This document provides information about earthquakes, volcanoes, and tornadoes. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes, including their causes, measurement on the Richter scale, effects, and safety precautions. Key details about major earthquakes in India are also given. The document then discusses volcanoes, including the different types (shield, dormant, extinct), causes, and effects. Finally, it covers tornadoes with definitions and descriptions, typical locations, causes, examples of significant tornadoes, and their consequences. Maps and images are included to illustrate concepts.

1. Earthquake , Volcano and
Tornado
Geography project
By- ROUSHAN HARI
CLASS-8
SCHOOL- St Francis Academy

2. INDEX
TOPIC Page No.
1. Earthquake
3 -26
2. Volcano
27-42
3. Tornado
43-53

4. Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards
which often turn into disaster causing widespread
destruction and loss to human life.
The effects of earthquake vary upon the magnitude and
intensity. Earthquakes occur every now and then all
round the world, except in some places where
earthquakes occur rarely. The devastation of cities and
towns is one of the effects of earthquake.

5. What is Earthquake?
An Earthquake is the result
of a sudden release of energy
in the earth’s crust that creates
seismic waves.
The seismic activity of an
area refers to the frequency ,
type and size of earthquakes
experienced over a period of
time

6. The primary cause of an earthquake is faults on the
crust of the earth.
“A Fault is a break or fracture b/w two blocks of rocks in
response to stress.”
This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an
earthquake or may occur slowly, in the form of creep.
Earth scientists use the angle of the fault with respect to the
surface (known as the dip) and the direction of slip along the
fault to classify faults.

7. Some major causes of earthquakes on basic of its causes are:
Surface causes
Volcanic causes
Tectonic causes
Surface cause:
Great explosions, landslides, slips on steep coasts, dashing
of sea waves , avalanches , railway trains, heavy trucks, some
large engineering projects cause minor tremors. some of them are
man made, other are natural.

8. The intensity and strength of an earthquake is measured on
Richter scale,the scale invented by Charles Richter California
,USA in 1935.which categories earthquake on the basis of
energy released.
Defintion:
“the logarithm to base ten of the maximum seismic-wave
amplitude recorded on a standard seismograph at a distance of
100 kilometres from the earthquake epicentre.”
Scientists measure the strength of earthquakes using
machines known as seismographs.
Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the
propagation of elastic waves through the Earth.

9. Seismometers are instruments
that measure motions of the
ground, including those
of seismic waves generated
by earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and other seismic
sources.
Seismometers may be
deployed at Earth's surface, in
shallow vaults, in boreholes, or
underwater.

10.  Zone - II: This is said to be the least active seismic zone.
 Zone - III: It is included in the moderate seismic zone.
 Zone - IV: This is considered to be the high seismic zone.
 Zone - V: It is the highest seismic zone.
The earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic
zones Based on the observations of the affected area due to
Earthquake india divided into four types of zones:

12. Earthquake prediction is usually defined as the specification of
the time , location , and magnitude of a future earthquake within
stated limits.
But some evidence of upcoming Earthquake are following:
 Unusual animal behavior
Water level in wells
Large scale of fluctuation of oil flow from oil wells
Foreshocks or minor shocks before major earthquake
Temperature change
Uplifting of earth surface
Change in seismic wave velocity

13. Loss of life and property
Damage to transport system i.e. roads, railways, highways,
airports, marine
Damage to infrastructure.
Chances of Floods – Develop cracks in Dams
Chances of fire short-circuit.
Communications such as telephone wires are damaged.
Water pipes, sewers are disrupted
Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade and transport
are severely affected.

14. If you are in house;
• Don’t use lift for getting down from building.
• Be prepared to move with your family.
If you are in shop ,school or office;
• Don’t run for an exit.
•Take cover under a disk/table.
•Move away from window glass.
•Do not go near electric point and cable. Keep away from weak portion of
the building and false ceiling.

15. If you are outside;
• Avoid high buildings , walls , power lines and other objects
that could fall and create block.
• Don’t run through streets.
• If possible , move on to an open area away from hazard
including trees.
If you are in vehicle;
• Stop in a safe open place.
• Remain inside vehicle.
• Close window , doors and vents.

16. Keep calm, switch on the transistor radio and obey
instructions.
Keep away from beaches and low banks of river. A huge
wave may sweep in
Do not re enter badly damaged buildings and do not go
near damage structures.
Turn off the water, gas and electricity.
Do not smoke, light match or use a cigarette lighter
Do not turn on switches there may be gas leak or short
circuit
If there is any fire, try to put it out or call fire brigade.

17. Do not drink water from open containers without having
examined it.
If you aware of people have been buried, tell the rescue team. Do
not rush and try not to worsen the situation.
Avoid places where there are loose electric wires and do not
come in contact with any metal object.
Eat something. You will better and more capable of helping
other.
Do not walk around the streets to see what is happening. Keep
the streets clear so rescue vehicles can access the roads easily.

19. Date Place Scale Damage
Sept 2,
1993
Latur
(maharashtra)
6.3 Large areas of Maharashtra
rocked. 10,000 people lost
lives.
May 22,
1997
Jabalpur
(Maharashtra)
6.0 40 person killed and over 100
injured.
March 29,
1999
Nandprayag 6.8 widespread destruction in
chamoli , rudraprayag and
other areas. Massive loss of
human life.
Jan. 26,
2001
Bhuj (gujrat) 7.8 Tremors left by India and its
neighboring countries. Over 1
lakh people killed. Huge loss
to property and
infrastructure.
April 25,
2015
Nepal 7.8 Heavy damage to life and
property.
Death toll about 8000 and
nearly 21000 injured

21. Helpless man being trapped under debris

23. Damage to high rise building in Bhuj

24. Nepal Earthquake April 2015

26. VOLCANOES
Cannon of immense size

27. What is a volcano?
 A volcano is a mountain where lava (hot, liquid
rock) comes from a magma chamber under the
ground. A volcano usually has a summit, a slope
and base.
 Most volcanoes have a volcanic crater at the top.
When they are active, materials pour out of it.
This includes lava, steam, gaseous compounds of
sulphur, ash and broken rock pieces.
 Volcanoes erupt when magma and pressure
come together, and the pressure blows off the
top of the solid rock, and the magma pours out.

28. Causes of volcanoes
There are two main causes.
 Volcanoes are made when two tectonic plates come
together. When these two plates meet, one of them
(usually the oceanic plate) goes under the
continental plate. This is the process of seductions.
Afterwards, it melts and makes magma (inside the
magma chamber), and the pressure builds up until
the magma bursts through the Earth's crust.
 The second way is when a tectonic plate moves over
a hot spot in the Earth's crust. The hot spot works its
way through the crust until it breaks through. The
caldera of Yellowstone Park was formed in that way;
so were the Hawaiian Islands.

29. Types of Volcanoes: SHIELD
VOLCANOES
 Shield volcanoes are built out of layers of lava from
continual eruptions (without explosions). Because
the lava is so fluid, it spreads out, often over a wide
area. Shield volcanoes do not grow to a great height,
and the layers of lava spread out to give the volcano
gently sloping sides. Shield volcanoes can produce
huge areas of basalt, which is usually what lava is
when cooled.
 Even though their sides are not very steep, shield
volcanoes can be huge. Mauna Kea in Hawaii is the
biggest mountain on Earth. If it is measured from its
base on the floor of the sea, Mauna Kea is even taller
than Mount Everest, the tallest mountain on land.

30. Classification of Volcanoes
A traditional way to classify or identify
volcanoes is by its pattern of eruptions.Those
volcanoes which may erupt again at any time
are called active.Those that are now quiet called
dormant (inactive).Those volcanoes which have
not erupted in historical times are called extinct.

31. ACTIVE VOLCANOES
 An active volcano is currently erupting, or it
has erupted in the last 10,000 years. An
example of an active volcano is Mount St.
Helens in the United States (US).

32. Mt. St. Helens, U.S.A.

33. DORMANT VOLCANOES
 A dormant volcano is "sleeping," but it could
awaken in the future. Mount Rainier in the
United States is considered dormant

34. Mount Rainier, U.S.A.

35. EXTINCT VOLCANOES
 An extinct volcano has not erupted in the past
10,000 years. Edinburgh Castle in Scotland is
located atop an extinct volcano.

36. Edinburgh Castle , Scotland

37. Consequences of volcanoes
 Eruptions occurring close to human settlements may spill
and destroy lives and property. People often have to be
evacuated.
 Ash discharged very high into the stratosphere can have
negative consequences on the ozone layer.
 Landscapes and natural sceneries can be destroyed.
 Ash and mud can mix with rain and melting snow, forming
lahars. Lahars are mudflows flowing at very fast pace.

41. In the eye of the tornado, there's
no more high and low, no floor
and sky
TORNADO

42. A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that rotates while in contact
with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare
cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.They are often referred to
as twisters or cyclones, although the word cyclone is used in
meteorology to name any closed low pressure circulation.
Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but they are typically in the
form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the
earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust. Most tornadoes
have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour (180 km/h), are about 250
feet (80 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before
dissipating.The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more
than 300 miles per hour (480 km/h), are more than two miles (3 km) in
diameter, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km)
Introduction

43. A tornado is "a violently rotating column of air, in contact
with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or
underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always)
visible as a funnel cloud . For a vortex to be classified as a
tornado, it must be in contact with both the ground and the
cloud base. Scientists have not yet created a complete
definition of the word; for example, there is disagreement as
to whether separate touchdowns of the same funnel
constitute separate tornadoes .Tornado refers to the vortex of
wind, not the condensation cloud
What isTornedo?

44. Tornadoes have been recorded on all continents except
Antarctica and are most common in the middle latitudes where
conditions are often favorable for convective storm
development .The United States has the most tornadoes of any
country, as well as the strongest and most violent tornadoes.
A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the central
United States popularly known asTornado Alley . Other areas of
the world that have frequent tornadoes include significant
portions of Europe, South Africa, Bangladesh, parts of
Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, New Zealand, and far
eastern Asia
Places whereTornedo takes place

45. Tornedo mapping of the
world

46. Tornadoes form in unusually violent thunderstorms when
there is sufficient (1) instability and (2) wind shear present in
the lower atmosphere.
Instability refers to unusually warm and humid conditions in
the lower atmosphere, and possibly cooler than usual
conditions in the upper atmosphere.
This kind of wind shear and instability usually exists only
ahead of a cold front and low pressure system.The intense
spinning of a tornado is partly the result of the updrafts and
downdrafts in the thunderstorm (caused by the unstable air)
interacting with the wind shear, resulting in a tilting of the
wind shear to form an upright tornado vortex.
Causes ofTornedo

47. Consequences ofTornado
Tornadoes effect the environment by destroying buildings and trees.
Tornadoes also kill animals, which effects the food chain and disrupts the
whole environment.
Tornadoes destroy our farms, which means there will be food shortages
around the surrounding area.
After everything is destroyed, humans have to rebuild.Tornadoes can cause
water contamination, which poses a serious problem, as plants, animals and
humans are effected by this.
Debris can be very dangerous, as it could kill plants and animals very easily.
Some trees take over 100 years to grow, so if they are destroyed, they will be
hard to replace.
Fires may occur after a tornado due to damaged power lines and gas leaks.

48. Joplin tornado

49. AlabamaTornado

50. Date Place Damage
April 25-28,
2011
USA More than 200 tornadoes across Northern
Mississippi,Central and Northern Alabama, Eastern
Tennessee, SouthwesternVirginia and Northern
Georgia resulted in 316 deaths with property
damage in excess of 4.2billion dollars.
Tuesday,
April 29,
2014
Mississippi,USA Tornado ripped throughTownships in Arkansas and
Mississippi killing at least 34 people. It also caused
various degrees of injuries to 200 more people.The
tornado measured F3 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale.
More than 2,000 homes and 100 commercial
properties were reported to be damaged.
Monday,
November
18, 2013
Illinois, Indiana
and Kentucky,
USA
Powerful tornadoes, numbering about 30 swept
through the US Midwest, killing about 8 and injuring
many more. Many people were trapped in buildings.
Winds up to about 68mph, carrying rain and
hailstones as big as tennis balls caused massive
damage to buildings and property. Entire
communities were wiped away leaving nothing left.
PlacesWhereTornadoTaken Place