The document discusses disaster management, focusing on disaster profiles in India and Vijayawada, and construction techniques for earthquake-resistant buildings. It highlights the importance of mitigation strategies and fire safety measures, with specific guidelines and case studies provided. Techniques for constructing buildings that can withstand earthquakes, along with fire safety guidelines, are thoroughly detailed.

1. DISASTER MITIGATION
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT.
• DISASTER PROFILE OF INDIA.
• DISASTER PROFILE OF VIJAYAWADA.
• CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS UNDER
ZONE-III.
• MITIGATION STRATAGIES TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE PRONE BUILDINGS.
• GUIDELINES TO BE FOLLOWED IN A BUILDING FOR FIRE SAFETY MEASURES.
• CASE STUDY – I
• CASE STUDY – II

3. INTRODUCTION
• Disaster management is better
split up in two: ‘disaster
prevention’ and ‘emergency
management’.
• One prevents a disaster and
manages an emergency.
• Emergency management deals
with all activities from
preparedness to rehabilitation.
Recovery goes from impact to
reconstruction.
• Mitigation means to reduce the
severity of the human and
material damage caused by
the disaster.
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
DISASTER
PREPAREDNESS
DISASTER
IMPACT
DISASTER
RESPONSE
DISASTER
RECOVERY
DISASTER
MITIGATION
• Types of disasters : Heat wave, flood, cyclone, earthquake,
rock slides, fire safety, health, tornadoes, storms, hurricanes,
wildfires, drought etc.

4. IN BRIEF – DISASTER PROFILE OF INDIA
• Figuratively loss of life to
natural disasters is 4350
per year and 30 million
affected on the whole to
natural disasters per year.
• Approximately around
one million houses are
damaged annually in the
country compounded
with loss of lives and
economic losses.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
EARTHQUAKE DROUGHT FLOODS CYCLONES
PERCENTAGE OF THE LAND
1990-1999
• Major Cyclones : Andhra Pradesh(90 & 96),
Gujarat(98), Orissa(99)
• Earthquake : Uttaranchal(91), Maharashtra(93),
Madhya Pradesh(97), Uttaranchal(99)
2001-2005
• Earthquake: Gujarat(2001),Jammu &
Kashmir(2005)
• Tsunami: Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Andaman & Nicobar, Pondicherry.(2004)
• Avalanches: Jammu & Kashmir(2005)
• Floods: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh(2005)
2013-2015
• Floods: Uttarkhand(2013), Jammu &
Kashmir(2014)
• Cyclone: Odisha(2013), Lehar(2013),
Visakhapatnam(2014)
• Earthquake: Bihar & West Bengal & UP(2015)
• Heat wave: Andhra Pradesh(2015)

5. Fig. Showing the zone location of Vijayawada

6. DISASTER PROFILE OF VIJAYAWADA
Vijayawada city is prone to various natural hazards like cyclone,
earthquake, floods, fire and landslides.
EARTHQUAKE PROFILE OF VIJAYAWADA
1. Since 1861 to till to-date there were more than 170
quake/tremor minor and medium incidents occurred but not
caused much impact on the city on the ritcher scale in the
range of 3-6.
2. There are approximately 8000 buildings(3-9 floors) located in
Vijayawada. The building profile is as follows:
i. 17 are 7 floor buildings
ii. 570 are 6 floor buildings
iii. 80% of apartments and high rise buildings(above 3 floors)
were susceptible to damage when massive earthquake
strikes.
iv. Any building that had a ‘stilt or cellar’ was unsafe.
3. Several areas to the south of the Krishna River near Mangalgiri,
and east towards Poranki have been classified as hazardous.

7. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR
THE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
BUILDINGS UNDER ZONE III

8. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES TO RESIST
EARTHQUAKE : HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
1. Active and Passive System
2. Shear walls
3. Bracing
4. Dampers
5. Rollers
6. Isolation
7. Light Weight Material
8. Bands
1. Active and Passive System
• Active control system relies on counter-balancing the motion of
the structural system by means of automated, rather than
sophisticated counter-weight system.
• E.g. :active mass damper, active variable stiffness, active passive
composite TMD.
• Passive control systems are passive in that they do not require any
additional energy source to operate and are activated by
earthquake input motion only.
• E.g. : energy dissipation devices, base isolation techniques,
dynamic oscillators.

9. 2. Shear Walls
i. In simple, these are the vertical elements
of the horizontal resisting system.
ii. These are either plane or flanged in
section, while core walls consist of
channel sections.
iii. Best position is the center of each half of
the building.
iv. Better to use walls with no openings.
3. Bracing
i. During an earthquake, S-waves shake the
buildings from left to right so bracing helps
keep the shape avoiding the weakening
of the structure.
ii. Foundations built on bed rock may resist
even the biggest earthquakes.
iii. Cross bracing is utilized to reinforce
building structures in which diagonal
supports intersect.

10. 4. Dampers
i. Seismic Dampers partly absorbs the
seismic energy and reduces the motion of
the buildings.
ii. They prevent discomfort, damage, or
outright structural failure.
5. Rollers

11. 6. Isolation
• Base isolation devices – separate building from building
foundation by bearing pads.
a) Lead rubber bearings.
b) Spherical sliding isolation systems.
Note: with this type of system, earthquake shaking is reduced by 5 times.

12. ESSENTIAL INTERNAL ELEMENTS IN A BUILDING
FOR EARTHQUAKE SAFETY
1. Lintel Band
2. Roof/Floor Band
3. Vertical
Reinforcing Bars at
the corners
4. Door
5. Window
6. Plinth Band
Source: EARTHQUAKE SAFE CONSTRUCTION OF MASONRY BUILDINGS(ZONE 3).

13. BASIC REQUIREMENTS IN A BUILDING FOR
EARTHQUAKE SAFETY
1. Good Cement Mortar – 1:6 (1 part of cement with 6 parts of
sand)
2. Horizontal Seismic Bands(It consists of reinforced concrete flat
runner through all external and internal masonry walls)
i. Plinth Level
ii. Levels of Lintels of doors and windows
iii. Ceiling level of roofs
(Note: Its not necessary if the roof consists of R.C.C or
reinforced brick slabs cast on the walls covering a minimum of
2/3rd of thickness of the wall)
 The length of the walls between the perpendicular cross walls is
responsible for the dimensions of the bands and the
reinforcement inside
 Reinforcing bars will be of Fe 415 type[ TOR or , HYSD bars]
Source: IS:4326-1993 Code of Practice

14. 3. Vertical reinforcement in
the brick walls
i. Reinforcing bars –
embedded in brick
masonry at corners of all
the rooms and side of the
door openings
ii. Window openings larger
than 60cms in width will
also need such reinforcing
bars
iii. The diameter of the bar
depends upon the
number of storeys in the
building as shown in the
table
Vertical bars
Foundation Seismic Bands
(Using Binding wires)
Ceiling bands or roof
slab(300mm 90 Bend)o
Note: In case of the extension of vertical reinforcement bars an overlap of
minimum 50 times the diameter of bar should be provided

15. RECOMMENDED SIZE AND LONGITUDINAL
STEEL IN SEISMIC BANDS(ZONE-III)
1. Longitudinal
Reinforcements
2. Lateral Ties
3. Vertical
Reinforcement at
corners
Source: EARTHQUAKE SAFE CONSTRUCTION OF MASONRY BUILDINGS(ZONE 3).

16. Fig. showing joint details with vertical reinforcement at corners
for masonry walls using different kinds of materials
Source: EARTHQUAKE SAFE CONSTRUCTION OF MASONRY BUILDINGS(ZONE 3).

17. 4. Vertical reinforcement at jambs of openings ( for doors &
windows > 600 mm)
Source: EARTHQUAKE SAFE CONSTRUCTION OF MASONRY BUILDINGS(ZONE 3).

18. MITIGATION STRATEGIES TOWARDS
EARTHQUAKE PRONE BUILDINGS

19. 1) DESIGN
i. Buildings should be designed like the ductile chain.
ii. The failure of a column can affect the stability of the whole
building, but the failure of a beam causes localized effect.
iii. Therefore, it is better to make beams to be the ductile weak links
than columns.
iv. This method of designing RC buildings is called the strong-column
weak-beam design method

20. 2) BRICK MASONRY STURCTURES
i. In case of brick masonry , the walls lying perpendicular to
the direction of ground shake will fail first.
ii. Hence it is important that we eliminate this kind of seismic
behavior of buildings.

21. GUIDELINES TO BE FOLLOWED IN A
BUILDING FOR FIRE SAFETY
MEASURES

22. BUILDING LINE / SET BACKS
Note: Distance between each block : ½ of the height of block with max. height.
Source: G.O. NO.119,page no. 112&113.

23. ABUTTING ROAD WIDTHS
Note: Min. 5m of height clearance should maintain all around the building without
obstructing emergency fire vehicle.
Source: G.O. NO.119,page no. 100.

24. TRAVEL DISTANCE FOR OCCUPANCY AND TYPE
OF CONSTRUCTION
Note:
TYPE1&2 –
Materials used
are non-
combustable
Type3&4 –
External walls are
non-
combustable.
Note: For fully sprinklered building, the travel distance may be increased by 50
percent of the values specified.
Source: NBC,Part – 4,page no. – 27,tab.22.

25. OCCUPANTS PER UNIT EXIT WIDTH
Note: All
buildings, which
are 15 m in
height or above,
and all buildings,
having area
more than
500sq.m
on each floor
shall have a
minimum of 2
staircases.
Source: NBC,Part – 4,page no. – 170,tab.21.

26. PROVISIONS FOR PASSAGEWAY/CORRIDORS
Source: G.O. NO.119,page no. 59,tab-9.

27. DOORWAYS
• Exit doorway widths ≥1000 mm.
NOTE: In assembly buildings, door width:
≥ 2000 mm.
• Exit Doorways height ≥ 2000 mm.
• Exit doorways shall always open outwards from the
room without obstructions.
Note: In the case of buildings where there is a central corridor, the doors of rooms
shall open inwards to permit smooth flow of traffic in the corridor.
CORRIDORS AND PASSAGEWAYS
• The width of corridor should not be less
than the width of doorways,i.e.,1000mm
• Height of corridor ≥ 2.4m and well
ventilated.
Source: NBC,Part – 4,page no. – 27&28,(4.7)&(4.8).

28. PROVISIONS FOR STAIRWAYS
Source: G.O. NO.119,page no. 59,tab-8.

29. • Constructed of non-combustable materials throughout.
• No gas piping and electrical panels shall be allowed. It can be
permitted only if fire resistance rating is one hour.
• Width of stair case:1000 mm for dwelling residential buildings
• Tread width : ≥ 250mm.
• Riser width : ≤ 190mm.
• No. of steps in one flight
should be limited to 15.
• Headroom height: ≥ 2200mm.
• Handrail height: 1000mm.
INTERNAL STAIRCASE
Note: Material fire resistance rating for residential buildings:1hour.
All dimensions are in mm.
Source: NBC,Part – 4,page no. – 28,(4.9).

30. EXTERNAL STAIRCASE
• Width of stair case:1250 mm for dwelling
residential buildings
• Tread width : ≥ 250mm.
• Riser width : ≤ 190mm.
• Handrail height: 1000 - 1200mm.
• Spiral stair case height limit: 9m and diameter:
>1500mm.
• Steel staircase in an enclosed fire rated
compartment of 2 hours will be accepted as
means of fire escape.
Source: NBC,Part – 4,page no. – 30,(4.11).

31. FIRE REFUGE AREAS
• For building height ≥ 24m
- Refugee area:15 sq.m or 0.3 sq.m per
person
- it should be provided of the floor or
preferably cantilevered projection and
open to air at least one side with suitable
railing.
• For building height: 24m – 39m
- one refugee area immediately above floor
height 24m.
• For building height: 39m and above
- one refugee area immediately above floor
height 39m and after every 15m (5 floors).
• For residential buildings with balcony,
refugee area need not be provided.
Note: Doors in horizontal exits shall be openable at all times from both sides.
Source: NBC,Part – 4,page no. – 31,(4.12).

32. FIRE REFUGE AREA IN BUILDING

33. FIRE TOWERS
• With 8 storey / 24m in height of a building one fire
tower should be provided with 2 hour fire
resistance rating.
• No openings other than the exit doorways on
exterior, with platforms, landings and balconies
having the same fire-resistance rating.
FIRE LIFTS
• If height of building ≥ 15m,fire lift
should be provided with min.
capacity of 8 passengers(545 kgs).
Source: NBC,Part – 4,page no. – 31,(4.13)(4.14)(4.15).

34. • Ramp in parking:2no.,One of 3.6m wide
and one of 5.4m wide.
• Gradient of 1:8 for cars and 1:15 for
heavy vehicles.
• Ramp in hospitals: ≥ 2.4m wide for
stretcher.
• Gradient of 1:10 for stretcher.
• Ramps shall have level platforms at 10m
to 12m intervals for purpose of rest and
safety.
• Platforms of minimum 1.5m length
wherever they turn.
RAMPS
Source: G.O. NO.119,page no. 58,59,(16).

35. EMERGENCY AND ESCAPE LIGHTING
• Provided along the fire escape routes not less
than 10 lux.
• Escapes routes up to 2m wide,50% of route
width shall be lit to min. of 5 lux.
FIRE PROTECTION
• For any compartment of building exceeding
125sq.m,except ground floor and basement
exceeding 200sq.m fire alarm system and
sprinklers should be provided.
• Distance between sprinkler heads: 4.5m.
• Distance from walls: 2.25m.
• Distance from ceilings: min-1’’ to max-12’’.
Source: NBC,Part – 4,page no. – 31&32&46,(4.16)(5)(5.1.7).

36. FIRE ALARM SYTEM
• 0 – 24m : Manual.
• 24m & above : Automatic.
• For every 22.5m travel distance : 1 point.
WET RISER-CUM-DOWNCOMER
• For every 1000 sq.m built-up area : 1 point.
• Two hoses and one branch pipe.
• Size of pipe : 150mm.
• Hose reel hose pipe length : 30m.
Source: NBC,Part – 4,page no. – 46,(5.17).
WET RISER SYSTEM
DRY RISER SYSTEM

37. STATIC WATER STOARGE TANK
• Fire control room : one for every 30m
height of building.
FIRE CONTROL ROOM
• Underground tank : 2 no.
• Each of 02 lakh litres with Manholes for
inspection water replenishment.
• Rate of supply of water : 1000L/min.
• Terrace tank : 1 no.
• With 20,000 litre storage.
Source: NBC,Part – 4,page no. – 46,(5.1.6).

38. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE FIGHTING
INSTALLATIONS
Note: All buildings depending upon the occupancy and height shall be protected by fire
extinguishers, wet riser, down-comer, automatic sprinkler installation, high/medium velocity
water spray, foam, gaseous or dry powder system.
Source: NBC,Part – 4,page no. – 35,tab.23.

39. CASE STUDY – TORANOMON HILLS,
TOKYO.

41. INTRODUCTION
• Tallest building in Tokyo ( 247mts, 52 floors)
• Toranomon hils is a large scale urban redevelopment project in the
Toranomon area of Tokyo.
• As a mixed used building the parking garage takes up the sub
grade floors, shops and a conference facility occupy floors 1-5 of
the lower level, and offices fill floors 6-35 of the mid rise section.
• Beyond this the 36th floor is exclusively reserved for use as a space
truss that supports an arrangement of columns on the 37th floor and
above.
• In the high rise section residential facilities are located from the 37th
to 46th floors while a hotel occupies the 47th floor and above.

42.  Site area: 17,069m²
 Building footprint: 9,391m²
 Total floor space: 244,360m²
 Number of Floors: 5 underground, 52
above ground, one roof level
 Building height: 247 meters above
ground
 Construction: Steel framed structure
(Partially SRC, RC)
 Designated constructor: Mori Building
Co., Ltd.,
 Architect: Nihon Sekkei, Inc.
 Contractor: Obayashi Corporation
 Start of Construction: April 1, 2011
 Completion of construction: May 29,
2014.
BUILDING OVERVIEW

43. HOTEL
 Japan’s first Andaz hotel, the Andaz Tokyo, an
innovative five-star hotel with 164 guest rooms
 Occupancy rate is typically around 85%; room rates
remain high
RESIDENCES
 172 high-class residential apartments boasting
unrivaled views and access to hotel services
 Occupancy rate of leasable apartments remains
over 90%
OFFICE
 High specification offices with a broad floor plate of
approximately 3,400 m² per floor
 Almost full occupancy of the approximately 100,000
m² rentable floor area
CONFERENCES
 Toranomon Hills Forum is one of the area’s largest
international-standard conference facilities
 Total area of the facility: approximately 3,300 m²

44. 1) Above ground structure- Rigid
Steel Frame structure (using
CFT columns)
2) The underground section is a
mixed structure comprising
 Steel framing
 Steel frame reinforced
concrete
 Reinforced concrete
3) For foundation- cast in place
piles to form piled raft foundation
STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW

45. CASE STUDY – EARTHQUAKES IN
NEPAL,INDIA.

46. INTRODUCTION
• Nepal has a long history of earthquake activities due to its position.
Recently the devastating earthquake occurred in Nepal touched
7.9 Magnitude at the Richter scale.
• Almost 8,673 people lost their lives and 21,954 injured,
approximately 4,89,500 buildings were completely destroyed and
near about 2,62,600 were partially destroyed in Lumjung-
Kathmandu-Nepal.

47. REASONS WHY BUILDINGS FAILURE IN NEPAL
A. Lack Of Joints Confinement
• Detailing and proper confinement is very important not only for the
proper execution of the structures but for the safety of the
structure as well as living lives.
B. No Use Of Horizontal Bands
• The bands are provided to
hold masonry buildings as a
single unit by tying all the
walls together, and are similar
to a closed belt provided
around cardboard boxes.
C. No Use Of Shear Wall
• Designed to resist lateral forces and these are the excellent
structural system to resist earthquake and also provided throughout
the entire height of wall. It provides large strength and stiffness in
the direction of orientation..

48. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION:
A. Proper Site Selection
The construction site has to be stable and safe enough to resist the
total building load, including that of its occupants and their
properties. A proper site for the buildings shall be selected in
accordance with this guideline.
B. Suitable planning
The form, size and sizes of a building are important for its seismic safety
according to the rules. Buildings with asymmetric plans
and elevations are weaker to earthquakes than those having
symmetrical ones. The recommended form and proportion of
buildings will be constructed by these guidelines.
C. Proper Bonding Between Masonry Walls
The category and quality of the bond within the enclosing elements is
the main contributor to the integrity and strength of the walls.
All the masonry units have to be properly rested to provide the
reliability.

49. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION:
D. Box Action
A structure performs single box action for get good results during
quake. This can be achieved by joining certain elements in its
construction.
1) Vertical reinforcement.
2) Horizontal bands.
3) Transverse bracings.
4) Lateral Chains.
E. Minimum openings
The masonry buildings as well as soft story structure have used lesser
number of openings. According to seismic zone 4 and 5 we
have to provide sill bands at the opening areas to prevent from
quake effects, the size of opening should be minimum and locations
of opening have to be controlled.

50. NEW TECHNOLOGIES USES
A. Bamboo House
Only developed bamboo that is a minimum of three years ancient
and free from destruction will be used. Bamboo is used for roofs and
altered to different sizes and used for walls, etc..
B. Timber House
Nearby available timber can be used. Sal wood, or any other locally
available hardwood timber, shall be used in preference to softwood
timber for the main structural elements such as beams, columns,
bands, etc.
C. MUD Walls
The mud used for walls will be free from living materials. It should be
neither too sandy nor too clayey. The sand content shall not
be more than 40 % by volume.
D. Composite house
The composite house is constructing through timber wall with its
bamboo roof of the house. This is the cheapest method for
constructing the structure even uneven surface or locations.

51. Kolli Rajesh M.City Planning, B.Arch
kollirajesh888@gmail.com
Thank You