The document discusses earthquakes and earthquake-resistant construction. It begins by defining earthquakes and describing earthquake measurement. It then discusses earthquake effects like shaking, landslides, fires, and tsunamis. Different earthquake magnitudes are provided along with associated energy levels and examples. Construction techniques for earthquake resistance are covered, including reinforced hollow concrete blocks, base isolation systems, and friction pendulum bearings. Project cost estimates are also included.

2. PROJECT ON

3.  What is an earthquake ?
 What can we do ?

4.  An earthquake also known as a quake,
tremor or temblor
 The seismicity, seismic activity of an area
refers to the frequency, type and size of
earthquakes experienced over a period of
time.
 Earthquakes are measured using
observations from seismometers.

5.  Earthquake waves
 P-Wave
 S-Wave
 Rayleigh wave
 Love wave
 Analysis

7. Relationship between Richter Scale magnitude and energy released.
Magnitude
in
Richter
Scale
Energy
Release
d
in
Joules
Comment
2.0 1.3 x 108 Smallest earthquake detectable by people.
5.0 2.8 x
1012
Energy released by the Hiroshima atomic bomb.
6.0 - 6.9 7.6 x
1013 to
1.5 x
1015
About 120 shallow earthquakes of this magnitude
occur each year on the Earth.
6.7 7.7 x
1014
Northridge, California earthquake January 17, 1994.
7.0 2.1 x
1015
Major earthquake threshold. Haiti earthquake of
January 12, 2010 resulted in an estimated 222,570

8. Relationship between Richter Scale magnitude and energy released.
Magnitude
in
Richter
Scale
Energy
Release
d
in Joules
Comment
7.6 1.5 x
1016
Deadliest earthquake in the last 100 years. Tangshan,
China, July 28, 1976. Approximately 255,000 people
perished.
8.3 1.6 x
1017
San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1906.
9.1 4.3 x
1018
December 26, 2004 Sumatra earthquake which
triggered a tsunami and resulted in 227,898 deaths
spread across fourteen countries
9.5 8.3 x
1018
Most powerful earthquake recorded in the last 100
years. Southern Chile on May 22, 1960.

9.  Shaking and ground rupture
THESE MEN BARELY ESCAPED WHEN THE FRONT OF THE
ANCHORAGE J.C. PENNY'S COLLAPSED DURING THE 1964 GOOD

10. ONE SIDE OF THIS ANCHORAGE STREET DROPPED
DRASTICALLY DURING THE 1964 GOOD FRIDAY EARTHQUAKE.

11.  Landslides and Avalanches
TAIWA
N

12. AVALANCHES HIT INDIAN KASHMIR

13.  Fires
SAN FRANCISCO BURNING AFTER THE 1906

14.  Soil liquefaction

15.  Tsunami

18.  Flood
THE SEWARD, ALASKA, RAILROAD YARD WAS A TWISTED MESS
AFTER BEING HIT BY A TSUNAMI IN 1964. THE TSUNAMI WAS
TRIGGERED BY

19.  Human impacts

20. Date Location Fatalities Magnitude
January 23, 1556 Shensi, China 830,000 ~8
November 1, 1755 Lisbon, Portugal 70,000 ~8.7
December 16, 1920 Ningxia-Gansu, China 200,000 7.8
January 13, 1934 Bihar, India 10,700 8.1
May 22, 1960 Chile 1,655 9.5
March 28, 1964 Prince William Sound,
AK
128 9.2
July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China 255,000* 7.5
January 26, 2001 Gujarat, India 20,085 7.6
December 26, 2004 Off west coast northern
Sumatra
227,898 9.1
October 8, 2005 Pakistan 86,000 7.6
January 12, 2010 Near Port-au-Prince, 222,570 7.0

21.  Seismic forces are difficult to quantify for
the purposes of design, but in this
construction we are trying to reduce the
seismic force on the building.
 In other buildings we do not take the
seismic force in to account
 Earthquake resistant design have post
yield inelastic behavior.

22.  A typical RC building is made of horizontal
members (beams and slabs) and vertical
members (columns and walls) and
supported by foundations that rest on the
ground.
 The system consisting of RC columns and
connecting beams is called a RC frame.

23. Total horizontal earthquake force in a building increases downwards along its
height.

24.  Floor slabs are horizontal like elements,
which facilitates functional use of buildings.

25. Floor bends with the beam but moves all columns at that level together

26. Infill walls move together with the columns under earthquake
shaking

27.  For a building to remain safe during
earthquake shaking columns (which
receive forces from beams) should be
stronger than beams and foundations
(which receive forces from columns)
should be stronger than columns.

28. Two distinct designs of buildings that result in different earthquake
performances- columns should be stronger than beams

29.  Under minor, but frequent shaking, the
main members of the building that carry
vertical and horizontal forces should not be
damaged; however the building parts that
do not carry load may sustain repairable
damage.
 Under strong but rare shaking, may
sustain severe (even irreparable) damage,
but the building should not collapse.

30. Performance objectives under different intensities of earthquake- Seeking low repairable
damage under minor shaking and collapse-prevention under strong shaking

31.  Building planning
 Foundation
 Arches and domes
 Staircases
 Beam column joints

32.  Reinforced hollow concrete blocks are
designed both as load-bearing walls for
gravity loads and also as shear walls for
lateral seismic loads, to safely withstand
the earthquakes.
 This structural system of construction is
known as shear wall-diaphragm concept,
which gives three-dimensional structural
integrity for the buildings.

33.  Each masonry element is vertically reinforced
with steel bars and concrete grouts fill, at
regular intervals, through the continuous
vertical cavities of hollow blocks .
 Similarly, each masonry element is
horizontally reinforced with steel bars and
concrete grout fills at plinth, sill, lintel and roof
levels, as continuous RC bands using U-
shaped concrete blocks in the masonry
course, at repetitive levels.

34.  Grid of reinforcement can be built into
each masonry element without the
requirement of any extra shuttering and it
reduces the scope of corrosion of the
reinforcement.
 As the reinforcement bars in both vertical
and horizontal directions can be continued
into the roof slab and lateral walls
respectively, the structural integrity in all
three dimensions is achieved.

35.  In this construction system structurally,
each wall and slab behaves as a shear
wall and a diaphragm respectively,
reducing the vulnerability of disastrous
damage to the structure during natural
hazards.
 Due to the uniform distribution of
reinforcement in both vertical and
horizontal directions, through each
masonry element, increased tensile
resistance and ductile behavior of

36.  No additional formwork or any special
construction machinery is required for
reinforcing the hollow block masonry.
 Only semi-skilled labour is required for this
type of construction.
 It is faster and easier construction system,
when compared to the other conventional
construction systems.
 It is also found to be cost-effective.

37.  This constructional system provides better
acoustic and thermal insulation for the
building.
 This system is durable and maintenance
free.

38.  Structural scheme cost per sqm in Rs
Reinforced hollow concrete block masonry
Rs.1822
RC framed structure with brick masonry
infill
Rs.1845
Load bearing masonry
Rs.1782

39.  RHCBM has structural advantages of
lighter dead weight and increased floor
area.
 RHCBM is built of 20cm thick hollow block
wall, when compared to the 23cm thick
one brick wall of RCC framed structure
and 34cm thick one and half brick wall of
load bearing structure.

40.  This includes mid-level isolation system
installed while the buildings are still being
used.
 First improvement in west japan (the
kansai region) of attaching rubber bearings
by cutting columns on the intermediate
floors an existing building.

41.  There are three types of base isolation
systems, depending on the location where
rubber bearings are incorporated :-
 Pile head isolation
 Foundation isolation
 Mid-level isolation
 Cutting horizontally all columns and walls on a
specific intermediate floor and installing rubber
bearings in the columns

42.  In the head office of Himeji Shinkin Bank,
columns with rubber bearings incorporated.
 Vibration control units incorporating viscous
materials with high energy absorption
performance were installed in walls, to play
the role of dampers.

44.  These system devices can be mounted to
the structure interposed between the
foundation and superstructure, allowing
freedom of relative movement between the
two structural components.
 Isolation systems based on sliding along
concave surface in order to achieve
improved earthquake energy consumption
through dry friction force.

45. Schematic representation of isolation system with sliding on concave

46. The schematic representation and physical modeling on principle of Operation for sliding
surface isolation system based on dry friction( Coulomb model of friction )

47.  The three main components engaged in the
operation of the isolation system
 Axial force
 Shear force
 Displacement

48. Building base isolation system

49.  One type of base isolation system is
Friction Pendulum Bearing in which the
superstructure is isolated from the
foundation using specially designed
concave surfaces and bearings to allow
sway under its own natural period during
the seismic events.
 In past decades designs are done based
on a ductility design concept but its
performance is below the expectation level.

50.  During an earthquake, the articulated slider
moves along the concave surface causing
the structure to move in small simple
harmonic motions, as illustrated in Fig

51.  Seismic isolation system consist of
Bearing top plate
Articulated slider
Concave surface
Bearing bottom plate
Special coating

52. Cross-section of a friction pendulum bearing

53. Deflection and forces acting on the slider surface

54.  It consist of a concave spherical or
cylindrical surfaces, and sliders.
 The friction, which occurs between the
sliders and the concave surfaces, serves
the important function of dissipating the
energy associated with the seismic
movement.
 This mechanism of the bearings are
connected in parallel by the structure for a
pure horizontal displacement of the
structure.

55.  For both spherical and cylindrical sliding
pendulum mechanisms, for lateral
movements of the supported structure, the
energy dissipated through friction in the
bearings is in direct linear proportion to the
total cumulative displacement travel of the
supported structure.
 Effective friction of the bearings would be
selected to achieve the target seismic
forces

56.  Invention claimed hear in method
 Concepts
 Uses
 Implementation
 Advantages & Disadvantages

59. GROUND FLOOR
 Earth work excavation in foundation cost 16,940
 Sand filling in foundation in
foundation including all cost 5,999
 P C C in foundation 24,474.80
 First class KB brick work 2,57,039
 R C C work in slab, beam, lintel, chajja,
staircase
5,34,064.94
 Inside, outside, ceiling plastering
1,20,016.42
 Other decorative works 3,89,436.53

60.  GROUND FLOOR Rs. 13,47,970.69
 FIRST FLOOR Rs. 10,10,586.43
 SECOND FLOOR Rs. 10,10,586.43
 P.H. WORKS L.S. Rs. 2,10,000.00
 ELECTRIC WORK L.S. Rs. 2,10,000.00
Total Rs. 37,89,143.55
or say Rs. 37,89,144.00