This document summarizes key points about earthquake engineering and earthquake resistant design of buildings according to Indian standards. It discusses the structure of the Earth's interior, plate tectonics, types of fault movements in earthquakes, and characteristics of earthquake shaking such as magnitude, epicenter, focal depth and aftershocks. It also outlines design philosophies for different levels of shaking, considerations for shaping buildings, and ductile detailing requirements for reinforced concrete structures according to IS 13920.
This document discusses seismic resistant techniques for reinforced concrete buildings. It first provides background on sources of earthquakes and plate tectonic theory. It then describes the different types of seismic waves - P waves, S waves, love waves and rayleigh waves. The document outlines both active and passive seismic resistant systems, focusing on shear walls, dampers and base isolation. Metallic, friction and viscous fluid dampers are described in more detail. Shear walls improve the strength of reinforced concrete walls to resist seismic loads. The project method uses shear walls and friction dampers to provide seismic resistance.
This document discusses key considerations for earthquake-resistant building design. It recommends symmetrical building plans and structures, avoiding open ground used for parking, and limiting heavy masses like swimming pools at the top. It also discusses materials selection, ductility, load path design, seismic resistance techniques like bracing and shear walls, and structural systems like shear walls, braced tubes, and bundled tubes that enhance earthquake resistance. In conclusion, earthquake design is especially important for tall buildings and structures at risk, with modern constructions requiring strict factor safety for the entire building.
This document discusses low-cost earthquake resistant housing construction techniques in India. It begins by describing the damage caused by a 2001 earthquake in Gujarat, India. It then discusses traditional housing construction methods commonly used in rural India, such as mud-walled houses and bamboo-walled houses. These traditional methods can provide earthquake resistance through ductile materials, robust architectural forms, and resilient structural configurations. The document recommends applying these traditional low-cost techniques to develop affordable, earthquake-resistant housing.
This document discusses earthquake resistant structures. It defines earthquakes and their classification based on magnitude. It also classifies seismic zones in India and discusses important Indian seismic codes. The document outlines seismic effects on structures like inertia forces and horizontal and vertical shaking. It describes causes of earthquake damage to structures and the importance of reinforcements in masonry buildings. The document provides tips for earthquake-resistant design like regular building shapes, wall lengths and heights, material strength, and reinforced bands around openings. It concludes that earthquake resistant construction is important in seismic areas to resist earthquake forces with minimal damage and avoid collapse.
Seismic critera & design requirements(myanmar national building code 2016)Myo Zin Aung
This document outlines seismic design criteria and requirements for buildings in the Myanmar Building Code 2016. It is based on standards from the US and modifies them to suit Myanmar's environment and natural hazards. The code provides seismic site classes and maps showing maximum ground motion. It requires geotechnical reports for certain seismic classes. Criteria address member design, foundations, materials, stress limits, and structural systems. Storey drifting is also addressed. The goal is to provide requirements for earthquake-resistant design and construction in Myanmar.
Earthquake Resistant Design of Low-Rise Open Ground Storey Framed BuildingIJMER
This document discusses the earthquake resistant design of low-rise buildings with open ground stories (OGS). It aims to study the effect of infill wall stiffness and support conditions on the seismic behavior of OGS buildings. A 4-story reinforced concrete building located in seismic zone 5 of India is modeled with and without considering infill walls. Both linear and nonlinear analyses are performed. The results show that considering infill wall stiffness reduces seismic demands on ground story columns and beams compared to models without infills. A force amplification factor of 2.5 applied to the ground story in current standards is found to be too conservative for low-rise OGS buildings. Support conditions also influence the building response, with fixed supports resulting in greater period shifts
Buildings with simple rectangular shapes perform better during earthquakes than those with complex geometries like U, V, H, or + shapes. Taller buildings experience larger horizontal movements than shorter buildings, and buildings with large footprints generate excessive seismic forces. Vertical setbacks or sloped foundations can cause sudden jumps in earthquake forces. The configuration of a building is critically important to its performance, and even a poor engineer cannot overcome the risks of a fundamentally flawed design.
The document discusses earthquake resistant structures and techniques. It provides an introduction and table of contents on the topic. Key points include how seismic effects like inertia forces impact structures, how architectural features affect buildings during earthquakes, and seismic design philosophies like allowing minor damage in minor quakes but preventing collapse in major quakes. Techniques discussed are use of shear walls, vertical reinforcement, base isolation, energy dissipation devices, and designs to keep buildings upright during shaking.
This document discusses seismic resistant techniques for reinforced concrete buildings. It first provides background on sources of earthquakes and plate tectonic theory. It then describes the different types of seismic waves - P waves, S waves, love waves and rayleigh waves. The document outlines both active and passive seismic resistant systems, focusing on shear walls, dampers and base isolation. Metallic, friction and viscous fluid dampers are described in more detail. Shear walls improve the strength of reinforced concrete walls to resist seismic loads. The project method uses shear walls and friction dampers to provide seismic resistance.
This document discusses key considerations for earthquake-resistant building design. It recommends symmetrical building plans and structures, avoiding open ground used for parking, and limiting heavy masses like swimming pools at the top. It also discusses materials selection, ductility, load path design, seismic resistance techniques like bracing and shear walls, and structural systems like shear walls, braced tubes, and bundled tubes that enhance earthquake resistance. In conclusion, earthquake design is especially important for tall buildings and structures at risk, with modern constructions requiring strict factor safety for the entire building.
This document discusses low-cost earthquake resistant housing construction techniques in India. It begins by describing the damage caused by a 2001 earthquake in Gujarat, India. It then discusses traditional housing construction methods commonly used in rural India, such as mud-walled houses and bamboo-walled houses. These traditional methods can provide earthquake resistance through ductile materials, robust architectural forms, and resilient structural configurations. The document recommends applying these traditional low-cost techniques to develop affordable, earthquake-resistant housing.
This document discusses earthquake resistant structures. It defines earthquakes and their classification based on magnitude. It also classifies seismic zones in India and discusses important Indian seismic codes. The document outlines seismic effects on structures like inertia forces and horizontal and vertical shaking. It describes causes of earthquake damage to structures and the importance of reinforcements in masonry buildings. The document provides tips for earthquake-resistant design like regular building shapes, wall lengths and heights, material strength, and reinforced bands around openings. It concludes that earthquake resistant construction is important in seismic areas to resist earthquake forces with minimal damage and avoid collapse.
Seismic critera & design requirements(myanmar national building code 2016)Myo Zin Aung
This document outlines seismic design criteria and requirements for buildings in the Myanmar Building Code 2016. It is based on standards from the US and modifies them to suit Myanmar's environment and natural hazards. The code provides seismic site classes and maps showing maximum ground motion. It requires geotechnical reports for certain seismic classes. Criteria address member design, foundations, materials, stress limits, and structural systems. Storey drifting is also addressed. The goal is to provide requirements for earthquake-resistant design and construction in Myanmar.
Earthquake Resistant Design of Low-Rise Open Ground Storey Framed BuildingIJMER
This document discusses the earthquake resistant design of low-rise buildings with open ground stories (OGS). It aims to study the effect of infill wall stiffness and support conditions on the seismic behavior of OGS buildings. A 4-story reinforced concrete building located in seismic zone 5 of India is modeled with and without considering infill walls. Both linear and nonlinear analyses are performed. The results show that considering infill wall stiffness reduces seismic demands on ground story columns and beams compared to models without infills. A force amplification factor of 2.5 applied to the ground story in current standards is found to be too conservative for low-rise OGS buildings. Support conditions also influence the building response, with fixed supports resulting in greater period shifts
Buildings with simple rectangular shapes perform better during earthquakes than those with complex geometries like U, V, H, or + shapes. Taller buildings experience larger horizontal movements than shorter buildings, and buildings with large footprints generate excessive seismic forces. Vertical setbacks or sloped foundations can cause sudden jumps in earthquake forces. The configuration of a building is critically important to its performance, and even a poor engineer cannot overcome the risks of a fundamentally flawed design.
The document discusses earthquake resistant structures and techniques. It provides an introduction and table of contents on the topic. Key points include how seismic effects like inertia forces impact structures, how architectural features affect buildings during earthquakes, and seismic design philosophies like allowing minor damage in minor quakes but preventing collapse in major quakes. Techniques discussed are use of shear walls, vertical reinforcement, base isolation, energy dissipation devices, and designs to keep buildings upright during shaking.
This document discusses the design of cyclone resistant buildings. It first defines a cyclone as a low pressure system with inwardly rotating winds that can cause significant damage. Vulnerable structures are typically light wood frames or poorly constructed concrete blocks. During high winds, the suction on walls and roofs can effectively cause an explosion effect. The document then outlines various design considerations for cyclone resistant buildings, including choosing a sturdy site, reinforcing walls, designing strong roofs, properly placing windows, and using impact resistant materials.
The document discusses earthquakes and techniques for improving earthquake resistance in buildings. It defines earthquakes and describes how they occur due to movement in the earth's crust. It then covers types of earthquakes, causes and effects, seismic waves, and performance and design considerations for improving earthquake resistance. Specific techniques discussed include using shear walls, base isolation methods, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings in compression. The conclusion emphasizes following construction standards and periodic training to help assure earthquake-resistant buildings.
DISASTER MITIGATION CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUESRajesh Kolli
Disaster management is better split up in two: ‘disaster prevention’ and ‘emergency management’.
One prevents a disaster and manages an emergency.
Emergency management deals with all activities from preparedness to rehabilitation. Recovery goes from impact to reconstruction.
Mitigation means to reduce the severity of the human and material damage caused by the disaster.
Earthquake Resistance Architecture: A Study for the Architectural Design of B...ijtsrd
This document discusses earthquake resistant architecture and focuses on three main points:
1. Earthquake construction requires collaboration between engineers and architects. Architectural design impacts earthquake forces and how buildings resist them.
2. Non-structural architectural aspects like wall layout and construction methods also impact earthquake performance. Architects must understand earthquake effects and engineers must understand traditional construction.
3. The document outlines various seismic design principles and criteria for architects to consider, like increasing seismic coefficients with height and placing heavy loads on lower floors. It also discusses traditional construction methods that can improve earthquake resistance like using special concrete blocks that allow for reinforcement without shuttering.
tells about how the earthquakes are happen, effect of earthquakes on buildings and design methods to be followed to design earthquake resistance building.
Earthquakes effects on reinforced concrete buildingsAnoop Shrestha
Reinforced concrete buildings have become common in Nepal, particularly in urban areas. They consist of concrete reinforced with steel bars. During earthquakes, inertia forces develop at each floor level and accumulate downwards, resulting in higher forces at lower stories. Floor slabs are rigid elements that bend with beams but keep columns at the same level moving together. Masonry infill walls between columns and slabs resist horizontal movement but can crack under severe shaking. Proper design requires reinforcement on all faces of beams and columns to resist bending moment reversals from earthquakes. Columns must be stronger than beams, and foundations stronger than columns, to ensure the building can deform without collapse.
The document discusses earthquake resistance in structures. It first describes the structure of the Earth and what causes earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by sudden movements within the Earth's crust due to plate tectonic forces. The document then discusses how earthquakes affect reinforced concrete structures and bending forces on beams. It presents two main earthquake resistant designs - base isolation devices that separate structures from the ground, and seismic dampers that absorb seismic wave energy. Base isolation is cheaper but seismic dampers can be added to existing structures. In conclusion, earthquakes release huge amounts of energy, so these resistance techniques help control their effects.
Earthquake and effect in building types precaution Aditya Sanyal
The document discusses earthquake resistant buildings. It begins by explaining the causes of earthquakes and how seismic waves travel and are measured. It then discusses plate tectonics theory and the different types of faults that cause earthquakes. The key aspects for earthquake resistant design are discussed - allowing structures to deform without collapsing through ductility and following seismic building codes. Masonry structures need horizontal bands and vertical reinforcement to perform well during quakes. Diaphragms and shear walls are the main lateral load resisting systems to transfer seismic forces safely to the ground.
This presentation discusses conceptual design considerations for earthquake-resistant structures. It emphasizes the importance of simplicity, symmetry, ductility, and a continuous load path in seismic design. Specific recommendations include using regular shapes without re-entrant corners in plan, avoiding soft or weak stories, maintaining uniform strength and stiffness, and designing horizontal members to fail before vertical members. The presentation also covers topics like structural materials, framing systems, the effects of non-structural elements, and the importance of flexibility versus stiffness. Overall, the conceptual design phase requires thorough consideration of form, shape, materials and structural behavior to avoid failure during earthquakes.
This document discusses resilient structural systems for earthquake resistance. It provides 3 key points:
1. Including mechanical devices in structures can enhance performance during extreme loads like earthquakes by providing strength while controlling behavior to protect elements from damage. Systems can be designed to fuse during strong ground motions.
2. Earthquake waves are studied using seismology to understand quake magnitude, location, and predict future events. Structures are designed according to seismic zone levels based on past quake intensities.
3. Common earthquake-resistant building techniques include base isolation, dampers, braced frames, shear walls, and stiff horizontal diaphragms/trusses to distribute seismic forces across the vertical structure. Tall buildings
This document discusses techniques for making structures earthquake resistant. It explains that earthquakes occur due to tectonic plate movement and stresses in the earth's crust. To resist earthquakes, structures can use shear walls, bracing, dampers, or isolation. Dampers absorb energy from shaking by deforming inelastically (metallic dampers), creating friction through sliding plates (friction dampers), or forcing fluid through holes (viscous dampers). Proper quality control of materials and construction is also important for earthquake resistance.
The document summarizes information about earthquake resistant building design. It discusses factors that affect building stability during earthquakes, such as structural height, lateral strength, stiffness, ductility, soil type, and design. It provides examples of earthquake resistant design techniques like using square shapes, gaps between walls, horizontal bands, light construction materials, and reinforced shear walls. The document also discusses the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India, which caused over 20,000 deaths and extensive damage, and the national and international response efforts.
This document discusses guidelines for constructing earthquake resistant masonry buildings. It begins by defining earthquakes and outlining key precautions in planning like ensuring buildings are light, symmetrical, regular, and simple in design. It then discusses failure mechanisms of masonry structures, including out-of-plane failure and connection failure. The document provides suggestions for new masonry buildings in seismic areas, such as using quality materials, limiting building size and height, and reinforcing wall connections.
Presentation on earthquake resistance massonary structureRadhey Verma
This presentation discusses how to make masonry structures more resistant to earthquakes. It defines earthquake resistant masonry structures as those built from brick, stone or other masonry materials combined with containment reinforcement. It describes stresses in masonry walls during quakes and modeling of walls, then discusses techniques to strengthen buildings like adding flexibility, reinforcing walls and foundations, and containment reinforcement around walls. Shock table testing was also used to evaluate different earthquake resistant building features in masonry models.
TIPS:16 - HOW TO MAKE STONE MASONRY BUILDINGS EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT?Amar Gohel
This document provides information on making stone masonry buildings more earthquake resistant. It discusses types of stone masonry and features that can improve earthquake resistance, such as ensuring proper wall construction with shaped stones and reinforced mortar, including through-stones or overlapping bond stones every 600mm for structural integrity, and adding horizontal reinforcing elements like wood or concrete bands. The document also notes that while these seismic features can reduce damage, stone masonry buildings may still be vulnerable to heavy damage or collapse in major earthquakes given the inherent weaknesses of their construction.
This document is a project report on earthquake resistant buildings submitted by a civil engineering student. It begins with an acknowledgement thanking the project guide. The contents section lists topics that will be covered such as what is an earthquake, how they affect buildings, seismic zones in India, and popular earthquake resistant techniques. The introduction defines earthquakes and classifies their magnitudes. It also discusses how earthquakes can damage buildings and the impacts like structural damage, fires, and landslides. Popular earthquake resistant techniques discussed include shear walls, seismic dampers, base isolation, horizontal bands, and rollers.
This document contains questions related to the design of reinforced concrete retaining walls, water tanks, staircases, and flat slabs. It includes 15 questions in Part A on retaining wall concepts like types of retaining walls, forces acting on retaining walls, and earth pressure theories. Part B contains 10 numerical problems asking to design cantilever retaining walls, counterfort retaining walls, and their components. Part A of the water tank section includes 20 questions on water tank concepts and components. Part B contains 18 numerical problems on designing circular, rectangular, and underground water tanks and their parts. The selected topics section covers staircase and flat slab design, with Part A containing 20 conceptual questions and Part B containing 8 numerical design problems for staircases and flat sl
This document discusses the design of cyclone resistant buildings. It first defines a cyclone as a low pressure system with inwardly rotating winds that can cause significant damage. Vulnerable structures are typically light wood frames or poorly constructed concrete blocks. During high winds, the suction on walls and roofs can effectively cause an explosion effect. The document then outlines various design considerations for cyclone resistant buildings, including choosing a sturdy site, reinforcing walls, designing strong roofs, properly placing windows, and using impact resistant materials.
The document discusses earthquakes and techniques for improving earthquake resistance in buildings. It defines earthquakes and describes how they occur due to movement in the earth's crust. It then covers types of earthquakes, causes and effects, seismic waves, and performance and design considerations for improving earthquake resistance. Specific techniques discussed include using shear walls, base isolation methods, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings in compression. The conclusion emphasizes following construction standards and periodic training to help assure earthquake-resistant buildings.
DISASTER MITIGATION CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUESRajesh Kolli
Disaster management is better split up in two: ‘disaster prevention’ and ‘emergency management’.
One prevents a disaster and manages an emergency.
Emergency management deals with all activities from preparedness to rehabilitation. Recovery goes from impact to reconstruction.
Mitigation means to reduce the severity of the human and material damage caused by the disaster.
Earthquake Resistance Architecture: A Study for the Architectural Design of B...ijtsrd
This document discusses earthquake resistant architecture and focuses on three main points:
1. Earthquake construction requires collaboration between engineers and architects. Architectural design impacts earthquake forces and how buildings resist them.
2. Non-structural architectural aspects like wall layout and construction methods also impact earthquake performance. Architects must understand earthquake effects and engineers must understand traditional construction.
3. The document outlines various seismic design principles and criteria for architects to consider, like increasing seismic coefficients with height and placing heavy loads on lower floors. It also discusses traditional construction methods that can improve earthquake resistance like using special concrete blocks that allow for reinforcement without shuttering.
tells about how the earthquakes are happen, effect of earthquakes on buildings and design methods to be followed to design earthquake resistance building.
Earthquakes effects on reinforced concrete buildingsAnoop Shrestha
Reinforced concrete buildings have become common in Nepal, particularly in urban areas. They consist of concrete reinforced with steel bars. During earthquakes, inertia forces develop at each floor level and accumulate downwards, resulting in higher forces at lower stories. Floor slabs are rigid elements that bend with beams but keep columns at the same level moving together. Masonry infill walls between columns and slabs resist horizontal movement but can crack under severe shaking. Proper design requires reinforcement on all faces of beams and columns to resist bending moment reversals from earthquakes. Columns must be stronger than beams, and foundations stronger than columns, to ensure the building can deform without collapse.
The document discusses earthquake resistance in structures. It first describes the structure of the Earth and what causes earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by sudden movements within the Earth's crust due to plate tectonic forces. The document then discusses how earthquakes affect reinforced concrete structures and bending forces on beams. It presents two main earthquake resistant designs - base isolation devices that separate structures from the ground, and seismic dampers that absorb seismic wave energy. Base isolation is cheaper but seismic dampers can be added to existing structures. In conclusion, earthquakes release huge amounts of energy, so these resistance techniques help control their effects.
Earthquake and effect in building types precaution Aditya Sanyal
The document discusses earthquake resistant buildings. It begins by explaining the causes of earthquakes and how seismic waves travel and are measured. It then discusses plate tectonics theory and the different types of faults that cause earthquakes. The key aspects for earthquake resistant design are discussed - allowing structures to deform without collapsing through ductility and following seismic building codes. Masonry structures need horizontal bands and vertical reinforcement to perform well during quakes. Diaphragms and shear walls are the main lateral load resisting systems to transfer seismic forces safely to the ground.
This presentation discusses conceptual design considerations for earthquake-resistant structures. It emphasizes the importance of simplicity, symmetry, ductility, and a continuous load path in seismic design. Specific recommendations include using regular shapes without re-entrant corners in plan, avoiding soft or weak stories, maintaining uniform strength and stiffness, and designing horizontal members to fail before vertical members. The presentation also covers topics like structural materials, framing systems, the effects of non-structural elements, and the importance of flexibility versus stiffness. Overall, the conceptual design phase requires thorough consideration of form, shape, materials and structural behavior to avoid failure during earthquakes.
This document discusses resilient structural systems for earthquake resistance. It provides 3 key points:
1. Including mechanical devices in structures can enhance performance during extreme loads like earthquakes by providing strength while controlling behavior to protect elements from damage. Systems can be designed to fuse during strong ground motions.
2. Earthquake waves are studied using seismology to understand quake magnitude, location, and predict future events. Structures are designed according to seismic zone levels based on past quake intensities.
3. Common earthquake-resistant building techniques include base isolation, dampers, braced frames, shear walls, and stiff horizontal diaphragms/trusses to distribute seismic forces across the vertical structure. Tall buildings
This document discusses techniques for making structures earthquake resistant. It explains that earthquakes occur due to tectonic plate movement and stresses in the earth's crust. To resist earthquakes, structures can use shear walls, bracing, dampers, or isolation. Dampers absorb energy from shaking by deforming inelastically (metallic dampers), creating friction through sliding plates (friction dampers), or forcing fluid through holes (viscous dampers). Proper quality control of materials and construction is also important for earthquake resistance.
The document summarizes information about earthquake resistant building design. It discusses factors that affect building stability during earthquakes, such as structural height, lateral strength, stiffness, ductility, soil type, and design. It provides examples of earthquake resistant design techniques like using square shapes, gaps between walls, horizontal bands, light construction materials, and reinforced shear walls. The document also discusses the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India, which caused over 20,000 deaths and extensive damage, and the national and international response efforts.
This document discusses guidelines for constructing earthquake resistant masonry buildings. It begins by defining earthquakes and outlining key precautions in planning like ensuring buildings are light, symmetrical, regular, and simple in design. It then discusses failure mechanisms of masonry structures, including out-of-plane failure and connection failure. The document provides suggestions for new masonry buildings in seismic areas, such as using quality materials, limiting building size and height, and reinforcing wall connections.
Presentation on earthquake resistance massonary structureRadhey Verma
This presentation discusses how to make masonry structures more resistant to earthquakes. It defines earthquake resistant masonry structures as those built from brick, stone or other masonry materials combined with containment reinforcement. It describes stresses in masonry walls during quakes and modeling of walls, then discusses techniques to strengthen buildings like adding flexibility, reinforcing walls and foundations, and containment reinforcement around walls. Shock table testing was also used to evaluate different earthquake resistant building features in masonry models.
TIPS:16 - HOW TO MAKE STONE MASONRY BUILDINGS EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT?Amar Gohel
This document provides information on making stone masonry buildings more earthquake resistant. It discusses types of stone masonry and features that can improve earthquake resistance, such as ensuring proper wall construction with shaped stones and reinforced mortar, including through-stones or overlapping bond stones every 600mm for structural integrity, and adding horizontal reinforcing elements like wood or concrete bands. The document also notes that while these seismic features can reduce damage, stone masonry buildings may still be vulnerable to heavy damage or collapse in major earthquakes given the inherent weaknesses of their construction.
This document is a project report on earthquake resistant buildings submitted by a civil engineering student. It begins with an acknowledgement thanking the project guide. The contents section lists topics that will be covered such as what is an earthquake, how they affect buildings, seismic zones in India, and popular earthquake resistant techniques. The introduction defines earthquakes and classifies their magnitudes. It also discusses how earthquakes can damage buildings and the impacts like structural damage, fires, and landslides. Popular earthquake resistant techniques discussed include shear walls, seismic dampers, base isolation, horizontal bands, and rollers.
This document contains questions related to the design of reinforced concrete retaining walls, water tanks, staircases, and flat slabs. It includes 15 questions in Part A on retaining wall concepts like types of retaining walls, forces acting on retaining walls, and earth pressure theories. Part B contains 10 numerical problems asking to design cantilever retaining walls, counterfort retaining walls, and their components. Part A of the water tank section includes 20 questions on water tank concepts and components. Part B contains 18 numerical problems on designing circular, rectangular, and underground water tanks and their parts. The selected topics section covers staircase and flat slab design, with Part A containing 20 conceptual questions and Part B containing 8 numerical design problems for staircases and flat sl
This document provides an overview of concepts related to seismic engineering. It begins with basic definitions and descriptions of earthquake zones, faults, frequency, and effects. It then discusses the concept of base isolation, including techniques, structures, theory, types, and suitability. Specific types of base isolators are highlighted. The document also briefly covers intensity scales and provides examples of major historical earthquakes.
A report format presentation of earthquake-resistance construction techniques, stressing upon the relevance of such techniques in the architecture industry.
The devastating Effects of earthquake is notable to all. Recently we all saw the destruction of nepal by the same. So if we increasing the resistance of building to earthquake we can reduce its effect as we cannot stop the earthquake!!!
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates deep within the Earth. As the plates shift and grind against each other, stress builds until it is suddenly released in the form of seismic waves. When these waves reach the Earth's surface, it causes the ground to shake violently. This shaking can damage buildings and infrastructure. Well-designed earthquake resistant structures have symmetrical and regular shapes, are tied together through strong foundations and interconnecting walls, and avoid projections and architectural features to withstand seismic activity without collapsing.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
This document discusses earthquake resistant design of masonry buildings. It provides general principles for earthquake resistant structures, including using materials that are not brittle and will resist sudden collapse. It describes various construction systems for masonry, such as unreinforced, reinforced, and confined masonry. Key elements like walls, lintels, floors, and roofs are discussed. Design considerations include using uniformly distributed walls, adequate foundations, reinforced partitions, and limiting spans of cantilever slabs. Overall, masonry buildings can perform well in earthquakes if built with good quality materials and construction according to these design principles.
This document provides information about building construction components and their functions. It discusses the classification of buildings based on occupancy and structure, including residential, educational, and industrial buildings. It also describes the different types of building loads like dead, live, wind, and earthquake loads. The key building components are foundations and superstructure. Foundations can be shallow like spread footings or deep like pile foundations, and transfer load from the superstructure to the soil.
This presentation consists of information about earthquake and techniques used in the low cost earthquake resistant structures. There is complete description about the earthquake as well as the techniques related to the eq resistant techniques
This document contains two-mark questions and answers related to basic civil and mechanical engineering. It covers topics like surveying, building materials, building components and structures, power plants, pumps, turbines, and internal combustion engines. Some key highlights include:
- The differences between plane and geodetic surveying, and between uncoursed and coursed rubble masonry.
- The classifications of foundations, beams, lints, dams, and I.C. engines.
- The functions of components like the economizer, superheater, penstock, and draft tube in power plants.
- Definitions of terms like bearing capacity, safe bearing capacity, factor of safety, stroke, and compression ratio.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
The document summarizes various reinforced concrete structural elements used in building construction, including:
1. Columns, beams, slabs, staircases, lintels, chhajjas (eaves), canopies, and coffer slabs are discussed. Columns transfer loads from above to the foundation. Beams provide horizontal load resistance and resist bending. Slabs are floor and ceiling elements supported by columns and beams.
2. Staircases can be made of reinforced concrete and come in different arrangements like straight flights or landings. Lintels support walls above openings. Chhajjas project from walls to provide shade. Canopies provide shelter from weather. Coffer slabs have sunken, decorated
This document discusses various earthquake-resistant features used in building design including:
1) Using beams as ductile weak links rather than columns through strong-column weak-beam design.
2) Improving masonry wall behavior by controlling wall dimensions and heights, ensuring proper construction and bonding, and adding horizontal reinforcement.
3) Using shear walls in reinforced concrete buildings to provide strength and stiffness throughout the building height.
Earthquake resistant building constructiondaspriyabrata3
1 INTRODUCTION
2 EARTHQUAKE THEORY
3 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND ENERGY
4 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
5 MAJOR EARTHQUAKES
6 NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES AND THEIR ESTIMATED
MAGNITUDE
7 HOW EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IS
DIFFERENT
8 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
9 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
10 ROLES OF FLOOR AND MASONRY WALLS SLABS
11 STRENGTH HIERARCHY
12 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING
13 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
14 REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES
15 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK(RHCBM)
16 STRUCTURAL FEATURES
17 STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES
18 CONSTRUCTIONAL ADVANTAGES
19 ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER ADVANTAGES
20 STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE COST ECONOMICS OF RHCBM
21 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION 32-34
22 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE BUILDING USING SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS WITH SLIDING ON CONCAVE SURFACE
23 DESCRIPTION
24 CONCEPT OF FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING
25 SLIDING PENDULUM SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM
26 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
27 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
28 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
29 ESTIMATION
30 CONCLUSION
31 BIBLIOGRAPHY
The document discusses earthquakes and earthquake-resistant construction. It begins by defining earthquakes and describing earthquake measurement. It then discusses earthquake effects like shaking, landslides, fires, and tsunamis. Different earthquake magnitudes are provided along with associated energy levels and examples. Construction techniques for earthquake resistance are covered, including reinforced hollow concrete blocks, base isolation systems, and friction pendulum bearings. Project cost estimates are also included.
hie guys
Its a small presentation on Earthquake Resistant Structures
some basic fundamentals about its causes its effect and few techniques to resist it..
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
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1. Earthquake Engineering
Key points of Earthquake Basics and Earthquake resistant Masonry features
1. The earth consists of the inner core radius is 1290 km.
2. The earth consist of the outer core radius is 2200 km.
3. The earth consist of the mantle thickness is around 2900 km.
4. The thickness of the crust layer of earth is around 5 to 40 km
5. The inner core of earth is solid.
6. At the core of earth, the temperature is estimated to be around 2500 °C.
7. At the core of earth, the pressure is estimated to be around _4 million atmospheres.
8. At the core of earth, the density is estimated to be around _13.5 gm/cc.
9. Conventional currents develop in the viscous mantle, because of prevailing High temperature
and pressure gradient between the crust and the core.
10. Sliding of earth’s mass takes place in pieces called as Tectonic plates.
11. The surface of the earth consists of 7 major tectonic plates.
12. The plate in the front is slower, then the plate behind it comes and collides and mountains are
formed, this type of inter plate interactions are known as convergent.
13. Himalayas is an example of transform.
14. Energy released during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake is about 400 times that released by the 1945
Atom Bomb dropped on Hiroshima.
15. When the earthquake occur along the boundaries of the tectonic plates are called as Intra plate
earthquake.
16. A number of earthquakes occur within the plate itself away from the plate boundaries its called
as Intra plate earthquake.
17. During intra plate and inter plate earthquake the slip generated at the fault during earthquakes
is along both vertical and horizontal direction is called as Dip slip.
18. During intra plate and inter plate earthquake the slip generated at the fault during earthquakes
is along lateral direction is called as Strike slip.
19. The point on the fault where slip starts is known as Focus.
20. The point vertically above the hypocenter on the surface of the earth is known as epicentre.
21. The depth of focus from the epicenter called as Focal depth.
22. Most of the damaging earthquakes have shallow focus with focal depths less than about 70 km.
23. The distance from epicenter to any point of interest is called as Epicentral distance.
24. A number of smaller size earthquake take place before and after a big one is called ad
Foreshocks and the ones after is called as aftershocks.
25. Magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of its size.
26. India lies at the end of the Indo – Australian plate.
27. January 2001, Bhuj earthquake has magnitude is around M7.7.
28. Based on the levels of intensities sustained during the damaging past earthquakes, the 1970
version of the zone map subdivided India into 5 zones.
29. The Indian standards provides the first seismic zone map in 1962.
30. Masonry buildings are brittle structures.
31. In brick masonry structures, the walls are most vulnerable to damage caused by horizontal
forces due to earthquake.
32. Horizontal vibrations are the most damaging to normal masonry buildings.
33. Bricks with low porosity are to be used for brick masonry construction work.
2. 34. The earthquake response of masonry walls depends on the relative strengths of Brick and
mortar.
35. A 10 mm thick mortar layer is generally satisfactory from practical and aesthetic consideration
for brick masonry construction.
36. Brick masonry buildings have large mass and hence attract Large horizontal forces during
earthquake shaking.
37. 4 types of bands are provided in any typical masonry building.
38. Lintel band is the most important band in any masonry building.
39. The Gable band is employed only in buildings with pitched or sloped roofs.
40. In buildings with flat reinforced concrete or reinforced brick roofs the roof band is not
required.
41. In building with pitched roof, the roof band is very important.
42. plinth bands are primarily used when there is concern about uneven settlement of foundation
soil.
43. lintel band also reduces the unsupported height of the walls and thereby improving their
stability in the weak direction.
44. During the Latur earthquake the intensity of shaking in Killari Village was IX on MSK scale.
45. During earthquake shaking, the lintel band undergoes bending and pulling actions.
46. When wooden bands are used, the cross-section of runner is to be at least75 mm X 38 mm.
47. When RC bands are used, the minimum thickness is 75 mm and at least two bars of 8 mm
diameters are required.
3. Earthquake Engineering
Key points of Design Philosophy
1. Minor shaking of earthquake occurs frequently.
2. Moderate shaking of earthquake occurs occasionally
3. Strong shaking of earthquake occurs rarely.
4. On average annually about 800 earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 – 5.9 occur in the world.
5. On average annually only about 18 earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 – 7.9 occur in the world.
6. In Minor type of earthquake shaking the building will be fully operational within a short time
and the repair costs will be small.
7. In Moderate type of earthquake shaking the building will be operational once the repair and
strengthening of the damaged main members is completed.
8. In Strong type of earthquake shaking the building may become dysfunctional for further use
but will stand so that people can be evacuated, and property recovered.
9. In minor earthquake the earthquake is Less than to design basic earthquake.
10. In moderate earthquake the earthquake is Equal to design basic earthquake.
11. In major earthquake the earthquake is Greater than to maximum consider earthquake.
12. Normally, design basic earthquake is half of maximum considered earthquake.
13. Hospital building we can consider as important building during earthquake.
14. The behaviour of the building depends critically upon Shape and size of the building.
15. At the planning stage, Architect and Structural engineer must work together to ensure good
building configuration.
16. In tall buildings with large height-to-base size ratio, the horizontal movement of the floors
during ground shaking is Large.
17. In short but very long buildings, the damaging effects during earthquake shaking are
Many.
18. In buildings with large plan area like warehouses, the horizontal seismic forces can be
Extreme to be carried by columns and walls.
19. Square shape type of building layout perform good during earthquake.
20. Separation joints make a complex plan into simple plan.
21. When two buildings are too close to each other, they may pound on each other during strong
shaking.
22. Masonry can carry loads that cause compression during earthquake.
4. 23. Concrete is used in buildings along with steel reinforcement bars, that composite material is
known as RCC.
24. The amount and location of steel in a member should be such that the failure of the member
is by steel reaching its strength in tension before concrete reaches its strength in compression.
This type of failure is known as ductile.
25. For making the structure earthquake resistant Strong column weak beam type of design is
more suitable.
26. Value of time period depends upon the building mass and flexibility both.
27. More the flexibility, the longer is the time.
28. Taller buildings are more flexible and have larger mass, and therefore have a longer time.
29. Low rise buildings generally have time period less than 0.4 sec.
30. Elevated water tank has time period is around 4 sec.
31. Generally reinforced concrete chimney has 2sec time period.
32. Laxman Jhula type of bridge has time period is around 6 sec.
33. Earthquake shaking of the ground has waves whose periods vary in the range of 0.03-33sec.
34. Title of IS: 13920 (1993) is Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of
Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces.
35. Equation of design base shear is VB = Ah .W.
36. If the size of the floor is 10 m x 5 m and the intensity of the dead load is 10 kN/m2
then the
weight of floor is 500 kN.
37. For a three-story building, the lumped mass of roof is 960 kN, lumped mass on each floor is
1120 kN then the total seismic weight of the building is 3200 kN.
5. Earthquake Engineering
Key point of Earthquake Resistant Design of a Four-storey RC building based on IS 13920-1993
1. The continuous bar having a 135° hook with a 10-diameter extension at each end.
2. The factored axial stress on the member under earthquake loading shall not exceed 0.1 fck
3. The member shall preferably have a width to depth ratio of more than 0.3.
4. The width of the flexural member shall not be less than 200 mm.
5. The depth D of the flexural member shall preferably be not more than 1/4 of the clear span.
6. The top as well as bottom reinforcement shall consist of at two bars throughout the member length.
7. The tension steel ratio on any face at any section shall not be less than 0.24 .
8. The maximum steel ratio on any face at any section shall not exceed 0.025.
9. The positive steel at a joint face must be at least equal to 1/2 the negative steel at that face.
10. The steel provided at each of the top and bottom face of the member at any section along its length
shall be at least equal to 1/4 of the maximum negative moment steel provided at the face of either
joint.
11. In an external joint, both the top and the bottom bars of the beam shall be provided with anchorage
length, beyond the inner face of the column, equal to the development length in tension plus 10
times the bar diameter minus the allowance for 90 degree bends.
12. The longitudinal bars shall be spliced only if hoops are provided over the entire splice length, at a
spacing not exceed 150 mm
13. The lap length shall not be less than the bar development length in tension.
14. In flexural beam, note more than 50% of the bars shall be spliced at one section.
15. The minimum diameter of the bar forming a hoop shall be 6mm according to IS 13920 (1993).
16. The first hoop shall be at a distance not exceeding 50mm from the joint face.
17. In frames which have beams, with centre to centre span exceeding 5m or columns of unsupported
length exceeding 4m, the shorter dimension of the column shall not be less than 300 mm.
18. The ratio of the shortest cross-sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall preferably
not be less than 0.4.
19. The parallel legs of rectangular hoops shall be spaced not more than 300 mm centre to centre.
20. The spacing of hoops shall not exceed ½ the least lateral dimension of the column, except where
special confining reinforcement is provided.
21. When a column terminates into a footing or mat, special confining reinforcement shall extend at
least 300 mm into the footing or mat.
22. The thickness of any part of the shear wall shall not be less than 150 mm.
23. The minimum reinforcement shall be 0.0025 of the gross area in each direction.
24. If the shear wall thickness exceeds 200 mm, reinforcement shall be provided in 2 curtains, each
having bars running in the longitudinal and transverse directions in the plane of the wall.
25. The diameter of the bars to be used in any part of the shear wall shall not exceed /10 of the
thickness of that part.
26. Deformed pattern of any object at a specific frequency is known as mode shape.
27. 0.187 sec will be the natural period (T) if the natural frequency ω is 33.49 rad/sec.
28. 0.522 sec will be the natural period (T) if the natural frequency ω is 12.04 rad/sec.
29. 33.49 rad/sec will be the natural frequency if the natural period is 0.187 sec.
30. 12.04 rad/sec will be the natural frequency if the natural period is 0.522 sec.
31. 0.255 sec will be the natural period (T) if the natural frequency ω is 24.574 rad/sec.
32. 0.911 sec will be the natural period (T) if the natural frequency ω is 6.895 rad/sec.
33. 0.368 sec will be the natural period (T) if the natural frequency ω is 17.04 rad/sec.
34. 24.574 rad/sec will be the natural frequency if the natural period is 0.255 sec.
35. 2π/T will be the equation of fundamental natural frequency.
36. 2 π/ ω will be the equation of natural time period.