Ecology
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This document discusses key concepts in ecology including different levels of biological organization from protoplasm to the biosphere. It also defines different biomes like prairies, deserts, forests, tundra, and savannah. The levels of biological organization are interrelated and show that organisms depend on interactions within ecosystems.
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Forests first evolved around 380 million years ago with the tree-like fern Archaeopteris. Forests now cover approximately 30% of the Earth's land and perform up to 75% of the planet's gross primary productivity. A forest contains both living and non-living components and is made up of different layers including the forest floor, understory, canopy, and sometimes emergent layer. Forests range from closed canopy forests to more open woodlands and savannas.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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- 2. •Is a scientific discipline interrelated with a wide variety of fields of study •Its primary focus is on the individual’s relationship with the environment.
- 3. •The biological spectrum contains the level of the organization of life: •Protoplasm •Cell •Tissue
- 5. •Population group of organism of the same kind. •Community group of populations living together in a given place.
- 6. •Ecosystem group of various species of plants, animals and microbes interacting with each other and with the environment. •Biosphere is the world of life.
- 7. •Prairie or Grassland is an extensive tract of level or rolling land characterized by a deep soil with covering of tall coarse grasses. This is common in the Central States of America.
- 8. •Desert is an uninhabited and incultivated tract of land. It is desolate, barren, waterless, and treeless region of the earth. It is typically found in the Middle East.
- 9. •Forest is a large tract of land covered with trees and undergrowth, sometimes intermingled with pasture.
- 10. •Tundra is located between the Arctic snow and ice and on the tree line lies the flat, marshly land. Only mosses and low plants grow.
- 11. •Savannah is a place characterized by a very cold night and a very hot day. It is like an enormous meadow.
- 12. 1. Life begins with a mass of protoplasm and operates within the biosphere. It follows continues
- 13. 2. There is an increasing complexity from one level to
- 14. 3. The levels of organization are interrelated with one another.
- 15. 4. The interrelationships of these different levels show that organisms are dependent on one
- 16. 1. Early man as hunter 2. The rise of agriculture 3. Ecology prior to the seventeenth