1. Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. 2. It takes a multidisciplinary approach and examines issues from perspectives involving the environment, society, economics, and technology to promote sustainable development. 3. The goal is to shift industrial processes from linear open loop systems that produce waste, to closed loop systems where wastes can be used as inputs for new processes.

1. Eco-Industrial Park and Cleaner production
UNIT – V
Industrial Ecology and Sustainability
Dr. Loveleen Kumar Bhagi
Associate Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
LPU1
MEC241
ENGINEERING SUSTAINABLE DEVELEOPMENT

2. Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including
humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to understand the vital
connections between plants and animals and the world around them.

3. The Four Laws of Ecology
1. Everything is connected to
everything else.
2. Everything must go
somewhere.
3. Nature knows best.
4. There is no such thing as a
free lunch.

4. Industrial Ecology
The study of material and energy flow through industrial and
consumer activities system.

5. Industrial Ecology
The study of material and energy flow through industrial and
consumer activities system.
Eco-Industrial Principles and Industrial Ecology
1. Industry is an interrelated system of extraction,
production, distribution, consumption and
disposal.
2. Industrial production must be subject to "life-
cycle analysis" so as to identify materials
pathways (Industrial Metabolism).
3. The natural world is a source of models of
efficiency and of renewable energy and
resources.
4. Finite resources must be returned, recycled,
reclaimed and/or reused in order to close
materials cycles and minimize energy
consumption.

6. Industrial Ecology
The study of material and energy flow through industrial and
consumer activities system.
Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that
industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the
planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of
waste disposal.

7. Industrial Ecology
The study of material and energy flow through industrial and
consumer activities system.
Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that
industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the
planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of
waste disposal.
Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary
field of research which combines aspects of engineering,
economics, sociology, toxicology and the natural sciences.

8. Industrial Ecology
The study of material and energy flow through industrial and
consumer activities system.
Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that
industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the
planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of
waste disposal.
Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary
field of research which combines aspects of engineering,
economics, sociology, toxicology and the natural sciences.
Economics is the social
science that studies the
production, distribution,
and consumption of goods
and services.

9. Industrial Ecology
The study of material and energy flow through industrial and
consumer activities system.
Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that
industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the
planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of
waste disposal.
Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary
field of research which combines aspects of engineering,
economics, sociology, toxicology and the natural sciences.
Sociology is a
study of society,
patterns of social
relationships, social
interaction and
culture of everyday
life.

10. Industrial Ecology
The study of material and energy flow through industrial and
consumer activities system.
Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that
industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the
planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of
waste disposal.
Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary
field of research which combines aspects of engineering,
economics, sociology, toxicology and the natural sciences.
Toxicology is a branch
of science that involves
the study of the adverse
effects of chemical
substances on living
organisms

11. Industrial Ecology
The study of material and energy flow through industrial and
consumer activities system.
Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that
industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the
planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of
waste disposal.
Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary
field of research which combines aspects of engineering,
economics, sociology, toxicology and the natural sciences.
The primary goal of industrial ecology is to promote
sustainable development at the local, regional, national, and
global levels

12. The field approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems from
multiple perspectives, usually involving aspects of sociology, the
environment, economy and technology.
The name industrial ecology comes from the idea that the analogy of natural
systems should be used as an aid in understanding how to design sustainable
industrial systems.
Industrial Ecology

14. Industrial ecology is concerned with the shifting of industrial
process from linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and
capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a
closed loop system where wastes can become inputs for new
processes.
Industrial Ecology

15. Industrial ecology is concerned with the shifting of industrial
process from linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and
capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a
closed loop system where wastes can become inputs for new
processes.
Industrial Ecology

18. Industrial Ecosystem
A community or network of companies and other organizations in
a region who chose to interact by exchanging and making use of
byproducts or energy in a way that provides one or more of the
following benefits:
1. Reduction in the use of virgin materials as resource inputs
2. Reduction in pollution i.e. emission of GHG
3. Increased energy efficiency leading to reduced energy use in the
system as a whole
4. Reduction in the volume of waste products requiring disposal
5. Maintaining the economic sustainability of systems for industry
Virgin materials are natural
resources that are extracted
in their raw form that are
traditionally used in
industrial or manufacturing
processes.

19. Eco – Industrial Park
An Eco-industrial Park (EIP) is an industrial park in which
businesses cooperate with each other and with the local
community in an attempt to reduce waste and pollution,
efficiently share resources (such as information, materials,
water, energy, infrastructure, and natural resources), and help
achieve sustainable development, with the intention of
increasing economic gains and improving environmental
quality.

20. Industrial Symbiosis
• It was first coined in 1989 to describe the collaboration of
businesses in Kalundborg
• Involves the physical exchange of materials, energy, water,
and byproducts among several organizations

25. Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park (Denmark)

26. Characteristics of an EIP
• Material, water, and energy flows
• Companies within close proximity
• Strong informal ties between plant managers
• Minor retrofitting of existing infrastructure

28. Benefits of EIP
• Business derives cost savings and new revenues; shared
services; reduced regulatory burden; and increased
competitiveness
• The community enjoys cleaner, healthier environment;
business and job development; an attraction for recruitment;
and an end to conflict between the economy and the
environment
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~cushman/courses/engs171/EIPs-benefits.pdf

29. Designing Perspectives of an EIP
Integration into Natural Systems
Designing the EIP in coordination with the characteristics and
constraints of local ecosystems; Minimize contributions to global
environmental impacts, i.e. greenhouse gas emissions.
Energy Systems
Maximize energy efficiency through facility design or
rehabilitation, co-generation (the capture and use of otherwise
wasted heat from the electrical generating process).

30. Designing Perspectives of an EIP (contd.)
Materials Flows and Waste Management
Emphasize pollution prevention, especially with toxics; Ensures
maximum re-use and recycling of materials among EIP
businesses. It promotes Industrial Symbiosis by using waste of
one industry as a by-product or raw material into another.

31. Effective EIP Management
1) Companies makes best use of each others by-products
2) Supports improvement in environmental performance for
individual companies and the park as a whole
3) Supports inter-company communications, informs members
of local environmental conditions, and provides feedback on
EIP performance

34. Cleaner Production

35. accepting or allowing what happens or what others
do, without active response or resistance.

37. Definition of Cleaner Production

38. Definition of Cleaner Production

39. Cleaner Production

40. • To increase production and corporate productivity through the
more efficient use of raw materials, water and energy in order
to reduce wastes and emissions of any kind at source rather
than simply to deal with them afterwards, and
• To contribute to improved product designs for products which
will be more environment-friendly and cost effective over the
whole of their life-cycles.
Cleaner Production>Aim

41. Cleaner Production>key Points

42. Cleaner Production>key Points
Environmental
Management
System

43. Cleaner Production>key PointsContradict
Obstructing

44. Cleaner Production>key Points

45. Cleaner Production>key Points
Effectiveness

46. Cleaner Production

47. Cleaner Production

48. Cleaner Production
• Cleaner production is a preventive, company-specific
environmental protection initiative. It is intended to minimize
waste and emissions and maximize product output.
• Cleaner Production of cleaner products and sustainable
production and consumption are key elements of sustainable
societies.

49. Cleaner Production>Options
• Option 1: Input material substitution
• Option 2 : Technology Change
• Option 3: Good Operation Practice
• Option 4: product Modification
• Option 5: Reuse and Recycling
The aim of CP is to carry out more efficient for use of natural
resources (raw materials, energy, and water) and to minimizing the
production of wastes and emissions at the source. The most common
way to do such thing is through five prevention practices:

50. Cleaner Production>
Option 1 Input Material Substitution

51. Cleaner Production>
Option 2 Technology Change

52. Cleaner Production>
Option 3 Good Operation Practice

53. Cleaner Production>
Option 4 Product Modification

54. Cleaner Production>
Option 5 Reuse and Recycling

55. Cleaner Production>Components
• Waste Reduction
Like in the case of P2, the term waste refers to all types of
waste including both hazardous and solid waste, liquid and
gaseous wastes, waste heat, etc.. The goal of CP is to achieve
zero waste discharge.
• Non-Polluting Production
Ideal production processes, within the concept of CP, take
place in a closed loop with zero contaminant release.

56. Cleaner Production>Components
• Production Energy Efficiency
CP requires the highest levels of energy efficiency and
conservation. Energy efficiency is determined by the highest
ration of energy consumption to product output. Energy
conservation, on the other hand, refers to the reduction of
energy usage.
• Safe and Healthy Work Environments
CP strives to minimize the risks of workers in order to make
the workplace a cleaner, safer, and healthier environment.

57. Cleaner Production>Components
• Environmentally Sound Products
The final product and all marketable by-products should be as
environmentally appropriate as possible. Health and
environmental factors must be addressed at the earliest point
of product and process design and must be considered over the
full product life-cycle, from production through use and
disposal.
• Environmentally Sound Packaging
Product packaging should be minimized wherever possible.
Where packaging is necessary to protect the product, to market
the product, or to facilitate ease of consumption, it should be
as environmentally appropriate as possible.

58. Basic Principles of Cleaner Production

59. Basic Principles of Cleaner Production

60. Basic Principles of Cleaner Production

61. Basic Principles of Cleaner Production

62. Basic Principles of Cleaner Production

63. Basic Principles of Cleaner Production

64. Cleaner Production>Approaches

65. a) The precaution & preventative principle
• Precaution is not simply a matter of avoiding
breaking the law, it is also about ensuring that
workers are protected from irreversible ill-health
and that the plant is protected from irreversible
damage.
• The preventative principle is to look to upstream
changes in the causal network of the system of
production and consumption. The preventative
nature of cleaner production calls for the new
approach to reconsider product design, consumer
demand, patterns of material consumption, and
indeed the entire material basis of economic activity.

66. b) The integration Principle
• Integration involves adopting a holistic view of the
production cycle.
• By reducing the need for emission into the
environment of such substances, these measures
thereby provide for an integrated protection of all
environmental media.
c) The comprehensive or democratic principle
• The comprehensive or democratic principle involves
people, workers and local residents, in the way
where production and consumption are organized.

67. d) The continuity principle
• Cleaner production is a no-end process. Its
implementation calls for the ever-lasting
efforts of governments, industries and
consumers.

68. Cleaner Production>Methodology

69. 1) Planning and Organization Phase
• In this phase a project team are establish, and assessment goal are
set. At this phase, the participation and commitment of the owners
and workers were confirmed because they determine the success
of CP implementation.
2) Preliminary Assessment Phase
• The purpose of the preliminary assessment phase is to gain an
understanding of the processes at each site, to identify the major
inputs and outputs, and to quantify and then to compare the
wastes.
• This phase is carried out to know basic information about the
enterprise. This phase is conducted to acquire qualitative review
including a description of the company and identification of all
stages of the production process.
Cleaner Production>Methodology

70. 3) Detailed Assessment Phase
• During the detailed assessment phase CP ideas were generated
to reduce, either directly or indirectly, the quantity and toxicity
of the focus waste streams. More detailed knowledge of the
processes that generate the focus wastes was required.
• it include assessment of various waste and collection of
quantitative data.
4) Feasibility Assessment Phases
• The identified Cleaner Production options were then subjected
to a feasibility analysis in the feasibility assessment phase.
Options that were deemed feasible may then be implemented
and monitored.
Cleaner Production>Methodology

71. Cleaner Production>Methodology

72. Barriers to Cleaner Production

73. Barriers to Cleaner Production
• Resistance to change
• Lack of information, expertise and adequate training
• Lack of communication within enterprises
• Competing business priorities – in particular, the pressure for
short – term profits
• Perception of risk
• Difficulty in accessing cleaner technology
• Accounting systems which fail to capture environmental costs
and benefits
• Difficulty in accessing external finance

74. Cleaner Production vs Pollution Prevention

75. Cleaner Production vs Pollution Prevention

76. Benefits of CP

77. Benefits of CP
• CP improves products and services
• CP lowers risks (liability)
• CP improves company image
• CP improves worker’s health and safety conditions
• CP reduces waste treatment and disposal costs
• CP saves costs on raw material, energy and water
• CP makes companies more profitable and competitive

78. Sectors Concerned
Automobile manufacturing / Bakeries / Cement production /
Ceramics / Coffee sector / Chemicals / Electroplating / Fertilizers
/ Foundries / Hospitals / Leather processing / Mechanical
manufacturing / Metallurgy / Mining / Municipality / Oil
refineries / Plastics / Printing / Pulp and paper / Remanufacturing
industries / Rubber processing / Steel manufacturing / Sugar
sector / Textile manufacturing and processing

79. References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_ecology
https://www.slideshare.net/farhanahmad5249349/cleaner-production-techniques-
32977890
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322821101_Cleaner_production_options_for_redu
cing_industrial_waste_the_case_of_batik_industry_in_Malang_East_Java-
Indonesia_Cleaner_production_options_for_reducing_industrial_waste_the_case_of_batik_in
dustry_in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xracq1NWyQw
https://www.slideserve.com/tarika/introduction-to-cleaner-production-cp-concepts-and-
practice
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=7uXVE3ilk_kC&pg=PP1&source=kp_read_button
&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/technology/cleanerproduction.pdf

80. ✓ Pollution Prevention Concept andTerminology
✓ Environment Law and Sustainability
UNIT – V
Industrial Ecology and Sustainability
Dr. Loveleen Kumar Bhagi
Associate Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
LPU80
MEC241
ENGINEERING SUSTAINABLE DEVELEOPMENT