Volcanic eruptions occur when magma and gases are released from a volcano, sometimes explosively. The most dangerous type is a glowing avalanche of freshly erupted magma flowing down the volcano's sides at up to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit. Other hazards include ash fall and lahars (mudflows). Volcanoes often cause population displacement and food shortages due to eruptions. The document then discusses different types of volcanic eruptions such as Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Pelean, and Plinian in more detail. It also covers distribution of volcanoes, causes of eruptions, hazardous effects, damages caused, and disaster management strategies like preparedness, response,
A brief explanation of what a volcano is, its parts, and how it erupts.
Link to Powerpoint presentation with animations:
https://1drv.ms/p/s!AqlgXtwNT9zAgihsvLpaBRIUmINw?e=ThXPlx
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earthâs surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
Story mode about volcanic eruption preparedness, Philippine setting
credits to Internet and book sources for information and data
Links are broken
(created for a group/school presentation)
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
Kinds of Volcanoes
Types of Volcanic Hazards
Preparing for Volcanic Emergencies
A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
A brief explanation of what a volcano is, its parts, and how it erupts.
Link to Powerpoint presentation with animations:
https://1drv.ms/p/s!AqlgXtwNT9zAgihsvLpaBRIUmINw?e=ThXPlx
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earthâs surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
Story mode about volcanic eruption preparedness, Philippine setting
credits to Internet and book sources for information and data
Links are broken
(created for a group/school presentation)
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
Kinds of Volcanoes
Types of Volcanic Hazards
Preparing for Volcanic Emergencies
A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
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"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
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The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
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A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacistsâ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were âchecksâ, âchangesâ (âchange in drug therapy processâ and âchange in drug therapyâ), âdrug therapy problemsâ and âquality assurance descriptorsâ (âtimer perspectiveâ and âdegree of changeâ). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
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Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
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Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
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Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
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Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organismsâ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRIâs brand new âFood Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choicesâ gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
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The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83Ă10-07 at 9.04Ă10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...
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Volcanic eruptions
1. Volcanic Eruptions
Disaster Management
Dr Fayaz A. Malla
Assistant Professor, Environmental Sciences
GDC Tral
Higher Education Department, Govt. of J&K
Email: nami.fayaz@gmail.com
2. A volcano is an opening or rupture in the earthâs surface that
allows magma (hot liquid and semi-liquid rock), volcanic ash and gases to
escape.
They are generally found where tectonic plates come together or
separate, but they can also occur in the middle of plates due to volcanic
hotspots.
A volcanic eruption is when lava and gas are released from a volcanoâ
sometimes explosively.
The most dangerous type of eruption is called a 'glowing avalanche' which
is when freshly erupted magma flows down the sides of a volcano.
They can travel quickly and reach temperatures of up to 1,200 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Other hazards include ash fall, and lahars (mud or debris flows).
Volcanoes often cause population displacement and food shortages.
Volcanic
Eruptions
3. Volcanic Eruption
mechanisms
⢠There are two types of eruptions in terms of activity,
explosive eruptions and effusive/fissure eruptions.
⢠Explosive eruptions are characterized by gas-driven
explosions that propels magma and tephra.
⢠Effusive/fissure eruptions, meanwhile, are characterized by
the outpouring of lava without significant explosive eruption
4. Volcanic
Explosivity Index
⢠The Volcanic Explosivity Index (commonly
shortened to VEI) is a scale, from 0 to 8,
for measuring the strength of eruptions.
⢠It is used by the Smithsonian
Institution's Global Volcanism Program in
assessing the impact of historic and
prehistoric lava flows.
⢠It operates in a way similar to the Richter
scale for earthquakes, in that each
interval in value represents a tenfold
increasing in magnitude (it is logarithmic).
⢠The vast majority of volcanic eruptions
are of VEIs between 0 and 2.
5. Types of Volcanic
Eruption
Hawaiian
⢠Hawaiian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption
named after the Hawaiian volcanoes with which this
eruptive type is hallmark.
⢠Hawaiian eruptions are the calmest types of volcanic
events, characterized by the effusive eruption of
very fluid basalt-type lavas with low gaseous content.
⢠The volume of ejected material from Hawaiian
eruptions is less than half of that found in other
eruptive types.
⢠Steady production of small amounts of lava builds up
the large, broad form of a shield volcano.
⢠Eruptions are not centralized at the main summit as
with other volcanic types, and often occur at vents
around the summit and from fissure vents radiating
out of the center.
6. Strombolian
⢠Strombolian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption named
after the volcano Stromboli, which has been erupting nearly
continuously for centuries.
⢠Strombolian eruptions are driven by the bursting of gas
bubbles within the magma.
⢠These gas bubbles within the magma accumulate and coalesce
into large bubbles, called gas slugs.
⢠These grow large enough to rise through the lava column.
⢠Upon reaching the surface, the difference in air
pressure causes the bubble to burst with a loud pop, throwing
magma in the air in a way similar to a soap bubble.
⢠Because of the high gas pressures associated with the lavas,
continued activity is generally in the form of episodic explosive
eruptions accompanied by the distinctive loud blasts.
⢠During eruptions, these blasts occur as often as every few
minutes.
Types of Volcanic
Eruption
7. Vulcanian
⢠Vulcanian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption
named after the volcano Vulcano.
⢠In Vulcanian eruptions, intermediate viscous magma
within the volcano make it difficult for vesiculate gases to
escape.
⢠Similar to Strombolian eruptions, this leads to the
buildup of high gas pressure, eventually popping the cap
holding the magma down and resulting in an explosive
eruption.
⢠However, unlike Strombolian eruptions, ejected lava
fragments are not aerodynamic; this is due to the higher
viscosity of Vulcanian magma and the greater
incorporation of crystalline material broken off from the
former cap.
⢠They are also more explosive than their Strombolian
counterparts, with eruptive columns often reaching
between 5 and 10 km (3 and 6 mi) high. Lastly, Vulcanian
deposits are andesitic to dacitic rather than basaltic.
Types of Volcanic
Eruption
8. Pelean
⢠PelÊan eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption
named after the volcano Mount
PelĂŠe in Martinique, the site of a PelĂŠan eruption
in 1902 that is one of the worst natural disasters in
history.
⢠In PelÊan eruptions, a large amount of gas, dust,
ash, and lava fragments are blown out the
volcano's central crater.
⢠The material collapses upon itself, forming a fast-
moving pyroclastic flow (known as a block-and-
ash flow)that moves down the side of the
mountain at tremendous speeds, often over
150 km (93 mi) per hour.
⢠These landslides make PelÊan eruptions one of the
most dangerous in the world, capable of tearing
through populated areas and causing serious loss
of life.
Types of Volcanic
Eruption
9. Plinian
⢠Plinian eruptions (or Vesuvian eruptions) are a type of
volcanic eruption named for the historical eruption of
Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.
⢠The gases vesiculate and accumulate as they rise
through the magma conduit. These bubbles agglutinate
and once they reach a certain size (about 75% of the
total volume of the magma conduit) they explode.
⢠Eruption velocity is controlled by the gas contents of the
column, and low-strength surface rocks commonly crack
under the pressure of the eruption, forming a flared
outgoing structure that pushes the gases even faster.
Types of Volcanic
Eruption
13. Hazardous
effects of
Volcanic
Eruptions
Advancing lava flows, known as Lahar down the slope of volcanic
cones
Fallout of volcanic materials
Heat of lava which ignites fire and burns houses, vegetations etc.
Emission of harmful gases such as CO2, SO2, CO, H2S, CS, CS2, HCL,
H CH4 etc.
Emission and fallout of inorganic compounds such as heavy metals
e.g., mercury, lead, gold
Earthquakes caused due to violent explosive eruptions of
volcanoes
Tsunamis generated after violent explosive eruptions and strong
seismic events, etc.
14. Damages
caused by
Volcanic
Eruptions
Damage by lava flow
Damage by fallout of volcanic matter
Human causalities
Damage due to Tsunami generated by Volcanic
Eruptions
Damage to Man-made and natural features
Volcanic dusts and climate change
Volcanic Eruptions and Ecological Changes
15. Management of
Volcanic Disaster
⢠Assessment and analysis of
vulnerability to volcanic
eruption
⢠Risk assessment of
impending volcanic disaster
⢠Disaster preparedness
⢠Volcanic disaster response
measures
Steps and measures of reduction and
management of volcanic disaster
include the following
16. Volcanic Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness
Identification of existing
volcanoes and mapping of
volcanic hazard zones
Predictability and
prediction of impending
volcanic eruption
Determination of seismic
hazard probability and
dependent eruption
probability
Evaluation and assessment
of vulnerability of buildings
roads and network etc.
Social preparedness and
assessment of probability
of bad reactions all for the
society or certain segments
of human population
Vulnerability of
information system and
management of media
Rescue system efficiency
time of intervention
capability etc.
Efficiency of health sector
and facilities for timely
treatment of injured
people capability of
treatment of diseases
Scientific knowledge about
different aspects of
volcanic disaster
General awareness about
danger and adverse effects
of volcanic disasters and
protective measures and
precautionary measures
17. Elements of General Preparedness
Identification
demarcation and
mapping of volcanic
hazard zones
To prepare inventory of
valuable movable
property
Identification of safe
refuge zones and
evacuees
Identification of
evacuation routes
Demarcation of points
for the assembly of the
persons awaiting
transportation for going
to safer areas
Provisions for easily
available means of
transport
Proper shelters and
accommodation in
refugee camps or areas
Inventory of personnel
and equipment for
search and rescue
Provisions of hospitals
and medical services
for treatment of injured
people
Proper security
arrangements in
evacuated zones
Provision of emergency
alert and warnings
Communication of
emergency
Formulation of
emergency
management plans