This document is a series of lecture slides about sheet metal working and bending processes. It discusses topics like mechanics of sheet metal bending, bend allowance, numerical problems calculating blank size and bending force, springback and methods to eliminate it, including overbending and stretch forming. It also covers drawing as a sheet metal forming operation used to make cup-shaped or complex curved parts by pushing metal into a die cavity with a punch.
Press tool operations, Shearing action, Shear operations, Numerical problems, Drawing, Draw die design, Spinning, Bending, Stretch forming, Embossing and coining, Types of sheet metal dies, Analysis of sheet metal
Theory of Metal cutting - Principles of Metal cutting, orthogonal and oblique cutting, Merchant circle diagram, cutting forces, power requirements, Economics of machining,problems
Sheet Metal Working, Temperature and sheet metal forming, Applications Sheet Metal Parts, Categories of sheet metal processes, Shearing, stages in shearing action, Punch and Die Sizes, Sheet Metal Bending
Press tool operations, Shearing action, Shear operations, Numerical problems, Drawing, Draw die design, Spinning, Bending, Stretch forming, Embossing and coining, Types of sheet metal dies, Analysis of sheet metal
Theory of Metal cutting - Principles of Metal cutting, orthogonal and oblique cutting, Merchant circle diagram, cutting forces, power requirements, Economics of machining,problems
Sheet Metal Working, Temperature and sheet metal forming, Applications Sheet Metal Parts, Categories of sheet metal processes, Shearing, stages in shearing action, Punch and Die Sizes, Sheet Metal Bending
Fundamentals of Metal cutting and Machining Processes
MACHINING OPERATIONS AND MACHINING TOOLS
Turning and Related Operations
Drilling and Related Operations
Milling
Machining Centers and Turning Centers
Other Machining Operations
High Speed Machining
Please refer this file just as reference material. More concentration should on class room work and text book methodology.
Thermal aspects of Machining, Tool materials, Tool wear Cutting fluids and Machinability.
education is a key for everything so the objective of this slide is to share knowledge to the glob in my area of specialization.
This lecture note is basically designed for mechanical Engineering Manufacturing stream students and Instructors.
Modeling and Simulation of Base Plate of Friction Stir Welding-Advanced Weldi...ijsrd.com
Friction stir processing is an emerging technique based on the principles of friction stir welding (FSW). It is a solid-state joining method that is energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and versatile. It is considered by many to be the most significant development in metal joining in a decade. The basic concept of friction stir processing is remarkably simple. A rotating tool with pin and shoulder is inserted in the material to be joined, and traversed along the line of interest. The heating is localized, and is generated by friction between the tool and the work piece, with additional adiabatic heating from metal deformation. A processed zone is produced by movement of material from the front of the pin to the back of the pin.
Fundamentals of Metal cutting and Machining Processes
MACHINING OPERATIONS AND MACHINING TOOLS
Turning and Related Operations
Drilling and Related Operations
Milling
Machining Centers and Turning Centers
Other Machining Operations
High Speed Machining
Please refer this file just as reference material. More concentration should on class room work and text book methodology.
Thermal aspects of Machining, Tool materials, Tool wear Cutting fluids and Machinability.
education is a key for everything so the objective of this slide is to share knowledge to the glob in my area of specialization.
This lecture note is basically designed for mechanical Engineering Manufacturing stream students and Instructors.
Modeling and Simulation of Base Plate of Friction Stir Welding-Advanced Weldi...ijsrd.com
Friction stir processing is an emerging technique based on the principles of friction stir welding (FSW). It is a solid-state joining method that is energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and versatile. It is considered by many to be the most significant development in metal joining in a decade. The basic concept of friction stir processing is remarkably simple. A rotating tool with pin and shoulder is inserted in the material to be joined, and traversed along the line of interest. The heating is localized, and is generated by friction between the tool and the work piece, with additional adiabatic heating from metal deformation. A processed zone is produced by movement of material from the front of the pin to the back of the pin.
Experimental investigations of surface wear by dry sliding and induced damage...Barhm Mohamad
This study concerns the wear behaviour of metal couples used in industry, particularly in mechanical sliding systems (numerically controlled machine tools). In general, the nature of the materials of the parts of these systems which are in contact and move relatively, are medium carbon steels, thanks to their good mechanical and tribological properties. The present work aims to study, the dry sliding wear of the contact surface of the pin (machine slide) against the contact surface of a disc (machine groove) and the damage induced on the worn track. The pin is AISI 1038 and AISI 1045 steel, the disc is AISI 1055 steel. The tribological tests were carried out on a pin-disc tribometer, in an atmospheric environment. The wear of the pins being evaluated by weighing and studied according to the hardness of the pin with the variation of the normal load applied. The discussion of the results is based on SEM observations and EDS analyzes of worn surfaces and interfacial phenomena produced by dynamic contact. The results obtained indicated the influence of the applied load and the hardness on the wear of the pin and therefore on the tribological behaviour of the worn surfaces.
Evaluation of the Influence of the Welding Current on the Surface Quality of ...theijes
Welding is a metallurgical process; all aspects of a welding process can be more or less, related to metallurgy of the materials involved in welding,either base metal or electrodes. It is a rapid joining technique extensively used for joining thin assemblies in military and automotive applications. The resistance spot welding process bonds contacting metal surfaces via the heat obtained from resistance to an electrical current flow.Process parameters like welding current, time and pressure are closely controlled to obtain superior weld quality. Welding current is generally considered as a key factor affecting the weld quality. The paper deals with evaluation of welding current as the most important parameter of resistance spot welding on the surface quality of welded steel sheets.Various values of welding current were used in the experiments and consequently the marks of spot welded tips on the welded material surfaces were observed. Hot-dip galvanized steel sheets of H220PD and TRIP RAK 40/70 were used for resistance spot welding.
Operation research unit 3 Transportation problemDr. L K Bhagi
Formulation of Transportation Problem, Initial Feasible Solution
Methods, Degeneracy in Transport Problem and Optimality Test (Modi Method and stepping stone Method)
MEC395 Measurement System Analysis (MSA)Dr. L K Bhagi
Discussed SPC, variable Gauge R&R, Repeatability and Reproducibility with Examples calculation of variable Gauge R&R, Bias, Linearity and Stability with examples.
Introduction to casting, Major classifications of casting, Casting terminology, Characteristics of molding sand, Constituents of foundry sand, Patterns and their types, Cores and types of cores, Gating system, Types of gates, Solidification, Riser system, Types of riser, Types of allowances, Directional Solidification, Defects in casting, Riser design(Chvorinov's rules), Advanced casting techniques:Shell molding, Permanent mould casting, Vacuum die casting, Low pressure die casting, Continuous casting, Squeeze casting, Slush casting, Vacuum casting, Die Casting, Centrifugal casting, Investment casting
Introduction to casting, Major classifications of casting, Casting terminology, Characteristics of molding sand, Constituents of foundry sand, Patterns and their types, Cores and types of cores, Gating system, Types of gates, Solidification, Riser system, Types of riser, Types of allowances, Directional Solidification, Defects in casting, Riser design(Chvorinov's rules), Advanced casting techniques:Shell molding, Permanent mould casting, Vacuum die casting, Low pressure die casting, Continuous casting, Squeeze casting, Slush casting, Vacuum casting, Die Casting, Centrifugal casting, Investment casting
Design of Flat belt, V belt and chain drivesDr. L K Bhagi
Geometrical relationships, Analysis of belt tensions, Condition for maximum power transmission, Characteristics of belt drives, Selection of flat belt, V- belt, Selection of V belt, Roller chains, Geometrical relationship, Polygonal effect, Power rating of roller chains, Design of chain drive, Introduction to belt drives and belt construction, Introduction to chain drives
Springs - DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-IIDr. L K Bhagi
Introduction to springs, Types and terminology of springs, Stress and deflection equations, Series and parallel connection, Design of helical springs, Design against fluctuating load, Concentric springs, Helical torsion springs, Spiral springs, Multi-leaf springs, Optimum design of helical spring
General introduction to manufacturing processesDr. L K Bhagi
Manufacturing processes definition, Classification of manufacturing processes, Typical examples of applications, Manufacturing capability, Selection of materials, Selection of manufacturing process
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
2. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
2
3. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
3
4. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
4
Bend allowance
The bend allowance describes
the length of the neutral axis
between the bend lines, or in
other words, the arc length of
the bend. Therefore, the bend
allowance added to the flange
lengths is equal to the total
flat length.
5. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 05
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
5
A sheet-metal blank is to be bent as shown in Figure. The metal
has a modulus of elasticity = 205 (103) MPa, yield strength =
275 MPa, and tensile strength = 450 MPa.
Determine
(a) the starting blank size and (b) the bending force if a V-die is
used with a die opening dimension = 25 mm.
6. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 05
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
6
7. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 05
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
7
(a)
The starting blank = 44.5 mm wide.
Its length= 38 + Ab+ 25(mm).
For the included angle αʹ =120°, the bend angle α = 60°.
The value of Kba in = 0.33 since R/t = 4.75/3.2 = 1.48 (less than
2.0).
8. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 05
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
8
9. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 05
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
9
(b) The Maximum Bending Force
TS = tensile strength of the sheet metal,MPa
w = width of part in the direction of the bend axis, mm
t = stock thickness, mm
D = die opening
Kbf is a constant that accounts for differences encountered in an
actual bending process. Its value depends on type of bending: for
V-bending, Kbf = 1.33; and for edge bending, Kbf = 0.33.
( )
D
wtTSK
F
bf
2
=
10. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 05
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
10
11. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 06
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
11
12. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 06
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
12
13. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 06
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
13
14. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 07
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
14
15. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 08
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
15
A bending operation is to be performed on 5.00-mm thick cold-
rolled steel. The part drawing is given in Figure. Determine the
blank size required.
16. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 08
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
16
From drawing, αʹ = 40°, R = 4.75 mm
α = 180° - 40° = 140°.
For K
( )tKRBA ba+
=
360
2
330,271
5
58
.So Kess thanratio is li.e..
.
t
R
===
17. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 08
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
17
From drawing, αʹ = 40°, R = 4.75 mm
α = 180° - 40° = 140°.
BA = 24.82 mm
So, Dimensions of starting blank:
w = 35 mm, L = 58 + 24.82 + 46.5 = 129.32 mm
( )533058
360
140
2 +
= ..BA
18. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 09
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
18
Solve previous Problem except that the bend radius R = 11.35
mm.
19. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 09
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
19
From drawing, αʹ = 40°, R = 4.75 mm
α = 180° - 40° = 140°.
For K
( )tKRBA ba+
=
360
2
500,22702
5
3511
.So Kore thanratio is mi.e..
.
t
R
===
20. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 09
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
20
From drawing, αʹ = 40°, R = 4.75 mm
α = 180° - 40° = 140°.
BA = 34.21 mm
So, Dimensions of starting blank:
w = 35 mm, L = 58 + 34.21 + 46.5 = 138.71 mm
( )5503511
360
140
2 +
= ..BA
21. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 10
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
21
An L-shaped part is to be bent in a V-bending operation on a
press brake from a flat blank 4.0 inch by 1.5 inch that is 5/32
inch thick. The bend of 90° is to be made in the middle of the 4-
inch length.
(a) Determine the dimensions of the two equal sides that will
result after the bend, if the bend radius = 3/16 inch. For
convenience, these sides should be measured to the
beginning of the bend radius.
(b) Also, determine the length of the part’s neutral axis after the
bend.
22. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 10
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
22
23. Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending »
Numerical Problem 10
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
23
28. 20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
28
• In bending, after plastic deformation there is an elastic recovery
this recovery is called spring back.
• Reason for spring-back: When bending pressure is removed,
elastic energy remains in bent part, causing it to recover
partially toward its original shape
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending » Spring Back
29. 20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
29
This elastic recovery i.e. Spring Back, defined as the increase in
included angle of the bent part relative to the included angle of the
forming tool after the tool is removed and is expressed:
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending » Spring Back
30. Spring back can be calculated approximately
As Ri/Rf is increasing the spring back is also increased.
Spring Back depends on
Ri/Rf = 1 means Spring back =0
Yield strength (Y)
Modulus of elasticity (E)
Thickness of the sheet (T)
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
30
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending » Spring Back
134
3
+
−
=
ET
YR
ET
YR
R
R ii
f
i
31. Spring back can be calculated approximately
As Ri/Rf is increasing the spring back is also increased.
Spring Back depends on
Ri/Rf = 1 means Spring back =0
Yield strength (Y)
Modulus of elasticity (E)
Thickness of the sheet (T)
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
31
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending » Spring Back
134
3
+
−
=
ET
YR
ET
YR
R
R ii
f
i
32. Spring back can be calculated approximately
As Ri/Rf is increasing the spring back is
also increased.
Spring Back depends on
Ri/Rf = 1 means Spring back =0
Yield strength (Y)
Modulus of elasticity (E)
Thickness of the sheet (T)
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
32
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending » Spring Back
134
3
+
−
=
ET
YR
ET
YR
R
R ii
f
i
33. 20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
33
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending » Spring Back
Methods Of Eliminating Spring back
34. 20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
34
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending » Spring Back
Methods Of Eliminating Spring back
• Smaller Y/E
• Larger thickness
• Over-bending
• Stretch forming
• “coining” or bottoming the punch
36. 20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
36
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending » Spring Back
Techniques have been developed, in manufacturing industry, that
can eliminate the effects of spring back. One common technique
is OVERBENDING. The amount of spring back is calculated
and the sheet metal is over bent to a smaller bend angle than
needed.
37. 20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
37
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending » Spring Back
Another method for eliminating springback is by plastically
deforming the material in the bend region. Localized
compressive forces between the punch and die in that area will
plastically deform the elastic core, preventing springback. This
can be done by applying additional force through the tip of the
punch after completion of bending. A technique known as
bottoming, or bottoming the punch.
38. 20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
38
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending » Mechanics
Of Sheet Metal Bending » Spring Back
Stretch forming is a metal bending technique that eliminates
most of the spring back in a bend. Subjecting the work to tensile
stress while bending will force the elastic region to be plastically
deformed. Stretch forming can not be performed for some
complex bends and for very sharp angles. The amount of
tension must be controlled to avoid cracking of the sheet metal.
Stretch forming is a process often used in the aircraft building
industry.
39. Stretch forming is a metal forming process in which a piece of sheet
metal is stretched and bent simultaneously over a die in order
to form large bent parts.
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending»
Stretch Forming
20-10-2019 39
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
40. The sheet is held by jaws at both
the ends and then stretched by
punch/die, such that the sheet is
stressed above yield strength.
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending»
Stretch Forming
20-10-2019 40
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
41. When the tension is released, the metal has been plastically
deformed.
The combined effect of stretching and bending results in
relatively less spring back in the part.
Sheet Metal Working »Sheet Metal Bending»
Stretch Forming
20-10-2019 41
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
42. Forming process are particular
manufacturing process which make
use of suitable stresses (like
compression, tension, shear or
combined stresses) which cause
plastic deformation of the materials
to produce required shapes.
Drawing is a sheet-metal-forming operation used to make cup-
shaped, box-shaped, or other complex-curved and concave parts.
Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING
20-10-2019 42
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
43. It is performed by placing a piece of sheet metal over a die cavity
and then pushing the metal into the opening with a punch, as in
Figure.
Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING
20-10-2019 43
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
44. Cooking Pots
Common parts made by drawing include
Beverage Cans
Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING
Automobile Body Panels.
Car Body Panel Press 2000Ton for Automotive
Industry
Ammunition Shells
Sinks
20-10-2019 44
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
45. Shallow Drawing (h<D/2)
when the height of cup formed is
less than half its diameter.
Deep drawing (h>D/2)
When the height of cup formed is
greater that half of its diameter.
Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING
In case of deep drawing the chances of excessive wrinkle
formation at the edges of blank increases. So, to prevent this, a
blank holder is normally provided.20-10-2019 45
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
46. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
Bending at die
and punch
radius
Straightening
the bent sheet,
stretching
Fh: Blank holding force
F: Punch force Wall thinning maximum at bottom
corner of cup (max: 25%)
Wall thickness
variation: yes
20-10-2019 46
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
47. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
(i) As the punch pushes the sheet, it is subjected to a bending
operation.
Bending of sheet occurs over the punch corner and die corner.
The outside perimeter of the blank moves slightly inwards toward
the cup center.
20-10-2019 47
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
48. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
(ii) In this stage, the sheet region that was bent over the die corner will be
straightened in the clearance region at this stage, so that it will become
cup wall region.
In order to compensate the presence of sheet in cup wall, more metal will
be pulled from the sheet edge, i.e. more metal moves into the die
opening.
20-10-2019 48
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
49. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
(iv) Other than friction, compression occurs at the edge of the sheet.
Since the perimeter is reduced, the sheet is squeezed into the die
opening.
Because volume remains constant, with reduction in perimeter,
thickening occurs at the edge.
20-10-2019 49
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
50. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
In thin sheets, this is reflected in the form of wrinkling.
This also occurs in case of low blank holding force (BHF).
If BHF is very small, wrinkling occurs. If it is high, it prevents the sheet from
flowing properly toward the die hole, resulting in stretching and tearing of
sheet.
20-10-2019 50
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
51. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
(v) The final cup part will have some thinning in side wall.
20-10-2019 51
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
52. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
Drawing of a cup shaped part
is the basic drawing operation,
with dimensions and
parameters as pictured in
Figure.
A blank of diameter Db is drawn
into a die cavity by means of a
punch with diameter Dp. The
punch and die must have corner
radii, given by Rp and Rd.
20-10-2019 52
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
53. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
If the punch and die were to have sharp corners (Rp and Rd = 0), a hole-
punching operation would be accomplished rather than a drawing operation.
The sides of the punch and die are separated by a clearance c. This clearance in
drawing is about 10% greater than the stock thickness
c = (1.1)×t
20-10-2019 53
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
54. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
Measures of Drawing
2
4 bD
2
4
pD
hDp
hDDD ppb +
=
22
44
hRRR ppb += 222
hRRR ppb 22
+=
Corner radius on the punch is very very small
so, we can neglect
20-10-2019 54
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
55. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
Measures of Drawing
R
RRb = 22
RRb = 2
20-10-2019 55
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
56. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
Measures of Drawing
d1
d2
( )2
1
2
21
2
1
2
444
ddhddDb −
++
=
d1
20-10-2019 56
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
57. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
Measures of Drawing
Drawing Ratio
Drawing ratio help to determine the maximum amount of deep drawing
possible. Higher the drawing ratio, the more extreme the amount of
deep drawing.
Due to the geometry, forces, metal flow and material properties of the
work, there is a limit to the amount of deep drawing that can be
performed on a sheet metal blank in a single operation.
cupp
b
R
DorD
D
D =
20-10-2019 57
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
58. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
Measures of Drawing
Reduction
Another way to express drawing ratio is the reduction (r). Reduction
can be calculated by
Reduction should be 0.5 (50%) or under. Often expressed as the percent
reduction.
( )
b
pb
D
DD
r
−
=
20-10-2019 58
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
59. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
20-10-2019 59
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
60. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
= 200 mm
d1
First Draw r =0.5 (50%)
−=
bD
d
. 1
150
−=
200
150 1d
.
mmd 1001 =200>d>100 Require one draw
20-10-2019 60
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
61. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics of
Drawing
= 200 mm
d2
Second Draw r = 0.3 (30%)
−=
1
2
130
d
d
.
−=
100
130 2d
.
mmd 702 =
100>d>70 Require two draws
20-10-2019 61
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
62. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics
of Drawing
= 200 mm
d3
Third Draw r = 0.2 (20%)
−=
2
3
120
d
d
.
−=
70
120 3d
.
mmd 562 =
70>d>56 Require three draws
20-10-2019 62
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
63. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Numerical
Problem 11
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
63
64. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Numerical
Problem 11
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
64
65. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Numerical
Problem 12
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
65
Question: What are some of the simple measures used to
assess the feasibility of a proposed cup drawing operation?
Answer. Measures of drawing feasibility include:
(1) Drawing ratio, DR = Db/Dp; (DR ≤ 2)
(2) Reduction, ; (r ≤ 0.5) and
(3) Thickness-to-Diameter ratio, t/Db;
where t = stock thickness, Db = blank diameter. (t/Db≥ 1%)
( )
b
pb
D
DD
r
−
=
66. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Numerical
Problem 13
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
66
67. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Numerical
Problem 13
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
67
68. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Numerical
Problem 13
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
68
69. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics
of Drawing
Drawing force required by punch
During the drawing operation, the movement of the blank into the die cavity induces
compressive circumferential (hoop) stresses in the flange, which tend to cause the
flange to wrinkle during drawing.
Wrinkling can be reduced or eliminated if a
blank holder is loaded by a certain force. In
order to improve performance, the magnitude
of this force can be controlled as a function of
punch travel.
This phenomenon can be demonstrated
simply by trying to force a circular piece of
paper into a round cavity, such as a drinking
glass.
20-10-2019 69
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
70. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics
of Drawing
Drawing force required by punch
The drawing force required to perform a given operation can be estimated
roughly by the formula
It can be seen that the force increases with
increasing blank diameter, thickness,
strength, and the drawing ratio (Db/Dp).
The wall of the cup is subjected principally
to a longitudinal (vertical) tensile stress
due to the punch force.
Elongation under this stress causes the cup
wall to become thinner and, if excessive,
can cause tearing of the cup.
20-10-2019 70
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
71. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Mechanics
of Drawing
Blank holding force
The holding force is an important factor in a drawing operation.
As a rough approximation, the holding pressure can be set at a
value = 0.015 of the yield strength of the sheet metal. This value
is then multiplied by that portion of the starting area of the blank
that is to be held by the blank holder. In equation form,
20-10-2019 71
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
72. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Numerical
Problem 14
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
72
Determine (a) drawing force and (b) holding force, given that the
tensile strength of the sheet metal (low-carbon steel) = 300 MPa and
yield strength = 175 MPa. The die corner radius = 6 mm.
73. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Numerical
Problem 14
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
73
(a) Maximum drawing force is given by Eq. :
( )
−= 70.
D
D
TStDF
p
b
p ( )( )( )
−= 70
75
138
3004275 ..F
N396193.F =
74. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Numerical
Problem 14
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
74
(b) Blank holding force given by Eq. :
( ) 22
2220150 dpbh Rt.DDY.F ++−=
( ) ( ) ( ) 22
624222751381750150 ++−= ...Fh
N82486.Fh =
75. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Numerical
Problem 15
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
75
A cup is to be drawn in a deep drawing operation. The height of the cup
is 75 mm and its inside diameter = 100 mm. The sheet metal thickness =
2 mm. If the blank diameter = 225 mm, determine: (a) drawing ratio, (b)
reduction, and (c) thickness-to-diameter ratio. (d) Does the operation
seem feasible?
76. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Numerical
Problem 16
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
76
A cup is to be drawn in a deep drawing operation. The height of the cup
is 75 mm and its inside diameter = 100 mm. The sheet metal thickness =
2 mm. If the blank diameter = 175 mm, determine: (a) drawing ratio,
(b) reduction, and (c) thickness-to-diameter ratio. (d) Does the operation
seem feasible?
Hint:
Check (1) Drawing ratio, (2) Reduction, and (3) Thickness-to-Diameter
ratio and then
Also Check actual cup height possible with a 175 mm diameter blank.
77. Sheet Metal Forming» DRAWING » Numerical
Problem 17
20-10-2019
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
77
A cup drawing operation is performed in which the inside diameter = 80
mm and the height = 50 mm. The stock thickness = 3.0 mm, and the
starting blank diameter = 150 mm. Punch and die radii = 4 mm. Tensile
strength = 400 MPa and a yield strength = 180 MPa for this sheet metal.
Determine: (a) drawing ratio, (b) reduction, (c) drawing force, and (d)
blank holder force.
1.875
0.46
354.418 N.
114.942 N
78. In many cases, the shape change involved in making that part will
be severe (drawing ratio is very high). In such cases, complete
forming of the part requires more than one deep drawing step.
Redrawing refers to any further drawing steps that is required to
complete the drawing operation.
Sheet Metal Forming» Redrawing
20-10-2019 78
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
79. Guidelines for successful redrawing:
(Refer Numerical Problem 11)
First draw:
Maximum reduction of the starting blank - 40% to 50%
In case Second draw: 30% reduction in 2nd draw
In case Third draw : 20% reduction in 3rd draw
Sheet Metal Forming» Redrawing
( )0.5 1
b
b
D
DD
r
−
== RangeD1Check
( )0.3
1
21
D
DD
r
−
== RangeD2Check
( )0.2
2
32
D
DD
r
−
== RangeD3Check
20-10-2019 79
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
80. In reverse redrawing, the intermediate part is flipped over before
being placed on the die for the next operation. This will cause the
sheet metal to now be drawn in the opposite direction as the first
draw.
Sheet Metal Forming» Reverse
Drawing
20-10-2019 80
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
81. Sheet Metal Forming» Drawing without blank
holder
The main function of Blank Holder is to reduce wrinkling.
The tendency of wrinkling decreases with increase in thickness to
blank diameter ratio (t/Db).
For a large t/Db ratio, drawing without blank holder is possible.
20-10-2019 81
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
82. Sheet Metal Forming» Defects in Deep
Drawing
Wrinkling:
This is like ups and downs or waviness that is
developed on the flange. If the flange is drawn into
the die hole, it will be retained in cup wall region.
Wrinkling Tearing Earing Scratches
20-10-2019 82
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
83. Sheet Metal Forming» Defects in Deep
Drawing
Wrinkling Tearing Earing Scratches
Tearing:
It is a crack in the cup, near the base, happening due
to high tensile stresses causing thinning and failure
of the metal at this place. This can also occur due to
sharp die corner.
20-10-2019 83
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
84. Sheet Metal Forming» Defects in Deep
Drawing
Wrinkling Tearing Earing Scratches
20-10-2019 84
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
Earing:
The height of the walls of drawn cups have peaks and
valleys called as earing.
85. Sheet Metal Forming» Defects in Deep
Drawing
Wrinkling Tearing Earing Scratches
20-10-2019 85
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
Surface scratches:
Usage of rough punch, dies and poor lubrication
cause scratches in a drawn cup.
86. Sheet Metal Forming» Dies
20-10-2019 86
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
Made up of die/tool steel and used to cut or
shape material.
1. Simple die
2. Compound die
3. Combination die
4. Progressive die
5. Transfer die
87. Sheet Metal Forming» Dies
20-10-2019 87
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
Simple dies or single
action dies perform
single operation for
each stroke of the press
slide.
The operation may be
one of the cutting or
forming operations.
88. Sheet Metal Forming» Dies
20-10-2019 88
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
Several operations on
the same strip may be
performed in one stroke
with a compound die in
one station.
These operations are usually limited to relatively simple shearing
because they are somewhat slow and the dies are more expensive
than those for individual shearing operations.
89. Sheet Metal Forming» Dies
20-10-2019 89
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
Schematic illustrations: (a) before and (b) after blanking a common washer in a
compound die. Note the separate movements of the die (for blanking) and the
punch (for punching the hole in the washer).
Compound Die
a b
90. Sheet Metal Forming» Dies
20-10-2019 90
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
In this die also , more than one
operation may be performed at
one station.
It is different from compound
die in that in this die, a cutting
operation is combined with a
bending or drawing operation,
due to that it is called
combination die.
91. Sheet Metal Forming» Dies
20-10-2019 91
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
Progressive Die
Parts requiring multiple operations, such as
punching, blanking and notching are made at high
production rates in progressive dies.
The sheet metal is fed through a coil strip and a
different operation is performed at the same station
with each stroke of a series of punches.
92. Sheet Metal Forming» Dies
20-10-2019 92
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
93. Sheet Metal Forming» Dies
20-10-2019 93
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
At each station, an
operation is
performed on a work
piece during a stroke
of the press.
94. Sheet Metal Forming» Dies
20-10-2019 94
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
In a transfer die setup, the sheet metal
undergoes different operations at different
stations, which are arranged along a straight
line or a circular path.
After each operation, the part is transfer to
the next operation for additional operations.
Transfer Die
95. Sheet Metal Forming» Dies
20-10-2019 95
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
96. Sheet Metal Forming» Spinning
20-10-2019 96
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
Forming deeper axi-symmetric parts from a blank
against a rotating mandrel is known as spinning.
Rigid rollers are used as the spinning tool.
The shaping of the circular blank over a rotating
mandrel is done using rigid roller tool.
97. Sheet Metal Forming» Spinning
20-10-2019 97
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
In conventional spinning, the blank is bent around the
rotating mandrel using a roller.
Spun parts may have diameter as large as 6 m.
Utensils are made by conventional spinning, as this process
is cheaper.
98. Sheet Metal Forming» Difference between
Deep Drawing and Wire Drawing in
metal forming
20-10-2019 98
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
In Deep drawing operation the sheet piece which will be
formed in the production operation, has been set into die and
apply pressure with a blank holder vertically. Then the sheet
between blank holder and die is transformed into cup under
plastic deformation, by applying a vertical pressure by a punch
which moves vertically to the workpiece.
( )
−= 70.
D
D
TStDF
p
b
p
Maximum drawing force
99. Sheet Metal Forming» Difference between
Deep Drawing and Wire Drawing in
metal forming
20-10-2019 99
MEC323: PRIMARY MANUFACTURING
(Dr. L K Bhagi)
Wire or Bar drawing is a bulk deformation process used to
reduce the diameter of a cylindrical workpart.
In this process the cross section of a round rod or wire is
typically reduced or changed by pulling it through a die Die
angle has great influence on the drawing force and the quality of
the drawn product