBM can drill very small, high-aspect ratio holes at high speeds in almost any material without mechanical forces. However, it has high capital costs and requires regular maintenance of the vacuum systems.
This Presentation covers the basic concepts of TIG welding and MAO methods. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
Electron beam machining (EBM) utilizes a focused beam of high-velocity electrons to perform high-speed drilling and cutting. It works by melting and rapidly vaporizing material through intense heating caused by bombarding electrons. The process requires vacuum and uses a cathode, magnetic lenses, and other equipment to generate and focus the electron beam. EBM can drill small, high aspect ratio holes in almost any material without mechanical forces. It has high material removal rates but also high equipment costs and non-productive pump down times. Applications include drilling, sheet perforation, and circuit pattern generation.
This document discusses parameters that affect the surface roughness of electrochemically machined surfaces. It outlines several key parameters including: the type of power supply used, duty cycle, voltage, inter-electrode gap, electrolyte concentration, temperature and flow rate, the type of tool used, and the micro-tool feed rate. Maintaining an optimal inter-electrode gap of 15-20 micrometers and using a duty cycle of 0.3 were found to produce the best surface roughness. The concentration of the electrolyte and keeping the temperature below 50 degrees Celsius also impacted surface quality.
Laser beam welding uses a high-powered laser beam to join materials. It offers several advantages over traditional welding such as precise control, low heat input and distortion, and the ability to weld without filler metal or a vacuum. Common types of laser beam welding are conduction welding for thin materials and keyhole welding for deep welds. Fiber, CO2, and YAG lasers are commonly used for welding applications. Laser beam welding is useful for industries requiring precision and automation.
Resistance welding is described as an electric welding process where heat is generated by resistance of the workpieces to electric current in a circuit. Pressure is applied simultaneously with current to produce coalescence. Common resistance welding techniques include spot welding, seam welding, projection welding, and flash butt welding. Spot welding involves passing current through overlapping metal sheets held between electrodes to create nugget welds. Seam and projection welding can continuously weld moving sheets using arrays of electrodes.
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a non-traditional machining process that removes metal by electrolysis rather than mechanical forces. In ECM, a tool acts as a cathode and the workpiece as an anode, and an electric current is passed through an electrolyte in the gap between them, chemically dissolving metal from the workpiece. ECM can machine hard metals and complex shapes more accurately than traditional machining. It provides a smooth surface finish with no mechanical forces or heat affecting the workpiece material. However, ECM requires an electrolyte solution, specialized equipment, and produces chemical waste, making it more expensive and less environmentally friendly than other processes.
This is an overview of thermal metal removal processes under non conventional machining. this includes EDM, IBM, PAM, LBM, EBM .
Check this out, could be helpful!
UK Live Centre In Electron Beam Welding Machines Height Adjustment By Cast Iron Crank Handle Operated Small Jack Screw Lift Mechanism
UK customers new design, use our micro-miniature screw jacks with hand wheel manual operation for height adjustable live centre in electroc beam welding machines.
Upright Travelling Nut Rotating Screw Jack Model: JTC2.5-UR-300-H-VI-A-HW
1. Jtc2.5 model, lifting screw tr16x4, max. load capacity 2.5kN
2. Upright mounting, travelling nut rotating screw configuration
3. 300mm stroke with high worm gear set ratio, 1mm per turn of hand wheel
4. Plain end fitting 12mm matching top ball bearing
5. Single input worm shaft, left side
6. Accessory: 100mm diam. hand wheel, bronze travelling nut with mounting 6 holes
Electron Beam Welding is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to the material to be joined. The work-piece melt as the kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact. The EBW process is well-positioned to provide industries with highest quality welds and machine designs that have proven to be adaptable to specific welding tasks and production environments.
This document discusses three welding techniques: electron beam welding, ultrasonic welding, and the Francis turbine. Electron beam welding uses an electron beam gun and vacuum chamber to produce a narrow weld zone and join dissimilar materials. Ultrasonic welding uses high frequency vibrations to weld thin sections like wires without melting. The Francis turbine is more efficient than the Pelton wheel, can operate under a range of heads, and has less wear, but is more difficult to inspect and repair.
Laser beam welding is an advanced welding method that uses a laser beam to generate heat and join two components. The laser beam is a coherent, monochromatic beam of light that enables precise welding of small areas. It works by focusing the laser beam onto the joining surfaces to melt and fuse the materials. Key benefits are that it can weld a variety of metals and non-metals with high precision and without using an electrode. However, initial costs are high and it has limited applications for thicker materials.
Electron beam machining (EBM) and electrical discharge machining (EDM) are thermal machining processes that use concentrated electron beams or electric sparks to remove material. EBM uses high velocity electrons focused into a narrow beam to melt and vaporize workpiece material, allowing for precise cutting of metals. EDM erodes conductive materials by electrical discharges between an electrode tool and workpiece. Both processes can machine hard metals and produce burr-free edges, but have disadvantages like low material removal rates and high power consumption.
Electron beam machining (EBM) uses a focused electron beam within a vacuum environment to drill small, high-aspect-ratio holes in materials. The electron beam is generated by heating a cathode filament to produce electrons, which are accelerated and focused onto the workpiece. Upon impact, the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to heat, instantly melting and vaporizing the material. Multiple pulses are required to drill deeper holes. While EBM can precisely machine fragile materials with minimal heat impact, it has high equipment costs and requires regular maintenance of the vacuum systems.
This presentation discusses laser beam welding (LBW), including what a laser beam is, its properties, types of lasers, the LBW process, principles of operation, mechanics, parameters, advantages, and limitations. A laser beam is a powerful, narrow, monochromatic beam created when atoms in a lasing medium are excited by a flash tube, emitting photons. LBW uses the concentrated heat from a laser beam to fuse metals together without filler material. It offers advantages like narrow welds, low distortion, and the ability to weld dissimilar and high-alloy metals. However, it also has high costs and limitations such as difficulty welding thick joints.
Laser beam welding is an advanced welding method that uses the heat generated by a laser beam to join two components. The laser beam penetrates the upper material and is absorbed by the lower material, heating it up directly. This heat is then conducted to the upper layer, melting both materials. A pumping unit provides energy to the laser medium, exciting its atoms to emit stimulated light. This beam is focused onto the components to generate localized heat and form the weld. Laser beam welding offers advantages like welding metals and non-metals without an electrode and ability to weld small, hard-to-reach areas. However, its initial costs are high and the process can be slow.
The document summarizes electron beam machining (EBM). EBM works by converting the kinetic energy of high-speed electrons into heat energy when they impinge on a workpiece. This heat energy vaporizes material. The process requires vacuum. An electron gun generates electrons that pass through magnetic lenses to focus the beam on the workpiece. Material removal occurs through melting and vaporization. EBM can machine small, complex holes and is used in aerospace and nuclear industries. It offers good finishes but has low material removal rates and high costs.
This document discusses laser beam welding. It defines what a laser beam is, including that it is produced when atoms in a lasing medium are excited by light amplification. The properties of laser beams are that they are highly intense, monochromatic, powerful, and directional. There are different types of lasers including gas, liquid, and solid. The laser beam welding process involves using the concentrated energy of an electromagnetic laser beam to melt and join materials. The advantages are narrow heat zones and ability to weld dissimilar metals. Limitations include potential for cracking in some metals and high equipment and maintenance costs.
The document discusses laser beam welding (LBW) of aluminum alloys. LBW uses a concentrated laser beam to join materials through localized melting and solidification. It has advantages over other welding methods like low heat affected zones and no need for filler metal. Limitations include limited weld penetration depth and issues with highly reflective materials. A case study examines using a higher power laser to increase beam density and overcome limitations of welding aluminum alloy 5456. Metallographic analysis found a finer grain structure in the welds attributed to the laser's high density power source. In conclusion, laser welding vaporizes precipitates and produces welds with lower strength but higher toughness than the base metal.
Electron beam machining by Himanshu VaidHimanshu Vaid
Electron beam machining (EBM) is a thermal process that uses a focused beam of high-velocity electrons to perform high-speed drilling and cutting. It works by melting and rapidly vaporizing materials using the intense heat from electrons. The process requires specialized equipment that generates an electron beam through thermionic emission, accelerates the electrons, focuses the beam using electromagnetic lenses, and performs beam deflection inside a vacuum chamber to machine a workpiece. EBM can drill very small, high-aspect ratio holes at high speeds in almost any material without mechanical forces. However, it has high capital costs and requires regular maintenance of the vacuum systems.
This Presentation covers the basic concepts of TIG welding and MAO methods. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
Electron beam machining (EBM) utilizes a focused beam of high-velocity electrons to perform high-speed drilling and cutting. It works by melting and rapidly vaporizing material through intense heating caused by bombarding electrons. The process requires vacuum and uses a cathode, magnetic lenses, and other equipment to generate and focus the electron beam. EBM can drill small, high aspect ratio holes in almost any material without mechanical forces. It has high material removal rates but also high equipment costs and non-productive pump down times. Applications include drilling, sheet perforation, and circuit pattern generation.
This document discusses parameters that affect the surface roughness of electrochemically machined surfaces. It outlines several key parameters including: the type of power supply used, duty cycle, voltage, inter-electrode gap, electrolyte concentration, temperature and flow rate, the type of tool used, and the micro-tool feed rate. Maintaining an optimal inter-electrode gap of 15-20 micrometers and using a duty cycle of 0.3 were found to produce the best surface roughness. The concentration of the electrolyte and keeping the temperature below 50 degrees Celsius also impacted surface quality.
Laser beam welding uses a high-powered laser beam to join materials. It offers several advantages over traditional welding such as precise control, low heat input and distortion, and the ability to weld without filler metal or a vacuum. Common types of laser beam welding are conduction welding for thin materials and keyhole welding for deep welds. Fiber, CO2, and YAG lasers are commonly used for welding applications. Laser beam welding is useful for industries requiring precision and automation.
Resistance welding is described as an electric welding process where heat is generated by resistance of the workpieces to electric current in a circuit. Pressure is applied simultaneously with current to produce coalescence. Common resistance welding techniques include spot welding, seam welding, projection welding, and flash butt welding. Spot welding involves passing current through overlapping metal sheets held between electrodes to create nugget welds. Seam and projection welding can continuously weld moving sheets using arrays of electrodes.
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a non-traditional machining process that removes metal by electrolysis rather than mechanical forces. In ECM, a tool acts as a cathode and the workpiece as an anode, and an electric current is passed through an electrolyte in the gap between them, chemically dissolving metal from the workpiece. ECM can machine hard metals and complex shapes more accurately than traditional machining. It provides a smooth surface finish with no mechanical forces or heat affecting the workpiece material. However, ECM requires an electrolyte solution, specialized equipment, and produces chemical waste, making it more expensive and less environmentally friendly than other processes.
This is an overview of thermal metal removal processes under non conventional machining. this includes EDM, IBM, PAM, LBM, EBM .
Check this out, could be helpful!
UK Live Centre In Electron Beam Welding Machines Height Adjustment By Cast Iron Crank Handle Operated Small Jack Screw Lift Mechanism
UK customers new design, use our micro-miniature screw jacks with hand wheel manual operation for height adjustable live centre in electroc beam welding machines.
Upright Travelling Nut Rotating Screw Jack Model: JTC2.5-UR-300-H-VI-A-HW
1. Jtc2.5 model, lifting screw tr16x4, max. load capacity 2.5kN
2. Upright mounting, travelling nut rotating screw configuration
3. 300mm stroke with high worm gear set ratio, 1mm per turn of hand wheel
4. Plain end fitting 12mm matching top ball bearing
5. Single input worm shaft, left side
6. Accessory: 100mm diam. hand wheel, bronze travelling nut with mounting 6 holes
Electron Beam Welding is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to the material to be joined. The work-piece melt as the kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact. The EBW process is well-positioned to provide industries with highest quality welds and machine designs that have proven to be adaptable to specific welding tasks and production environments.
Prejudices about polyamide for multilayer filmsTed Brink
Although polyamide is widely used for the production of multilayer films, still some prejudices are persistent.
This presentation tries to explain the character of these prejudices to end with the conclusion that polyamide is a versatile polymer with good properties for multilayer films.
Indian market for specialty packaging films Swami Kuttan
This document summarizes a presentation given by Vijay Shankar on the Indian market for specialty packaging films. It discusses opportunities in the growing Indian market and applications of packaging films like food, non-food, and non-packaging uses. It provides case studies on edible oil packaging films moving from mono-layer to multi-layer structures and the benefits of blown film technology and co-extrusion. The presentation concludes with future trends towards thinner multi-layer films to reduce resource use while maintaining properties.
Electron beam welding uses a beam of electrons accelerated by high voltage to melt and join materials. It can achieve deep penetration with minimal heat input. It produces a clean, homogeneous weld in a vacuum environment without filler metals or shielding gas. However, it requires expensive equipment and a vacuum chamber. Laser beam welding uses a focused laser beam to melt materials. It has high travel speeds but requires precise part fit-up and tracking. Solid state welding joins materials without melting through processes like friction, diffusion, or ultrasonic welding. Plasma welding uses an arc struck in an externally-supplied ionized gas to produce high temperature for welding metals. Explosion welding joins materials through high velocity impact using a chemical explosion.
Curled multilayer films may lead to problems during printing, lamination, thermoforming, etc. Curling occurs mainly in asymmetrical films.
Some tools are shown to reduce this curling effect.
Electron beam welding uses a focused beam of high-velocity electrons to join materials. It allows for deep penetration and precise control of the weld. Resistance welding uses electrical resistance to heat and join materials. Common types are spot welding, seam welding, and projection welding. Solid state welding occurs below the melting point using pressure to join materials, such as forge welding, friction welding, and explosive welding.
The document discusses multi-layer composite films and the extrusion process used to produce them. It describes how multiple polymer layers from different extruders can be combined into a single film through a multi-manifold die. The film is then cooled on chill rollers before undergoing slitting, gauging, and winding into rolls. Properties like optical clarity and barrier performance can be optimized through adjustments to materials, temperatures, and processing speeds. Common polymers used include polyolefins like polyethylene and polypropylene.
For the complete report, get in touch with us at : info@netscribes.com
Abstract:
Netscribes’ latest market research report titled Plastic Packaging Market in India 2014 captures the largest segment of the overall domestic plastic packaging market. Plastic is the most common form of packaging being used in recent times because of its unique benefits that are as yet unmatched by other forms of packaging. The emerging retail sector and increased consumerism have provided a boost to the packaging sector, which further stimulates the demand for plastic packaging materials. Accelerated growth in the food and beverage sector, along with rise in demand witnessed within the FMCG sector, pharmaceutical industry, paint and lubricant industry together comprise some of the key factors propelling the plastic packaging sector. However, the industry also has to contend with several bottlenecks. Ban on plastic packaging of certain commodities is increasingly having an adverse impact on the industry. The Indian government is considering a ban on the usage of plastic owing to the potential health hazards arising from use of plastic bottles.
The domestic plastic packaging market is clearly segmented into the organized and unorganized sectors wherein the organized sector caters to the larger industry base that requires plastic packaging. Although the sector comprises both rigid as well as flexible plastics, the preference for flexible packaging over its rigid counterpart has been evident with the passage of time. In-mold label is also gaining popularity within the plastic packaging sector. Technologies using Bioplastics and nanoparticle layered plastic packaging are slowly gaining prominence. Plastics have increasingly replaced traditional materials in the Indian packaging sector due to their light weight and superior functionality. The Indian plastic packaging market is a robust market at present and has strong growth potential in the upcoming years.
Coverage
• Overview of Indian packaging industry with Current, historic and forecast values over 2012 to 2018
• Market Segmentation of organized and unorganized sector and percentage segmentation of packaging types
• Overview of plastic packaging market in India and forecasted market size data over 2012 to 2018
• Qualitative analysis of market drivers, challenges and emerging trends in the industry
• Analysis of the competitive landscape and detailed profiles of major players
Flexible packaging laminates for the food sector 2013Jose Giraldez
This document provides information on flexible packaging laminates commonly used in the food sector. It lists various laminate materials like PET, OPP, PE, and aluminum that are used with different layer thicknesses, sealing materials, and printing techniques. The document then categorizes common food products and recommends suitable laminate combinations for different applications like coffee, rice, frozen foods, snacks, biscuits, and more. Key laminate materials mentioned include PET, OPP, PE, aluminum, paper, and cast polypropylene.
Functional barrier films in flexible packaging industryHenky Wibawa
Technology and market trends in flexible packaging development. Presented in Asia Flexible Packaging Summit 2016, 13-14 January, 2016 Crowne Plaza Century Park Shanghai
Packaging Industry : Overview
Function of Packaging
Classification of Packaging
Packaging Industry : Global
Packaging Industry : India
Rigid Packaging
# Metal Containers
# Glass Bottle
# Rigid Plastics
# Paper Cartons
Flexible Packaging
Caps & Closures
Labels
Secondary & Bulk Packaging
Packaging Machinery
Future Prospects of Packaging Industry
This document discusses various packaging film materials and their barrier properties, including their applications. It provides details on aluminum foil, biaxially oriented polypropylene, polyester, and polyamide films. It also discusses coated materials like ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC), acrylonitrile copolymers (BAREX), and metallized films. The key parameters for the metallization process are a stable vacuum, temperature control, and accurate winding control to produce an aluminum barrier layer of approximately 30 nm thickness. Alternative barrier layers discussed are silicon oxide and aluminum oxide deposited using thermal evaporation, electron beam, or plasma enhanced
This document compares cast and blown film production technologies for polyamide films. Cast film uses a chill roll for efficient cooling, resulting in faster cooling rates that produce films with lower crystallinity, higher transparency, and better thermoforming performance compared to blown film. Blown film uses air cooling, which is less efficient than the chill roll, leading to slower cooling rates and more crystallinity. However, blown film requires less floor space and investment. Both technologies can produce similar applications, but cast film is generally better for properties requiring fast cooling while blown film has lower costs.
Electron beam therapy uses electrons to deliver radiation to treat cancers close to the surface of the body. Electrons deposit most of their dose in the first few centimeters, sparing deeper tissues. Key factors in electron beam planning include selecting an appropriate electron energy to cover the tumor volume while minimizing dose beyond it, shaping the electron field using collimators or bolus material, and techniques for field junctions and irregular surfaces. Examples of clinical applications include treatment of skin cancers or chest wall irradiation after mastectomy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental study on ultrasonic welding of aluminum sheet to copper sheeteSAT Journals
Abstract Ultrasonic welding is devoted to weld thin sheet metals of similar or dissimilar couples of non-ferrous alloys like copper, aluminum and magnesium without addition of filler material resulting in high quality weld; it can count on a low energy consumption and on a joining mechanism based on a solid state plastic deformation which creates a very homogeneous metallic structure between the base materials, free from pores & characterized by refined grains and confined inclusions’ Ultrasonic metal welding can join also painted or covered sheet metals. Thin sheets of aluminium have been joined to thin copper sheets by means of Ultrasonic spot Welding. Results are particularly effective in order to evaluate the relevance of various phenomena influencing the lap joint technique obtained on thin aluminium and copper by the application of Ultrasonic Metal Spot Welding (USMSW). The Present study considers the experiments carried out on the aluminum and copper sheets joints at room temperature. The aim is to evaluate the relevance of various factors influencing the lap joining technique, allowing a deep understanding of the phenomena and the possibility to keep them under control; in the meantime, the feasibility and relevance of the proposed hybrid joining technology is discussed.. Keywords: Ultrasonic Metal Spot Welding, Aluminum, Copper, Fusion
Latest Research Trend of optimization Techniques in Electric Discharge Machin...sushil Choudhary
This document discusses optimization techniques used in electric discharge machining (EDM). EDM is a non-traditional machining process that uses electrical discharges to erode conductive materials. Key parameters that affect the EDM process include pulse on/off time, voltage, current, discharge energy, electrode polarity, and dielectric fluid. Optimization techniques aim to maximize material removal rate and tool wear ratio while minimizing surface roughness. The document reviews techniques like Taguchi methods, response surface methodology, genetic algorithms, neural networks, and grey relational analysis that have been used to optimize EDM for objectives like material removal rate, surface finish, and tool wear ratio.
Resistance Spot Welding of CRCA Steel sheets using surface modified electrodesAM Publications
Resistance spot welding has established itself across a wide range of industries as a cost-effective method
for welding. One of the problems of Resistance Spot Welding is the lifetime of welding electrode tips which affects the
quality of the welds formed. An innovative way to prevent the electrode wear is to plate the surface of the electrode
with suitable material. The material chosen in this study is Nickel and Chromium. Plating of these materials is
inexpensive and easily available. The increase in resistance due to plating the electrodes is measured. The metals are
plated on the surface with varying thicknesses separately and their effect on ultimate load, shear stress and nugget
diameter is observed by varying welding current and keeping the weld time and welding pressure constant. It is
investigated from the study that Ni plating with 35 microns thickness and Cr plating with 25 microns thickness
requires less current to weld spots of higher strengths compared to non plated electrodes. This is due to increase in
resistance of the weld system due to plating which requires less current as resistance of the weld system is increased.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation for Effect of Vibration on Mechanical Prope...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the effect of vibration on the mechanical properties of Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS) 2205 during Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding. Nine experimental welds were conducted using parameters of welding current, torch tilt angle, and vibration motor speed based on Taguchi's design of experiments. Tensile strength and hardness were evaluated for each weld. Results showed that applying vibration during welding increased tensile strength and hardness compared to welding without vibration. The optimal parameters were a welding current of 80 amps, torch tilt angle of 90 degrees, and vibration motor speed of 1500 RPM, which produced a weld with the highest tensile strength of 855 MPa. In conclusion,
Micron range complex structure in micro electrochemical machining- a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
The major problem in the micro-manufacturing is concerned with achieving the good dimensional accurate products with the better surface finish, high MRR, no tool wear, absence of stress and no heat-affected zone. Micro-machining proved itself as a promising solution of this major problem. In recent days, industries are regularly looking for fabricating the micro-components which can be able to perform their complex functions in the sensitive areas of electronics, automotive, biomedical and optics. Now a day for miniature components micro-machining plays a very important role, its techniques are excellent to machine any complex shapes with good accuracy and bright surface finish. Material with any value of the hardness can be machined easily with all the offered advantages of micro-machining in the electrochemical micro-machining process (EMM). In this article; review of different methodologies and effect of machining parameters were studied along with different electrolytes; which plays a significant role in electro chemical micro-machining. The objective of this study is to know about the optimum micro-machining parameters for the EMM process and it is also much important to find out the research gap through the different studies. In this study, it has been found out MRR and overcut are depends upon the voltage, electrolyte concentration, IEG, pulse ON/OFF time, pulse duration, pulse frequency, RPM of the tool and flow rate of electrolyte. The proper selections of parameters in EMM are essentials for achieving the overall improvement in the micro-machining operation.
Keywords: Micro-Manufacturing, Micro-Machining, Electrochemical Machining (ECM), Electrochemical Micro-Machining (EMM).
Micron range complex structure in micro electrochemical machining- a revieweSAT Journals
This document provides a review of electrochemical micro-machining (EMM) including 16 studies that investigated various parameters of the EMM process. The studies examined parameters like voltage, electrolyte concentration, tool size, pulse characteristics, and more. The key outputs measured included material removal rate, overcut, surface roughness, hole diameter and depth ratios. EMM is able to machine complex shapes with high accuracy and surface finish without thermal or mechanical stresses.
Analysis and Investigation of Ms Weldment Using Unbaked E7018 Electrodeijtsrd
In this project we investigate the weld parameters of unbaked E7018 electrode low hydrogen covered electrode on MS weld metal. After welding the specimen, we conducted some prilimary tests on weld metal. This tests shows the weld metal characteristics and electrode performance. Also evaluate the effect of the current and voltage of the electrode on the weld metal. This electrode parameters shows effect of hardness and tensile strength of weld metal. Also we evaluate the effect of HAZ Heat Affected Zone on weld metal, there is a concern related to how the mechanical properties in the heat affected zone HAZ influence the behaviour of the joint. If electrode diameter and current increases the HAZ also increases. In this project for given dimensions 150 150 8 mm of weld metal we modify the current and size of the electrode and perform the welding operation on weld metal, and bring the results of weld joint in efficient manner. The welding and prilimary tests was performed at room temperature. Dr. B. Vijaya kumar | N. Yashwanth | P. Madhav | P. Srinath | N. Pradeep ""Analysis and Investigation of Ms Weldment Using Unbaked E7018 Electrode "" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23307.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/manufacturing-engineering/23307/analysis-and-investigation-of-ms-weldment--using-unbaked-e7018-electrode-/dr-b-vijaya-kumar
Experimental Investigation to Determine Influence of Process Parameters on Su...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into determining the influence of process parameters on surface quality in wire cut electrical discharge machining (WEDM). The study examines the relationship between input process parameters like pulse-on time, pulse-off time, peak current, wire material, and workpiece material, and output variables like surface roughness and electrode wear. Experiments were conducted using an aluminum workpiece material and brass wire electrode. Based on the chosen input parameters and performance measures, a L9 orthogonal array was used to optimize the process parameters for machining aluminum alloys by WEDM.
Computational testing of wear rate of different material with variable operat...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper research study has been made on the computational testing of wear rate for different materials (Cu, ss410 and Al) under the different condition of load applied, Speed and time. The set up of pin on disc tribometer has been used to study the wear rate of materials. The experiments has been performed on a group of specimens under different cases of times (5 to 15) minutes, and under different loads (3 to 7) Kg, and different speeds (500 to 1100)rpm the set up is connected with Data Acquisition System which gives wear rate of material computationally. By fixing any two parameters with one variable parameter experiment is performed [2]. Graphical representation of wear rate along with friction force and coefficient of friction is given by WINDUCOM software and the results will show the wear rate relation with (time, speed and load) and the comparisons of one material with other materials
Keywords: Wear, ss410, copper, Al, hardened steel, speed
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Parameter Optimization of Electric Discharge MachiningIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experiment to optimize parameters in electric discharge machining (EDM). EDM is a non-traditional machining process that uses electrical sparks to remove material from a conductive workpiece. The experiment varied pulse on time, discharge current, and voltage to determine their effect on the material removal rate. Stainless steel was used as the workpiece and copper as the tool electrode. The material removal rate was calculated based on the weight loss measured at different parameter settings. Graphs showed that the removal rate increased with pulse on time up to 100-150 microseconds but then decreased at higher times, possibly due to increased melting and tool wear. Optimizing the EDM parameters can improve the efficiency of the machining
This document discusses an experimental study analyzing the influence of control parameters on material removal rate (MRR) in electrical discharge machining (EDM) using signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Experiments were conducted using different electrode and workpiece materials under varying levels of control parameters including electrode speed, current, and depth of cut. MRR values were measured and S/N ratios were calculated to determine the optimal control parameter settings for maximizing MRR. The results indicate that control parameters have a significant effect on MRR in EDM, and S/N ratio and ANOVA analysis can help identify parameters and levels that improve process performance.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on optimizing the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process for machining Inconel alloy 800HT. The presentation discusses using Taguchi-Grey relation analysis to optimize the WEDM process parameters when using Victrol 4003 mixed electric discharge machining. The objectives are to maximize material removal rate and minimize surface roughness. The methodology involves designing experiments using Taguchi methods, measuring responses, and analyzing the data using Grey relation analysis. The expected outcomes include determining optimal process parameters and analyzing surface integrity after machining.
IRJET- The Process of Edm Cutting Parameters Optimizing by using Taguchi Meth...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing the parameters for wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) of Inconel 718 using the Taguchi method and analysis of variance (ANOVA). It aims to determine the optimal settings for wire feed rate, pulse on time, pulse off time, peak current, and servo voltage to maximize material removal rate, minimize kerf width and surface roughness. Experiments were conducted using two different wire materials - half hard brass wire and zinc-coated brass wire. The results showed that zinc-coated brass wire achieved a higher material removal rate and better surface finish compared to half hard brass wire. However, half hard brass wire produced a smaller kerf width. ANOVA was used to analyze the experimental data and determine the
IRJET-A Study of Different Parameters of the Seam Welding Process for Reducin...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on parameters that affect welding current in resistance seam welding processes. The study was conducted at a company that manufactures storage tanks using seam welding. The objective was to reduce welding current and thereby reduce power consumption. Various parameters that influence welding current were investigated, including contact area between electrodes and workpiece, cooling of welding wheels, electrode force, electrode coating material, and electrical contacts in the welding machine. Adjusting these parameters, such as increasing contact area, improving cooling, calibrating electrode force, using electrode coatings, and ensuring good electrical contacts, helped reduce welding current and lower power consumption for the company.
Review Study and Importance of Micro Electric Discharge Machiningsushil Choudhary
Micro EDM process is one of the micro- machining processes. It can be used to machine micro features and
makes a micro parts. There is a huge demand in the production of microstructures by a non-traditional method
which known as Micro-EDM. Micro-EDM process is based on the thermoelectric energy between the workpiece
and an electrode. Micro-EDM is a newly developed method to produce micro-parts which in the range of
50 μm -100 μm. Micro-EDM is an efficient machining process for the fabrication of a micro-metal hole with
various advantages resulting from its characteristics of non-contact and thermal process. A pulse discharges
occur in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode and at the same time removes the unwanted
material from the parent metal through the process of melting and vaporization. This paper describes the
importance, parameters, principle, difference between Macro and micro EDM, applications and advantages of μ-
EDM and discuss about the literature reviews based on performance measure in micro- EDMP process.
Study of brass wire and cryogenic treated brass wire on titanium alloy using ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document describes optical sensor technologies for detecting thread breaks in textile machinery. It presents two types of optoelectronic sensors for doubling machines and weaving looms. For doubling machines, the sensor uses an infrared light source and phototransistor to detect when threads pass between them. It can detect breaks faster than mechanical sensors. For weaving looms, the sensor uses compressed air to blow broken threads across an infrared beam, which is detected to stop the loom. Diagrams show the sensor components and operating principles for rapid detection and stopping of machinery in the case of thread breaks.
Optimization of edm for mrr of inconel 600 using taguchi methodsushil Choudhary
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is convert electrical energy into heat energy between the work piece and tool electrode in the presence of dielectric fluid like, EDM oil, to process conductive difficult-to-machine materials. EDM process is has been applicable in the machining of hard, brittle and all kinds of electric conductive materials. This process widely used for produces die making, mould making, complex shapes, deep holes and other geometrical shapes as per desire. Inconel 600 super alloy materials widely used in various types of industries such as: aerospace, aircraft, nuclear, food processing, pulp manufacturing, automobiles industry etc. In this study, investigations on the effect of process parameters on machining of Inconel 600 super alloy material. Tungsten carbide material used as tool electrode and EDM oil used as dielectric fluid. The effects of input process parameters such as pulse-on-time, peak current and gap voltage on performance measure material removal rate was investigated using Taguchi method. MRR is lineally increases with the increase in peak current during the EDM process. MRR is increases with the increase in gap voltage. Initially MRR increases with increase in pulse on time then decreases with the increase of pulse on time.
Similar to Effect of beam current, weld speed and dissolution on mechnical and microstructural properties in electron beam welding (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
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train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
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Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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Effect of beam current, weld speed and dissolution on mechnical and microstructural properties in electron beam welding
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1020
EFFECT OF BEAM CURRENT, WELD SPEED AND DISSOLUTION ON
MECHNICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES IN ELECTRON
BEAM WELDING
Akhilesh Krishnan1
, Anusha Rao Poduri2
, Seri Abhilash Reddy3
1, 2, 3
Undergraduate Student, Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, A.P, India,
akhilesh.krishnan.cbit@gmail.com, anusha.poduri@gmail.com, abhilash.seri@gmail.com
Abstract
Electron beam welding has proved phenomenal in welding of components used in space because it uses a vacuum environment which
eliminates substances like oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. The main advantage of EBW is its ability to weld dissimilar materials and
incorporate desirable properties in the assembly. It has high depth to width ratio and focuses exactly on the portion to be welded,
thereby reducing the weld area, making it one of the most suitable welding processes. In this study, welding has been done on a
circular heterogeneous component using an electron beam welding machine to determine the effect of beam current, speed of weld
and dissolution on the bead geometry, hardness at the weld bead and the heat affected zone. This component is made up of AISI
304(Austenitic) and AISI 446 (Ferrite) stainless steel, both of which are widely used in space applications.
Index Terms: Electron beam welding, AISI 304L, AISI 446, Beam current, Weld speed
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Electron Beam Welding
Electron beam welding is defined as a fusion welding process
where in coalescence is produced by the heat obtained from a
concentrated beam composed primarily of high velocity
electrons which strike the surfaces to be joined. Their kinetic
energy changes to thermal energy thereby causing the work
piece metal to fuse.
An electron beam consists of a tungsten filament, cathode
(control) electrode, anode and focusing coil. A stream of
electrons is generated by heating a tungsten filament,
accelerated by a high voltage between the filament (cathode)
and the anode. The beam may be accurately adjusted (by two
pairs of x and y axis) by controlling the current flow through
the deflection coils. The whole of the gun and work chamber
are maintained in vacuum to prevent high voltage discharges
between anode and cathode and also to prevent oxide
contamination of the weld and surface of the work piece.
Gun discharges can cause serious weld defects if the electron
gun is not kept continuously pumped to a higher vacuum than
the chamber vacuum by diffusion pump via valve. The beam
creates a key hole weld consisting of a molten zone with a
hollow center containing hot solid metal but vapor supporting
the molten part. If the beam is suddenly switched off quick
solidification takes place in the hole and causes defective
weld. Therefore it is necessary that on a circular weld there is
a small overlap to ensure completes 360 degrees fusion.
The beam current is controlled by altering the potential
difference between the cathode and a bias grid (thermionic
valve). This grid enables a smooth control of the beam power
from a few watts to several kilo watts for setting the slope and
the power level to achieve the desired weld penetration.
Fig-1: Electron Beam Welding Machine
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1021
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
2.1 Electron Beam Welding Equipment
All the welding experiments were carried out in a 1cu meter
electron beam welding machine of TECHMETA, France. This
facility was provided in MTAR (Machine Tools Aids and
Refurbishing) industries which is a leading production unit in
space related components. The specifications of the machine
are shown in the table 1.
Fig -2: Techmeta Electron Beam Welding Machine
Table-1: Specifications of EBW Machine
S.NO Elements Description
1 Vacuum chamber Stainless steel ( AISI-
304L)
350 (H) x 360 (D)x 400 (L)
2 Chamber pumping
system
Oil diffusion pump backed
by rotary vane pump
3 E.B gun system Indirectly heated cathode
gun with 60 KV pump with
dedicated vacuum system
4 Manipulation
system
Gun vertical movement,
rotary manipulator (radial
weld), rotary manipulator
(facial weld)
5 Gun vacuum 1x10-6 m bar
6 Year of
commissioning
1978, subsequently
augmented in 2005
2.2 Work Piece Preparation
The assembly used is that of a GSLV valve made of two
different materials, namely AISI 304L and AISI 446, both of
which are widely used in the space industry. The part with 304
series is austenitic in characteristic and that of 446 series is
Ferrite in characteristic. The parts were manufactured on a
CNC lathe and were press fitted. The thickness resulting from
the mating of the two parts was found to be 1.85mm and the
minimum depth required for welding is 1.35mm.
Once the work piece was made, they were cleaned with
acetone, especially at the weld joint and were locked in the
chuck of the EBW machine, the beam was focused on the spot
to be welded taking the help of the viewing camera and the
work piece was made ready for welding.
Fig- 3: Work piece loaded in the machine
3. TESTING TECHNIQUES
Various testing methods are used to determine the
specifications (DOP), defects (blow holes, porosity) and
mechanical properties (hardness) of the weld bead.
3.1 X ray Film Radiography
In this method, the part is placed between the radiation source
and a piece of film. The part will stop some of the radiation.
Thicker and denser area will stop more of the radiation. The
film darkness (density) will vary with the amount of radiation
reaching the film through the test object. The equipment is
shown in figure 4.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1022
Fig-4: Film Radiography Equipment
3.2 Dye Penetration Test
The dye penetration test is also a type of non destructive
testing. It is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method
used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous
materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The Penetrant may be
applied to all non-ferrous materials and ferrous materials. DPI
is used to detect welding surface defects such as hairline
cracks, surface porosity, and fatigue cracks on in-service
components. Penetrant may be applied to the test component
by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After adequate penetration
time has been allowed, the excess Penetrant is removed, a
developer is applied. The developer helps to draw Penetrant
out of the flaw where an invisible indication becomes visible
to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or
white light, depending upon the type of dye used in order to
detect the defects, if any. The figure 5 show the DPI
conducted on the specimens.
Fig-5: Dye Penetrant Test
3.3 Vickers Hardness Test or Micro Hardness Test
The Vickers hardness test method, also referred to as a micro
hardness test method, is mostly used for small parts, thin
sections, or case depth work. The Vickers method is based on
an optical measurement system. The Micro hardness test
procedure specifies a range of light loads using a diamond
indenter to make an indentation which is measured and
converted to a hardness value. A square base pyramid shaped
diamond is used for testing in the Vickers scale. Typically
loads are very light, ranging from a few grams to one or
several kilograms. In the beam current and speed testing, the
force applied is 300 grams force.
The diagonal length is calculated and hence the area of indent
can be determined using the formula A=d2/1.8544 and the
hardness is determined using the formula,
Hardness= Force/Area = 1.8544 F/d2.
Fig-6: Vickers Hardness Test
3.4 Micro Structure Analysis
Microstructure and Analysis focuses on the art and science of
preparing, interpreting, and analyzing microstructures in
engineered materials, to better understand materials behavior
and performance. In this experiment, specimens of thickness
1.5mm (by wire EDM) were prepared and were treated with
Aquaregia and Pickers reagent to etch the weld bead. The
main focus was to compare the presence of delta ferrite in the
micro structures. The presence of delta ferrite above 12%
increases the brittleness in the material and below 5% induces
ductility in the material both of which are not suitable.
α ferrite is formed due to transformation of austenite at
temperatures below 13900C but due to the high temperature of
electron beam at approximately 23350C for a beam current
11.0mA and 2.3mA weld focus value and faster cooling rate
of stainless steel, the α ferrite changes to a more stable body
centered structured form of δ ferrite which is therefore
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1023
retained in the microstructure. The amount and distribution of
δ ferrite is strongly affected by chemical composition of steel,
but less affected by the cooling rate.
Fig-7: Microstructure at 200X
3.5 Depth of Penetration Using Optical Projector
The depths of penetration for the specimens were determined
using a Mitutoyo optical projector as shown in figure 8.
Fig-8: Optical Projector
4. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
4.1 Beam Current Test
Beam current is one of the most vital parameters in the
electron beam welding process. Experiment has been
conducted to note its effects on the depth of penetration,
hardness and the fusion of the two different materials in the
micro structure. Trials were conducted, to determine the range
of beam current that can be used for a thickness of 1.85mm.
These trials were conducted without backing on the free end
one of the component. The range is selected on the criterion
that when there is a small impression or deep impression
without backing, it will give a good weld with backing. Hence
the range of beam currents is determined to be in between
10.5mA and 12mA. At constant voltage, weld focus value,
speed of 1000 rpm, duration and vacuum, beam current was
varied as tabulated in table 2 and observations were made.
Table-2: Beam Current Test
Expe
rime
nt
No
Volta
ge,
U
KV
Weld
Focus
Value,
J
Amps
Beam
Curre
nt,
I
mA
Duration
in degrees
Vacu
um,
mm
of Hg
1 50 2.28 10.6 10/150/10/10 10-4
2 50 2.28 10.8 10/150/10/10 10-4
3 50 2.28 11.0 10/150/10/10 10-4
4 50 2.28 11.2 10/150/10/10 10-4
5 50 2.28 11.4 10/150/10/10 10-4
6 50 2.28 11.8 10/150/10/10 10-4
4.2 Results and Discussions of Beam Current Test
In order to determine the effects of the above experiments,
various tests were conducted and their observations detailed
and discussed.
4.2.1 Depth of Penetration
Using an optical projector, the depth of penetration was
determined for each of the specimen and the variation is
presented.
Table-3: Variation in DOP with Change in Beam Current
S.NO Beam Current, mA Depth of
Penetration, mm
1 10.6 1.67
2 10.8 1.71
3 11.0 1.76
4 11.2 1.82
5 11.4 1.87
6 11.8 1.935
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1024
Fig-9: Variation in DOP with Beam Current
4.2.2 Visual Inspection
On visual inspection it was observed that spattering occurred
in specimens with beam currents of 11.4mA and 11.8mA and
also a small impression was observed in the specimen with
beam current 11.2mA.
Fig-10: Spattering in Specimen with Beam Current 11.8ma
4.2.3 Dye Penetration Test
It was observed that there are no cracks or surface defects in
any of the specimens.
4.2.4 X-ray Test
It was observed that the specimen with beam current 11.8mA
has porosity in the weld pool and no internal defects like
blowholes or porosity was found in the other specimens.
After the above three tests the specimens with beam currents
10.6, 11.2, 11.4, 11.8mA were not considered for further
testing because of defects discussed above.
4.2.5 Micro Structure Analysis
Micro structure analysis was conducted on specimens with
beam currents 10.8mA and 11.0mA. This is shown in figures
11 and 12.
1. Beam current: 10.8mA, speed: 1000 rpm
Observation: The depth of penetration is good. The
microstructure consists of delta ferrite in the weld pool, within
limits of 5-12% which is acceptable.
Fig-11: Microstructure of Weld with Beam Current 10.8mA at
200X
2. Beam Current: 11.0mA
Observation: There is not much difference in the depth of
penetration and the amount of delta ferrite present in the
microstructure when compared to the specimen with beam
current 10.8mA.
Fig-12: Microstructure of Weld with Beam Current 11.0mA at
200X
Hence in terms of micro structure analysis both specimens
with beam currents 10.8mA and 11mA are satisfactory.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1025
4.2.6 Hardness Test
Micro hardness test was conducted on the specimens with
currents 10.8mA and 11.0mA. Hardness values at weld
(average of the top, middle and bottom sections) and at the
heat affected zone (average of values in the ferrite and
austenite sections) was calculated and shown in table 5.4. The
hardness of the parent material AISI 304L was found to be
192 HV and that of AISI 446 is 210 HV.
Table-4: Variation of Hardness with Beam Current
Speci
men
No.
Bea
m
Curr
ent,
mA
Hardnes
s at
sections
,
HV
Avera
ge
Hardn
ess,
HV
Hardness at
HAZ
sections,
HV
Avera
ge
Hard
ness
at
HAZ,
HV
Ferr
ite
Auste
nite
1 10.8 180,187
,187
185 180 190 185
2 11.0 212,208
,205
209 188 190 189
Fig-13: Variation in Hardness at Weld and HAZ with Increase
in Beam Current
4.3 Speed Test
Welding speed: It is the speed with which the work piece is
moved. As the welding speed increases, the weld will become
narrow and the penetration will start to decrease. Further
higher the speed, more quickly the molten metal will freeze
behind the weld.
The aim of the experiment is to determine an optimum speed
for welding the component. For this purpose the weld speed
has been varied from 800 to 1400 rpm in steps of 200 rpm in
order to determine its effect on the weld bead geometry and
hardness. In this process all the other parameters like voltage,
duration, weld focus value and the vacuum in the chamber has
been kept constant. The beam current is kept constant at a
value of 11.0mA which is an optimum value for the
component of thickness 1.85mm as determined in section 4.1
(Beam current test).
Table-5: Speed Test
Experim
ent No
Volta
ge,
U
KV
Wel
d
Focu
s
Valu
e,
J
Amp
s
Spee
d,
F
rpm
Duration
in degrees
Remark
s
1 50 2.28 800 10/150/10
/10
Slight
undercut
2 50 2.28 900 10/150/10
/10
Bead is
satisfact
ory
3 50 2.28 1000 10/150/10
/10
Bead is
satisfact
ory
4 50 2.28 1200 10/150/10
/10
Bead is
satisfact
ory
5 50 2.28 1400 10/150/10
/10
Bead is
satisfact
ory
4.4 Results and Discussions of Speed Test
In order to determine the effects of the above experiments,
various tests were conducted and their observations were
detailed and discussed.
4.4.1 Depth of Penetration
The depth of penetrations was obtained using an optical
projector. The observations are tabulated and a graph is
plotted to show the variations
Table-6: Variation in DOP with Change in Weld Speed
Specimen No. Speed of weld, F
rpm
Depth of penetration,
mm
1 800 1.41
2 900 1.48
3 1000 1.76
4 1200 1.34
5 1400 1.32
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1026
Fig-14: Variation in DOP with Increase in Weld Speed
4.4.2 Visual Inspection
On visual inspection it was observed that there was an
undercut in the specimen with speed of weld 800 rpm because
of the concentration of high energy electrons for a long time at
a particular place.
4.4.3 Dye Penetration Test
It was observed that there are no cracks or surface defects in
any of the specimens.
4.4.4 X-ray Test
It was observed that there are no internal defects like
blowholes or porosity in any of the specimens.
4.4.5 Micro Structure Analysis
Micro structure analysis was conducted on specimens with
weld speeds 900, 1000, 1200 and 1400 rpm to analyze the
relative presence of delta ferrites in the micro structure.
1. Weld Speed: 900 rpm, Beam Current: 11.0mA
Observation: At this speed it is seen that there is a partial
depth of penetration in the weld bead. There is an increase in
the bead thickness as when compared to the bead with speed
of 1000 rpm. There is a high amount of delta ferrite in the
structure (>12%). This makes the material brittle. This can be
attributed to having longer time duration of the beam at a spot.
Fig-15: Micro structure of weld with weld speed 900 rpm
2. Weld speed: 1000 rpm, Beam current: 11.0mA
Observation: The weld has a minimal required spot size and
has a suitable depth of penetration. The amount of delta ferrite
has reduced when compared to the bead with speed of 900
rpm and is within the control range of 5-12%.
Fig-16: Micro structure of weld with weld speed 1000 rpm
3. Weld speed: 1200 rpm
Observation: The bead has not reached the minimum depth of
penetration required and though there is increase in the width
of the bead, the amount of delta ferrite is considerable less
(lies in limits of 5-12%) and there is no significant reduction
of hardness in the HAZ.
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1027
Fig-17: Micro structure of weld with weld speed 1200 rpm
4. Weld speed: 1400 rpm
Observation: It can be observed that there is a considerable
increase in the width of the weld beam as when compared to
the change in the depth of penetration and the HAZ is less and
can be attributed to the low duration of the beam at a spot.
Fig-18: Micro structure of weld with weld speed 1400 rpm.
From the micro structure observations and depth of
penetration tests, it is seen that at lower speeds of 800 and 900
rpm the increase in width of bead is high but the DOP is less
even though the beam is focused at the spot for longer time.
The reason for this may be the heating effect of the electron
beam. This can be interpreted as being produced by a
distributed, point or line heat source depending on the energy
and power density of the electron beam. For an energy density
below a critical value the weld behaves in a distributed source
mode.
This critical energy, from literature was found to be a material
dependent property. It is also noted that above the critical
value, the weld behaves in a point source mode. Hence this
can reason the skewed manner of DOP.
4.4.6 Hardness Test
Micro hardness test was conducted on the specimens with
weld speeds of 900, 1000, 1200, and 1400 rpm. Hardness
values at weld (average of the top, middle and bottom
sections) and at the heat affected zone (average of values in
the ferrite and austenite sections) was calculated and shown in
table 5.7. The hardness of the parent material AISI 304L was
found to be 192 HV and that of AISI 446 is 210 HV.
Table-7: Variation of Hardness in the weld and HAZ with
change in weld speed
Speci
men
No.
Spe
ed
of
wel
d, F
rpm
Hardnes
s at
sections
,
Avera
ge
Hardn
ess,
HV
Hardness at
HAZ
sections,
Avera
ge
Hardn
ess at
HAZ,
HVFerr
ite
Auste
nite
1 900 195,200
,190
195 180 190 185
2 100
0
212,208
,205
209 188 190 189
3 120
0
192,190
,191
191 186 202 194
4 140
0
191,198
,188
192.4 187 208 194.5
Fig-19: Variation in hardness at weld and HAZ with weld
speed
9. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1028
4.5 Dissolution Test
Dissolution is the process of giving offset to the electron beam
to either side of the weld (from the center) so as to impart the
useful properties of the superior parent material into the weld.
In this experiment an offset of 0.2mm has been given to the
electron beam, either side of the center weld to observe the
effect it has on the weld bead’s hardness and microstructure.
The beam current was reduced to 10.6mA after a number of
trials because the other beam currents resulted in spattering
due to the lack of backing at a distance of 0.2mm on either
side of the weld, the weld speed was kept constant at 1000rpm
during this experiment.
4.6 Results and Discussions in Dissolution Test
In order to determine the effects of the above experiments,
various tests were conducted and their observations were
detailed and discussed.
4.6.1 Depth of Penetration
The depth of penetrations for the shift of the beam towards the
austenite and ferrite parts is shown in table 8.
Table-8: Depth of Penetration
Experiment No. Shift Towards Depth Of
Penetration, mm
1 Austenite 1.76
2 Ferrite 1.76
4.6.2 Visual Inspection
When the components where visually inspected, there was no
spattering that could be seen on either of the specimens
indicating that the weld was good with no visual surface
defects.
4.6.3 Dye Penetration Test
The die penetration test was conducted on the specimens and
there were no surface defects that were detected. This
indicates that there is perfect surface weld with no defects
such as cracks.
4.6.4 X-ray Test
X-ray Test was conducted on the specimens and there were no
internal defects (such as undercut, porosity) that were
detected.
4.6.5 Microstructure Analysis
Fig-20: Micro structure-Austenite shift
The microstructure of the 1st specimen (shift towards
austenite) consists of austenite dendrites and interdentric delta
ferrite in the matrix of the austenite. The percentage of delta
ferrite is in between 5-12%.
Fig-21: Micro Structure-Ferrite shift
The microstructure of the 2nd specimen (shift towards ferrite)
consists of austenite dendrites and heavy interdentric delta
ferrite in the matrix of the austenite. The percentage of delta
ferrite is found to be greater than 12% and may cause
brittleness in the material.
4.6.6 Hardness Test
Vickers Hardness test was conducted with a load of 5kg and a
diamond indenter was used in this process. The hardness test
was conducted at three sections of the weld area which are the
top, center and the bottom of the weld pool. The average of
the three values was taken and is shown in table 9.
10. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1029
Table-9: Hardness Results for Dissolution
Experi
ment
No
Shift
Towar
ds
Hardne
ss,1
HV
Hardne
ss,2
HV
Hardne
ss,3
HV
Average
Hardness
,HV
1 Auste
nite
148 152 150 150
2 Ferrit
e
177 172 175 174.67
It can be seen that the hardness can be improved by shifting
the beam towards the ferrite region but compromising with the
ductility of the material.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The depth of penetration increases with beam current and it
is observed that for every 0.2mA increase in current, depth of
penetration approximately increases by 0.05 mm.
2. The hardness (209 HV) is found to be highest at a beam
current of 11.0mA and the hardness at heat affected zone in
the austenitic half is observed to be 188 HV. This value of
hardness is comparatively more when compared to that at a
beam current of 10.8mA which is 180HV. Hence, the
optimum beam current for the welding of this component can
be concluded to be 11.0mA.
3. As the speed increases, the depth of penetration also
increases, reaches a maximum value and then starts to
decrease. This decrease in the DOP can be attributed to the
reduced time duration at a spot due to high speeds.
4. At lower speeds, the increase in the width of the bead is
more comparable than the increase in depth of penetration
which is skewed from the expected. Due to the reduced time
duration of the beam at higher speeds, the effect of HAZ on
the hardness is less.
5. The presence of delta ferrite in the micro structure decreases
with the increase in speed but there is a reduction in the DOP.
6. The dissolution test proves that shifting the beam towards
the ferrite part gives a better hardness in the weld but at the
same time increases the content of delta ferrite which makes
the material ductile.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly we would like to express our immense gratitude and
heart full thanks towards our institution Chaitanya Bharathi
Institute of Technology, which created a great platform to
attain profound technical skills in the field of Mechanical
Engineering, thereby fulfilling our most cherished goal.
We extend our heart full thanks to our project guide, Dr. P.
Ravinder Reddy, Head of Mechanical Engineering
Department for his excellent supervision, support and
guidance. Without his supervision and many hours of devoted
guidance, stimulating & constructive criticism, this thesis
would never come out in this form.
We sincerely thank Mr.G Madhusudan Reddy for his valuable
time and giving us permission to the facilities at DMRL.We
also wish to thank MTAR industries for providing us with
their valuable time, material and allowing us to complete our
project on electron beam welding.
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[2] Ll Chun Xu HE Cheng dan,XU Qrjin,JIANG Car
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[3] Vidyut Dey,Dilip Kumar,GL Dutta,MN Jha,TK saha,AV
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genetic algorithm, ELSEVIER journal of materials
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[4] Handbook of electron beam welding (Wiley series on the
science and technology)
[5] Angelo Fernando Padilha, Caio Fazzioli Tauares, Marcelo
Aquino Mautorano, Delta ferrite formation in austenite
stainless steel casting, Material science forum vol 730-
732 (2103)
[6] H.C Vacher and C.J Bechtoldt, Delta ferrite-austenite
reactions and formation of carbide, sigma and chi phases
in 18Cr-8Ni-3.5Mo steels, Journal of research of national
bureau of standards, vol 53 no.2 aug 1954.
[7] J.W Elmer W.H Gedt and T.M Eagar, The transition from
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welding, Welding research, may 1990
BIOGRAPHIES:
Akhilesh Krishnan, He’s an undergraduate
student at Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of
Technology, Hyderabad. Akhilesh is inclined
towards the research in the field of
Manufacturing, Non Conventional machining
and Renewable energy development.
Anusha Rao Poduri, She is an
undergraduate student at Chaitanya Bharathi
Institute of Technology, Hyderabad. Areas
of Interest: Manufacturing and Operations
Research
Seri Abhilash Reddy He’s an
undergraduate student at Chaitanya Bharathi
Institute of Technology, Hyderabad. Areas
of Interest: Manufacturing and Renewable
energy development.