Biogas from biomass appears as an alternative source of energy, which is potentially enriched in biomass resources. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas. Different types of wastes are used for production of biogas .these wastes are found very easy and an every palace. This article helps to make biogas form different wastes. From this study, it can be concluded that this method not only contributed to renewable biogas production but also improved the effluent quality
Urban India generates 188,500 tons per day (68.8 million tons per year) of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a per capita waste generation rate of 500 grams/person/day. I mproper solid waste management deteriorates public health,degrades quality of life,and pollutes local air,water and land resources. It also causes global warming and climate change and impacts the entire planet. Im proper waste management is also identified as a cause of 22 human diseases and results in numerous premature deat hs every year. The composition of urban MSW in India is 51% organics,17.5% recyclables (paper,pla stic,metal,and glass) and 31 % of inerts. The moisture content of urban MSW is 47% and the average calorific value is 7.3 MJ/kg (1745 kcal/kg). The composition of MSW in the North,East,South and Western regions of the country varied between 50-57% of organics,16-19% of recyclables,28-31% of inerts and 45-51% of moistur e. The calorific value of the waste varied between 6.8-9.8 MJ/kg (1,620-2,340 kcal/kg). Currently,there is no system or mechanism exists to dry the municipal solid waste. In this research work such syst em can be designed and developed which will dry the municipal solid waste and remove the odor from it. Dried municipal solid waste can be further used as fuel for boiler.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW DUNG, FOOD WASTE AND ORGANIC ...IAEME Publication
Anaerobic digestion is one of the ecofriendly methods to treat and dispose the biodegradable wastes and has more advantages when compared to any other waste treatment methods. Biogas production and composting of slurry from the biogas plant is one of the methods to reduce volume of waste (zero waste discharge) and maximum energy recovery from the organic wastes is possible.
In this study the production potential of biogas from bio degradable organic wastes such as food waste, cow dung and fresh organic wastes under the same operating condition of room temperature between 28ºC to 32ºCare compared. A pilot plant of 0.3 cubic meter gas holding capacity is used as digester.
The circular economy to avoid depletion of natural resources of planet earthFernando Alcoforado
An indisputable fact is that humanity already consumes more natural resources than the planet can replenish. Traditionally, the production processes are characterized by use of natural (raw material) in the manufacture of products for human consumption which residues resulting are taken to a landfill. This operational dynamics can be termed as Linear Economy. Unlike the Linear Economy model, the Circular Economy seeks efficiency in product manufacturing and reuse solid waste contributing in this way to avoid the exhaustion of the planet's natural resources. Adopting the principles of Circular Economy is critical because of the need of human beings to make better their natural resources to avoid their future exhaustion and not cause so many negative impacts on the environment.
Urban India generates 188,500 tons per day (68.8 million tons per year) of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a per capita waste generation rate of 500 grams/person/day. I mproper solid waste management deteriorates public health,degrades quality of life,and pollutes local air,water and land resources. It also causes global warming and climate change and impacts the entire planet. Im proper waste management is also identified as a cause of 22 human diseases and results in numerous premature deat hs every year. The composition of urban MSW in India is 51% organics,17.5% recyclables (paper,pla stic,metal,and glass) and 31 % of inerts. The moisture content of urban MSW is 47% and the average calorific value is 7.3 MJ/kg (1745 kcal/kg). The composition of MSW in the North,East,South and Western regions of the country varied between 50-57% of organics,16-19% of recyclables,28-31% of inerts and 45-51% of moistur e. The calorific value of the waste varied between 6.8-9.8 MJ/kg (1,620-2,340 kcal/kg). Currently,there is no system or mechanism exists to dry the municipal solid waste. In this research work such syst em can be designed and developed which will dry the municipal solid waste and remove the odor from it. Dried municipal solid waste can be further used as fuel for boiler.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW DUNG, FOOD WASTE AND ORGANIC ...IAEME Publication
Anaerobic digestion is one of the ecofriendly methods to treat and dispose the biodegradable wastes and has more advantages when compared to any other waste treatment methods. Biogas production and composting of slurry from the biogas plant is one of the methods to reduce volume of waste (zero waste discharge) and maximum energy recovery from the organic wastes is possible.
In this study the production potential of biogas from bio degradable organic wastes such as food waste, cow dung and fresh organic wastes under the same operating condition of room temperature between 28ºC to 32ºCare compared. A pilot plant of 0.3 cubic meter gas holding capacity is used as digester.
The circular economy to avoid depletion of natural resources of planet earthFernando Alcoforado
An indisputable fact is that humanity already consumes more natural resources than the planet can replenish. Traditionally, the production processes are characterized by use of natural (raw material) in the manufacture of products for human consumption which residues resulting are taken to a landfill. This operational dynamics can be termed as Linear Economy. Unlike the Linear Economy model, the Circular Economy seeks efficiency in product manufacturing and reuse solid waste contributing in this way to avoid the exhaustion of the planet's natural resources. Adopting the principles of Circular Economy is critical because of the need of human beings to make better their natural resources to avoid their future exhaustion and not cause so many negative impacts on the environment.
Done By Group : KHA_Alpha8
School Name : Khalifa Independent Secondary School for Boys.
Biodegradable Materials: is a substance that degrades into smaller nontoxic parts that are returned to the environment and may be reused by organisms.
there are so many applications around us for Biodegradable materials like : Surgical Sutures
, Plastic bag .
our Idea:Biomass Energy station in Qatar.
A Balance Between Development Needs and Protecting the Environment, Qatar National Vision 2030
so we Dreamed that we have Biomass Energy station in Qatar so that we can reduce the waste thought the landfills and produce energy by Methane fermentation .
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Avoid wastage of food, water, industrial and agricultural products. Also please remember what Gandhiji said, "The world has enough for everyone's need but not enough for everyone's greed"
Research proposal to Japan government for Solid Waste ManagementAbdul Motaleb
This presentation is prepared for our honorable sir Dr. Engr. Muzammel Hoque on the course of Research Methodology. Prepared by Abdul Motaleb Shobuj student of USTC.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Prof. Zhao is professor at Environmental Engineering Department of College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai. He has authored or co-authored over 118 publications published in internationally recognized journals, and over 370 publications in Chinese journals. The contents of these covered recycling and reuse of wastes, municipal solid waste landfill and incineration, sewage sludge management, contaminated construction and demolition wastes treatment generated at chemical and metallurgical plants, among a few. His current research interests include sewage sludge dewatering and sanitary landfills, deep-shaft aeration of leachate, off-shore incineration, anaerobic digestion of organic wastes for power generation, bio-hydrogen production and recycling of aged refuse in MSW landfill.
The Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of the Implementation of Carbon ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Carbon sequestration through forestry can help in the mitigation of global warming. For Africa, carbon sequestration also represents an opportunity to fund sustainable through financial inflows. However, with a low share of global carbon trade, there are strong concerns that African countries are losing out this valuable opportunity. Markets for environmental services have been growing in recent years wherein more and more people are willing to pay for benefits such as natural beauty, clean water, biodiversity etc. Carbon sequestration constitutes an important segment of this market. The study focused on the socio-economic and environmental impacts of carbon project implemented in Humbo district SNNPR, Ethiopia.
Done By Group : KHA_Alpha8
School Name : Khalifa Independent Secondary School for Boys.
Biodegradable Materials: is a substance that degrades into smaller nontoxic parts that are returned to the environment and may be reused by organisms.
there are so many applications around us for Biodegradable materials like : Surgical Sutures
, Plastic bag .
our Idea:Biomass Energy station in Qatar.
A Balance Between Development Needs and Protecting the Environment, Qatar National Vision 2030
so we Dreamed that we have Biomass Energy station in Qatar so that we can reduce the waste thought the landfills and produce energy by Methane fermentation .
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Avoid wastage of food, water, industrial and agricultural products. Also please remember what Gandhiji said, "The world has enough for everyone's need but not enough for everyone's greed"
Research proposal to Japan government for Solid Waste ManagementAbdul Motaleb
This presentation is prepared for our honorable sir Dr. Engr. Muzammel Hoque on the course of Research Methodology. Prepared by Abdul Motaleb Shobuj student of USTC.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Prof. Zhao is professor at Environmental Engineering Department of College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai. He has authored or co-authored over 118 publications published in internationally recognized journals, and over 370 publications in Chinese journals. The contents of these covered recycling and reuse of wastes, municipal solid waste landfill and incineration, sewage sludge management, contaminated construction and demolition wastes treatment generated at chemical and metallurgical plants, among a few. His current research interests include sewage sludge dewatering and sanitary landfills, deep-shaft aeration of leachate, off-shore incineration, anaerobic digestion of organic wastes for power generation, bio-hydrogen production and recycling of aged refuse in MSW landfill.
The Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of the Implementation of Carbon ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Carbon sequestration through forestry can help in the mitigation of global warming. For Africa, carbon sequestration also represents an opportunity to fund sustainable through financial inflows. However, with a low share of global carbon trade, there are strong concerns that African countries are losing out this valuable opportunity. Markets for environmental services have been growing in recent years wherein more and more people are willing to pay for benefits such as natural beauty, clean water, biodiversity etc. Carbon sequestration constitutes an important segment of this market. The study focused on the socio-economic and environmental impacts of carbon project implemented in Humbo district SNNPR, Ethiopia.
Application of Analysis of variance and Chi- square to study diamond industryIJMER
Chi -square is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would expect to
obtain according to a specific hypothesis. For example, if, according to Mendel's laws, you expected 10 of 20
offspring from a cross to be male and the actual observed number was 8 males, then you might want to know
about the "goodness to fit" between the observed and expected. Were the deviations (differences between
observed and expected) the result of chance, or were they due to other factors. How much deviation can occur
before you, the investigator, must conclude that something other than chance is at work, causing the observed to
differ from the expected. The chi-square test is always testing what scientists call the null hypothesis, which
states that there is no significant difference between the expected and observed result.
Integrating Environmental Accounting in Agro-Allied and Manufacturing Industr...IJMER
‘ONLY WHEN THE LAST TREE IS CUT, ONLY WHEN THE LAST RIVER IS
POLLUTED, ONLY WHEN THE LAST FISH IS CAUGHT, ONLY THEN WILL THEY REALIZE
THAT YOU CANNOT EAT MONEY’ American proverb
Due to growing awareness and concern on the impact of human activity on the ecosystem, there is an
increasing trend to judge organizations in relation to the community in which it operates. The
impact of the activities on the environment with regard to pollution of water, air, land and abuse of
natural resources are coming under scrutiny of governments, stakeholders and citizens. Education is
considered the key to effective development strategies and TVET institutions then must be the master
key that can alleviate poverty, promote peace, conserve the environment, improve the quality of life
for all and help achieve sustainable development. Unless proper accounting work is done, it cannot
be determined that both have been fulfilling their responsibilities. The aim of the study was to explore
whether distinctive processes of environmental accounting are possible in agro-allied and
manufacturing industries with a view to enhancing sustainability. To accomplish this aim, this
research explores environmental accountability practices in TVET institutions. This paper is in part
of an exploratory research project and it is limited in that it attempts to be illuminative and
theoretically driven. The paper aims to prove that environmental reporting and disclosure will
enable in agro-allied and manufacturing industries undertake a major transformation that includes
approaches that harmonize economic prosperity, environmental conservation and social well-being.
However, while strategies for achieving this goal are not widespread, a range of international
experiences is beginning to suggest ways forward. These initiatives include national TVET policy
reforms, green campus, green curriculum, green community, green research and green culture. The
paper includes suggested templates that can be useful in agro-allied and manufacturing industries
Cross Spectral Density Analysis for Various Codes Suitable for Spread Spectru...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Efficient Use of Cesspool and Biogas for Sustainable Energy Generation: Recen...BRNSS Publication Hub
Biogas from biomass appears to have potential as an alternative energy source, which is potentially rich
in biomass resources. This is an overview of some salient points and perspectives of biogas technology.
The current literature is reviewed regarding the ecological, social, cultural, and economic impacts of
biogas technology. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial
feedstock for the production of fuels, chemicals, and other materials. However, to be truly competitive
in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology
must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural
areas
A Review of Issues in Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Product Re...IJMER
Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Product Recovery (ECMPRO) has become an
obligation to the environment and to the society itself, enforced primarily by governmental regulations
and customer perspective on environmental issues. This is mainly driven by the escalating deterioration
of the environment, e.g. diminishing raw material resources, over owing waste sites and increasing
levels of pollution. ECMPRO involves integrating environmental thinking into new product development
including design, material selection, manufacturing processes and delivery of the product to the
consumers, plus the end-of-life management of the product after its useful life. ECMPRO related issues
have found a large following in industry and academia who aim to find solutions to the problems that
arise in this newly emerged research area. Problems are widespread including the ones related to life cycle of products, disassembly, material recovery, and emanufacturing and pollution prevention.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
United Nation's ambassidor's Presentation on World Environmental DayHammadAwan37
"Join us on World Environmental Day as we embark on a transformative journey towards a sustainable and green future. Our presentation, curated by the esteemed United Nations member, delves into the crucial realms of environmental protection, sustainability, and the promotion of lush greenery for a healthier planet.
This impactful presentation will shed light on the 3Rs method—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—as a cornerstone for responsible consumption and waste management. Discover innovative techniques and strategies to minimize our ecological footprint and foster a circular economy that ensures the longevity of our precious resources.
Together, let's explore actionable steps to safeguard our environment, mitigate climate change, and create a harmonious balance between human activities and the natural world. This World Environmental Day, be part of the global movement for a greener, more sustainable tomorrow."
Bio Gas Generation from Biodegradable Kitchen WasteIJEAB
Generation of Solid wastes in general and biodegradable waste in particular is increasing at house hold level over the last two decades. Per capita generation of the waste has been increasing steadily due to population growth and changing socio-economic characteristics and cultural habits and varies from 250g to 600g. Any material which can be decomposable by the action of microorganisms in a short period of time is called biodegradable Mostly food waste; vegetable peels and fruit pulp are biodegradable. These materials readily mix with the soil by the action of bacteria. During decomposition, these materials release carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide into the environment thereby contributes to air pollution and odour pollution. The gases that are released during the decay of biodegradable wastes can be captured for the economic utility and as well as to save the environment. An attempt is being made in this technical research paper to demonstrate the possibilities energy recovery from biodegradable kitchen waste that is collected from residential societies which can be utilized for the benefits of the society. Kitchen and food waste collected from a high end residential community of 300 families in Mumbai city suburbs is analyzed for the quantification of bio gas. Bio gas is captured through a fabricated anaerobic digester. Experimentation and results are discussed. The results are encouraging.
Bioenergy production is a promising way to manage the organic waste material while generating the heat and electricity. Anaerobic digestion of the organic material is gaining attraction due to its easy operation and the cost effectiveness. Biogas plant is an efficient bio energy production which mainly practices in developing country to transform waste into gas through the anaerobic digestion. It is a renewable energy source which helps to fulfil the energy need especially for developing country. In this research, the small-scale biogas plant was designed and implemented for household need with cow dung as a substrate. Biogas composition was measured with a multifunctional portable gas analyser. The mean content of methane (CH4) was 63.64% and carbon dioxide (CO2) was 29.04%. Substrate was allowed for store in varying time, i.e., one week, two weeks, and three weeks before the digestion process to increase the bacterial community. The longer the manure/cow dung is stored in a closed container before pass through the digester, the shorter the time for the anaerobic decomposition process.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Need of sustainable development and related issues pertaining to process indu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
To make a biogas energy from different sources & creating awareness between human begins – case study
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 3 | Mar. 2014 | 1 |
To make a biogas energy from different sources & creating
awareness between human begins – case study
Neeraj kumar1
, Gourav Dureja2
, Sandeep Kamboj3
Assistant Professor, Department of ME1
Lecturer, Department of CE2
Assistant Professor, Department of ME3
Maharishi Markandeshwar Group of Institutions (Ramba) Karnal, India
I. Introduction
Achieving solutions to possible shortage in fossil fuels and environmental problems that the world is
facing today require long-term potential actions for sustainable development. In this regard, renewable energy
resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions[1].A naturally occurring gas formed as a
by-product of the breakdown of organic waste materials in a low-oxygen (e.g., anaerobic) environment. Biogas
is composed primarily of methane (typically 55% – 70% by volume) and carbon dioxide (typically 30% – 45%).
Biogas may also include smaller amounts of hydrogen sulfide (typically 50 – 2000 parts per million [ppm]),
water vapor (saturated), oxygen, and various trace hydrocarbons. Due to its lower methane content (and
therefore lower heating value) compared to natural gas, biogas use is generally limited to engine-generator sets
and boilers.[2]. one type of biogas is produced by potential advantages include: The replacement of an anaerobic
digestion or fermentation of biodegradable inefficient (but traditional) fuel with a more efficient and materials
such as biomass, manure or sewage, municipal flexible one, the recoupment of the fertilizer value of the waste,
green waste and energy crops [3].
Biogas technology is based on the phenomenon that in a number of countries when organic matter
containing cellulose is fermented in After treatment biogas approximate to pure methane the absence of air
(aerobically), combustible gases but with a calorific value of about 40 MJ/m . Biogas is an majorly (methane) is
formed [4]. Producing and utilizing renewable energy – both in a global and a national context– is necessitated
by the synergistic effect of climate change and the long term, continuous price rise of fossil fuels.[5]. there are
several problems comes to run a biogas plant. in rural area a abundant amount of bio waste are discarded into
river and open area which is very harmful to our heath. because it produced many dangeroures gasas. Improper
handling and storage of methane is a very dangrour for human beings.[6].
II. Biomass- based Energy Production (Biogas)
Energy is a complex system; hence, energy-production and energy-conversion require systemic
thinking, for which firstly a change of aspect is necessary[6]. Biogas is generated by micro-organisms in the
absence of air by a so called anaerobic metabolism. Industrial biogas is produced at sewage treatment plants
(sludge fermentation stage), landfills, sites with industrial processing industry and at digestion plants for
agricultural organic waste, both mesophilic (35 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C). Biogas from anaerobic digestion
and landfills consists primarily of CH4 and CO2.[7]. In this paper biomass like different type of wastes include
convert into biogas by anaerobic digestion process.
ABSTRACT: Biogas from biomass appears as an alternative source of energy, which is potentially
enriched in biomass resources. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an
industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly
competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas
technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in
remote rural areas. Different types of wastes are used for production of biogas .these wastes are found
very easy and an every palace. This article helps to make biogas form different wastes. From this study,
it can be concluded that this method not only contributed to renewable biogas production but also
improved the effluent quality.
Keywords: Biogas, biomass, waste, biogas plant, methane, alternate source.
2. To make a biogas energy from different sources & creating awareness between human begins.....
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 3 | Mar. 2014 | 2 |
Figure No-1,Biogas coversion process
Waste includes all items that people no longer have any use for, which they either intend to get rid of or
have already discarded. Additionally, wastes are such items which people are require to discard, for example by
lay because of their hazardous properties. Many items can be considered as waste e.g., household rubbish,
sewage sludge, wastes from manufacturing activities, packaging items, discarded cars, old televisions, garden
waste, old paint containers etc. Thus all our daily activities can give rise to a large variety of different wastes
arising from different sources.[8].
III. Biogas Resources
Biogas resources include different type of wastes in india.in this paper we discuss seven types of wastes which
is shown in this figure.
Figure No-2(Biomass sources)
3.1 Municipal solid waste
3.1.1Agricultural waste
3.I.2 Industrial waste
3.1.3Household waste
3.1.4 Hazardous waste
3.1.5Hospital waste
3.1.6 Kitchen waste
3.1.Municipal solid waste:
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) contains organic as well as inorganic matter. the latent energy present
in its organic fraction can be recovered for gainfulutilisation through adoption of suitable Waste Processing and
Treatment technologies solid waste (MSW) includes Municipal wastes (household waste and similar
commercial, industrial and institutional wastes) including separately collected fractions household garbage and
rubbish, street sweeping, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residues, trade and non-hazardous
industrial refuse and treated bio-medical solid waste. Municipal Solid Waste is defined in Ireland as household,
commercial, and street cleaning wastes.[9].
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Figure No-3, Munciple solid waste
3.1.1 Agricultural waste:
Agriculture waste is an organic material and can be used to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion, thus
providing an alternative for Agriculture waste use and mitigating the pollution. Agriculture waste is mainly
composed of three groups of polymers, namely cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Cellulose and
hemicellulose are sugar rich fractions of interest for use in fermentation processes. [10]
3.1.2 Industrial waste
Anaerobic processes are largely used for the treatment of industrial wastes and waste water for more
than a century and AD is today a standard technology for the treatment of variousindustrial .waste waters from
food-processing, agro-industries, and pharmaceutical industries. AD is also applied to pre-treat organic loaded
industrial waste waters, before final disposal. Due to recent improvements of treatment technologies, diluted
industrial waste waters can also be digested.[11].
3.1.3 Household waste
The systematic development and promotion of household (Hh) biogas technology programme is over 60 years
old in India. The demonstration and limited extension phase of Hh biogas plants was first initiated in India by
KVIC, using their floating steel gas holder model, in 1960. However, the implementation of Hh plants got
impetus in India, only after the Ministry of Non-Conventional Sources of Energy (MNES- earlier known as
DNES), Govt. of India, launched a centrally sponsored scheme, known as National Project on Biogas
Development (NPBD), in 1981-82.
3.1.4 Hazardous waste
Waste and waste reduction are increasingly becoming the focus of numerous national administrations
and environmental agencies around the world. country must make every effort to stem the rising tide of garbage
and industrial waste through a more aggressive use of waste minimization and recycling practices. international
shipments of hazardous wastes are the primary focus of this document, the preamble states that the signatory
parties to this convention were motivated by the idea that, “the most effective way of protecting human health
and the environment from the dangers posed by [hazardous] wastes is the reduction of their generation to a
minimum in terms of quantity and/or hazard potential [12].Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous
as they may contain toxic substances. Certain types of household waste are also hazardous. Hazardous wastes
could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable, or explosive; and react
when exposed to certain things e.g. gases. India generates around 7 million tonnes of hazardous wastes every
year, most of which is concentrated in four states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
3.1.5 Hospital waste
(A) Clinical Waste: this includes body fluid, drainage bags, blood collection tubes, vials, culture dishes, other
types of broken/unbroken glassware that were in contact with infectious agents, gauze, bandages or any
other materials that were in contact with infectious agents or blood, pathological waste including organs,
body parts, tissues. These are potentially dangerous and present a high risk of infection to the general
population and to the staff.
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(B) Laboratory Waste: This is also high risk category waste. This includes chemicals used in the pathological
laboratory, microbial cultures and clinical specimens, slide, culture dish, needle, syringes, as well as
radioactive waste such as Iodine-125, iodine -131 etc.
(C) Non-clinical Waste: this includes wrapping paper, office paper, and plastic that has not been in
contact with patient body fluid.[13].
3.1.6 Kitchen waste
Kitchen waste: This includes food waste, wash and waste water. kicthen wastes include vegetables
waste, garbage, broken material which are found in homes and these are discarded into open areas. “Food
waste” refers to food that is of good quality and fit for human consumption but that does not get consumed
because it is discarded. Fruits, milk, paper, Fish, Food cooked but not eaten, eggs, Chicken, breasts,
Mushrooms, Lemons, Fruit pies, Onions, Mixed vegetables.
Figure No-4, Kitchen waste
IV. Biogas Production process
There are three stages which are discussed about biogas generation. and In this paper we are discussed about one
by one .
4.1 Hydrolysis:
4.2 Acetogeness
4.3 Methangenesis
Anaerobic digestion is a multistep biological and chemical process that is beneficial in not only waste
management but also energy creation. There are four fundamental steps of anaerobic digestion that include
hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis
Figure No-5, biogas process
Biogas production is a three stage biochemical process comprising hydrolysis, acidogenesis/acetogenesis and
methanogenesis.
(C6H10 O5(C6H10 O5)n + nH2O → n (C6 H12 O6) - Hydrolysis
n (C6 H12 O6) →n CH3 COOH -Acetogenesis/Acidogenesis
3nCH3 COOH → n CH4 + CO2 – Methanogenesis
Biogas technology amongst other processes (including thermal, pyrolysis, combustion and gasification)
has in recent times also been viewed as a very good source of sustainable waste treatment / management, as
disposal of wastes has become a major problem especially to the third world countries[1].In a first step, known
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as the hydrolysis process, carbon hydrates are broken down into simple sugars, proteins into amino acids, and
fats into fatty acids. The products of the hydrolysis undergo an acidogenic process (acidogenesis) where organic
acids and low alcohols are produced. The subsequent acetogenic process (acetogenesis) leads to the production
of methane.The products of the acidogenic process are converted into acetic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen,
which are the compounds required for the methanogenic process. (methanogenesis).
V. Biogas Plant
There are many types of biogas plants in India.
In this paper we study the only one type of biogas plants which is very economical. cheap and
easy in construction.There are many types of plant but fixed dome type plants are very easy in
construction and working.in this article we have study the fied dome plant which is very economical.
5.1 Fixed dome type biogas plant:
A fixed-dome plant comprises of a closed, domeshaped digester with an immovable, rigid gas-holder and a
displacement pit, also named “compensation tank”. The gas is stored in the upper part of the digester. When gas
production commences, the slurry is displaced into the compensating tank. Gas pressure increases with the
volume of gas stored and the height difference between the slurry levels in digester and compensation tank. If
there is little gas in the gasholder, the gas pressure is low. The cost of a fixed-dome biogas plant is relatively
low, and it is simple as no moving parts exist. There are also no rusting steel parts and, hence, a long life of the
plant (20 years or more) can be expected. The plant is constructed underground, protecting it from physical
damage and temperature changes.
Figure No-6 , Fixed dome type biogas plant
The main parts of plants are mixing tank, overflow tank, dome type digester, inlet chamber,
outlet chamber, gas valve. In this type of plant any type of waste are used like slurry of cattle dung
and its mixed with water. during a retentions period a reaction takes place. And gas is produced at
upper part of the tank .and this gas is used by a gas holder valve. and overflow scullery are dumped
into field.
VI. Conclusion
With the help of this biogas plants we prodused a gas. And in rural area the wastes like cow dung, waste
material are dumped into open area .due to this causes some dangerous gases are prodused.which are very
harmful to our health. To solve this type of problems we can uses these wastes.and in a village two or three
homes are make a small type of biogas plant.and biogas as a alternate sources of energy for human beings.
Which is used for lighting.power gaeration , cooking purposes.the life of other conventional sources like
coal,oil, fuel.are very low and we are searching a lot of energy resources.so biogas is a renewable energy
resources.