Characteristics of Population PPT covers all the types of Age Distribution Methods,Growth Rates,Population Density,Gender Ratio,Pattern of Distribution ,etc.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
Characteristics of Population PPT covers all the types of Age Distribution Methods,Growth Rates,Population Density,Gender Ratio,Pattern of Distribution ,etc.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
you will learn about the primary and secondary productivity involved in ecosystem and about its types. it includes gross and net primary productivity also.
Energy Flow in Environment : Ecological EnergeticsKamlesh Patel
What is Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work,
Radiant, Chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical.
What is Energy Flow:
The existence of flora and fauna in ecosystem depends upon the cycle of minerals and flow of energy. Energy is needed for all the biotic activities. The only source of this energy is the sun. The entrance, transformation and diffusion of energy in ecosystem are governed by laws of thermodynamics.
Climax:
The terminal stabilized system or community is known as Climax.
Climax Community:
When the final terminal community becomes stabilized for a longer period and can maintain itself in equilibrium with the climate of the area, it is known as a climax community.
The first time the term Climax was used by Clements in 1936. This type of community remains the same throughout time if it is not disturbed.
A stable group of plants and animals which is the result of the succession process does not always mean only big trees. They could be:
Cacti in deserts or
Grasses in fields
stability of climax
The climax community may change if there are changes in climate or long-term evolutionary changes in one or more species. Climax communities are said to be in a state of equilibrium because organisms have already adapted to their environment and succession is no longer taking place. Therefore, it can be assumed that it is stable.
A population is generally a group of particular species occupying a particular area at a specific time. Some of the ecologists however recognize two types of population;
Monospecific population- a population with individuals only one species
Mixed or Polyspecific population- a population of more than one species
However in Ecology, a polyspecific population is considered as a COMMUNITY, and the term POPULATION is used for a group of individuals of any kind of organism.
POPULATION ECOLOGY is the study of individuals of the same species where the processes are aggregation, interdependencies between individuals etc, and the various factors governing such processes are emphasized.
Ppt is made vailable for public for scientifc use.
Population ecology concept and its characteristics explained by using practical examples in a simple language. data is significant for competitive examinations
you will learn about the primary and secondary productivity involved in ecosystem and about its types. it includes gross and net primary productivity also.
Energy Flow in Environment : Ecological EnergeticsKamlesh Patel
What is Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work,
Radiant, Chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical.
What is Energy Flow:
The existence of flora and fauna in ecosystem depends upon the cycle of minerals and flow of energy. Energy is needed for all the biotic activities. The only source of this energy is the sun. The entrance, transformation and diffusion of energy in ecosystem are governed by laws of thermodynamics.
Climax:
The terminal stabilized system or community is known as Climax.
Climax Community:
When the final terminal community becomes stabilized for a longer period and can maintain itself in equilibrium with the climate of the area, it is known as a climax community.
The first time the term Climax was used by Clements in 1936. This type of community remains the same throughout time if it is not disturbed.
A stable group of plants and animals which is the result of the succession process does not always mean only big trees. They could be:
Cacti in deserts or
Grasses in fields
stability of climax
The climax community may change if there are changes in climate or long-term evolutionary changes in one or more species. Climax communities are said to be in a state of equilibrium because organisms have already adapted to their environment and succession is no longer taking place. Therefore, it can be assumed that it is stable.
A population is generally a group of particular species occupying a particular area at a specific time. Some of the ecologists however recognize two types of population;
Monospecific population- a population with individuals only one species
Mixed or Polyspecific population- a population of more than one species
However in Ecology, a polyspecific population is considered as a COMMUNITY, and the term POPULATION is used for a group of individuals of any kind of organism.
POPULATION ECOLOGY is the study of individuals of the same species where the processes are aggregation, interdependencies between individuals etc, and the various factors governing such processes are emphasized.
Ppt is made vailable for public for scientifc use.
Population ecology concept and its characteristics explained by using practical examples in a simple language. data is significant for competitive examinations
It is as per the syllabus of M.Sc. NRM including detailed study of population ecology
It describes the meaning of population with respect to ecology and includes population attributes, dynamics, dispersal, Population growth models, survivorship curves and limitations.
It also entails factors that influence and regulate population growth on the basis of density.
It is as per the syllabus of M.Sc. NRM including detailed study of population ecology
It describes the meaning of population with respect to ecology and includes population attributes, dynamics, dispersal, Population growth models, survivorship curves and limitations.
It also entails factors that influence and regulate population growth on the basis of density.
Introduction organisms and populations class 12
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions among organisms and their environment, encompassing a diverse array of living and non-living components. In the context of Class 12 Biology, the study of ecology specifically delves into the intricate relationships between organisms and populations. This branch of biology seeks to unravel the dynamics of life at both individual and collective levels, exploring how organisms adapt to their surroundings and influence one another in the grand tapestry of ecosystems. By investigating topics such as population ecology, community dynamics, and the delicate balance of ecosystems, students gain insights into the mechanisms governing life on Earth. Understanding these ecological principles is fundamental not only to appreciating the complexities of the natural world but also to addressing contemporary challenges related to biodiversity conservation, environmental sustainability, and the impact of human activities on ecosystems. Through the lens of ecology, students in Class 12 embark on a journey to comprehend the interconnected web of life and the factors shaping the diversity, distribution, and interactions of organisms and populations in their ever-changing environments.
For more information, visit. www.vavaclasses.com
Population ecology is a field of scientific research that examines the dynamics of populations of living organisms within a given environment. It involves the study of various aspects of populations, including their growth, distribution, density, age structure, and the factors that affect these attributes. Key components of population ecology include:
Population Dynamics: Population ecologists study how the size of a population changes over time. This involves examining birth rates (natality), death rates (mortality), immigration, and emigration.
Population Distribution: Understanding how individuals in a population are spatially distributed is essential. Populations can be clumped, evenly dispersed, or randomly distributed in a habitat.
Population Density: This refers to the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume of habitat. Population density can have significant ecological and environmental implications.
Age Structure: The age distribution within a population can provide insights into its growth potential and reproductive capacity. It can help in predicting future population trends.
Population Growth Models: Population ecologists use mathematical models to describe and predict population growth, such as exponential and logistic growth models.
Limiting Factors: Population growth is limited by various factors, including availability of resources, predation, competition, disease, and environmental conditions. Population ecologists study how these factors influence population dynamics.
Carrying Capacity: The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size that can be sustained by available resources without causing environmental degradation or resource depletion.
Interactions: Populations do not exist in isolation. Interactions with other species, such as predation, competition, and mutualism, are essential considerations in population ecology.
Conservation and Management: Population ecology plays a critical role in the conservation and management of endangered species and ecosystems. It helps in making informed decisions to protect and sustainably manage populations.
Research Methods: Population ecologists employ various field and laboratory techniques, including population censuses, mark and recapture studies, and modeling, to gather data and understand population dynamics.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Population characteristics
1. Population Ecology
Topic- Population Characteristics
A population is a collection of individuals of the same species that live together in a
region.
Population ecology is the study of populations and their interaction with existing
environment.
A population has several characteristics which is the function of the whole group and not
of the individual. Different populations can be compared by measuring these attributes or
characteristics, such as density, natality, mortality, growth forms, distribution, etc.
The study of the group characteristics or parameters of the human population, their
changes over time and prediction of future changes is known as demography.
Population density
The size of the population is represented by its fundamental properties called density. It
can be defined as the total number of individuals per unit area or volume at the given
time.
There are two types of density-
• Crude density- It is the density per unit total space.
• Specific (ecological) density- It is the density per unit of habitat space.
Determining population size-
• Usually population size is estimated by counting all the individuals from a small sample
area then calculated for large area.
• Another very commonly known method is Mark recapture technique.
• Where a small random sample of the population is captured, marked, then release to
disperse within the general population.
• The marked individuals mix with the unmarked individuals within a period of time are
randomly mix freely.
• The population was resampled and the number of marked and unmarked individuals is
recorded.
• And it was considered as second sample taken in the same ratio as first one.
2. We can use a simple formula for estimating total population size (N):
N = Total individual mark in first sample × size of second sample
Number of marked individual re captures in second sample
Natality
It refers to the birth of individuals in a population.
Natality rate or birth rate is expressed as the number of individuals produced per female
per unit time.
Natality may be maximum natality or eclogical natality.
Maximum natality is also known as absolute of physiological natality.
Ecological or realised natality refers to number of individuals produced under an actual
or specific environmental condition. It is not a constant for a population but may vary
with the size and age composition of the population and the physical environmental
condition.
In ecology, fecundity and fertility is not same.
The 'fecundity' describes as the maximum reproductive outcome potential of an
individual over its lifetime under favourable environmental condition.
But the term 'fertility' differs from fecundity which describes the actual reproductive
performance of an individual under favourable condition and it is a generalization of the
terms 'birth rate' and 'natality rate'.
Mortality
Mortality refers to the death of individual in a population.
Like natality rate mortality rate or death rate may be expressed as the number of
individuals dying in a given period.
Mortality may be minimum mortality or ecological mortality.
• Minimum mortality is the constant for the population represents the laws under
favorable or non-limiting condition.
3. • Ecological or realized mortality is the loss of individual under a given
environmental condition.
Mortality rate of the population can be expressed by survivorship curve.
Survivorship curve plot the number of surviving individual to the particular age.
Generally there three types:
• Highly convex curve (Type I curve)
• Type II curve
• Highly concave curve (Type III curve)
• A highly convex curve is characteristic of the species in which the population mortality
rate is low until near the end of the life span. Many species such as deer mountain sheep
and man show such curve.
• A highly concave curve is characteristic of those species where the mortality rate is high
during the young stages. Examples are oysters or shell fish. In oysters mortality is
extremely high during free swimming larval stages.
• In type III curve which falls between type I and III the rate of mortality is constant at all
age groups, so that an individual chance of living another year is just as good at one age
as another this curve is typically of several birds and of human beings exposed to pure
poor nutrition and hygiene.
Dispersion
Dispersion refers to the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of individuals of a
population.
It shows three broad patterns of distribution-
▪ Regular
▪ Random and
▪ Clumped
4. • In regular dispersion, the individuals are more or less spaced at equal distance from one
another. This is rare in nature but is common in managed systems like croplands.
• In random dispersion the position of one individual is unrelated to the position of its
neighbours. Here the environment is very uniform and there is no tendency to aggregate.
This is also rare in nature.
• In clumped dispersion individuals are aggregated into groups of varying size.
Age structure
Individuals are present in the different age groups.
Relative numbers of young and old individuals in a population will significantly
influence the behavior of a population such as natality and mortality.
The population of individuals in each age group is called the age structure of the
population.
A group of individuals are all roughly of same age known as cohert.
Age distribution affects both natality and mortality rate.
Reproductive status of the population also affects the ratio of various age groups.
Age structure is classified into three categories-
• Pre-reproductive
• Reproductive
• Post-reproductive ages
Age pyramids
The most convenient way to represent the age distribution is in the form of age pyramid.
An age pyramid is a vertical bar graph which represents the number or proportion of
individuals in various age groups at any given time i.e. age pyramid is the model
representing geometrically the proportions of different age groups in the populations of
any organisms.
There are three types of hypothetical age pyramids:
• Expanding population
• Stable population
• Diminishing population
5. • Expanding population
It shows high birth rate and population growth may be exponential, as in the case of the housefly,
yeast and alga. Each successive generation will be higher than the previous one, as a result
pyramid-shape age structure results.
• Stable population
As the rate of growth decreases and stabilities, the pre-reproductive and reproductive age groups
become more or less equal in size, the post-reproductive groups remain as the smallest. The
graphical representation of this stabilized population is bell-shaped.
• Diminishing population
It is an urn-shaped age structure, where the birth rate is drastically reduced. This is representative
of a population that is dying off.
6. Population dispersal
It is the movement of individuals into or out of the population or the population area. But
these changes do not affect the size of the population.
It occurs in three following ways-
• Emigration- One way outwards movement of individuals from an area.
• Immigration- One way inward movement of individuals into an area.
• Migration- Periodic departure and return of individuals to the same area.