This document discusses key considerations for earthquake-resistant building design. It recommends symmetrical building plans and structures, avoiding open ground used for parking, and limiting heavy masses like swimming pools at the top. It also discusses materials selection, ductility, load path design, seismic resistance techniques like bracing and shear walls, and structural systems like shear walls, braced tubes, and bundled tubes that enhance earthquake resistance. In conclusion, earthquake design is especially important for tall buildings and structures at risk, with modern constructions requiring strict factor safety for the entire building.

1. EARTHQUAKE
DESIGN
Fahad M.Bahlol 2016
Brief Study

3. 1. Plan the building and structures in a symmetrical way
both in plan (horizontal axis) and elevation (vertical axis) .
2. Avoid open ground which is used for car parking .
3. Avoid heavy mass at top such as the swimming pool .
4. Provide openings for doors and windows at a distance of
min 0.6 m from the column edges .
5. Select good materials-concrete ingredients, brick, steel
etc. Specially steel having an elongation of above 14% and
yield strength of 415N/mm^2 .

6. Fig (3) : heavy mass at top ( swimming pool )

7. 1. Ductility
2.Diverting the forces of an
earthquake safely

8. 1. Decrease percent of the tension steel
2. Increase the percent of compression steel
3. Providing as per steel beam theory
4. Increase the compressive strength of
concrete
5. Increase the transverse shear reinforcement

9. Dissipation of forces through reliable
load paths:
1. Horizontal Primary load paths
2. vertical Primary load paths

10.  Tuned liquid dampeners (TLD)
 Self righting buildings
 Tuned mass dampeners (TMD)
 Base isolation

11. Fig (4) : Tuned liquid dampeners (TLD)

12. Fig (5) : Self righting buildings

13. Fig (6) :Tuned mass dampeners (TMD)

14. Fig (7) : Base isolation

15. Seismic resistance of building can be
enhanced mainly by:
1. Providing bracing in walls
2. Providing shear walls
3. Tubular designs
Vertical load path

16. DIAGONAL BRACING X- BRACING V- BRACING
K- BRACINGINVERTED V- BRACING

17. WILLIS TOWER
(CHICAGO)

18. Buildings often have vertical plate-like
RC walls called Shear Walls in addition
to slabs, beams and columns ,
They provide large strength and stiffness to
buildings in the direction of their orientation,
which significantly reduces lateral sway of the
building by enhances the earthquake resistance
of the structure .

21.  Shear walls are oblong in cross-
section, i.e., one dimension of the
cross-section is much larger than the
other
 While rectangular cross-section is
common, L- and U-shaped sections
are also used

23.  Shear walls are easy to construct, because
reinforcement detailing of walls is relatively
straight-forward and therefore easily implemented
at site
 Shear walls are efficient, both in terms of
construction cost and effectiveness in minimizing
earthquake damage in structural and non-structural
elements(like glass windows and building contents)

25. A three dimensional space structure
composed of three, four, or possibly
more frames, braced frames, or shear
walls, joined at or near their edges to
form a vertical tube-like structural
system capable of resisting lateral
forces in any direction by cantilevering
from the foundation

29.  Framed tubes allow fewer interior
columns, and so create more usable
floor space
 It can take a variety of floor plan
shapes from square and rectangular,
circular, and freeform giving scope for
architecture

30. 1. Bundled Tube
2. Framed Tube
3. Braced Tube
4. Tube in Tube

35.  Generally earthquake design for the buildings is
important specially for tall building and the
structures which have the risks of earthquakes
 There is many essential types for earthquake
design , Shear Walls which is the important
 Modern constructions be strict on the factor safety
for total building so that earthquake design must
be taken on the modern Building .
Conclusions

36. 1. Fundamental Concepts Of Earthquake
Engineering , Roberto Villaverdo .
2. Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete
structures subjected to seismic forces ,
V.R.Murthy
3. Earthquake resistant design and
construction of buildings, James M.Kelly
4. Basic earthquake Engineering , Sinan
Akkar .
References