This document discusses several diseases that affect cucurbit crops including anthracnose, fruit rots caused by fungi, leaf spots, fusarium wilt, downy mildew, powdery mildew, alternaria blight, rhizoctonia root rot, mosaic diseases, seed rot and damping off, bacterial leaf spot, scab, cucumber mosaic virus, gummy stem blight, watermelon mosaic virus, and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. It provides details on symptoms for each disease and recommends control measures such as using disease-free seed and crop rotation, applying fungicides and insecticides, and removing infected plant debris.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
Diseases of rose, Crown Gall Rot, Black Spot, Powdery mildew of Rose, Rust an...Muhammad Ammar
Diseases of rose:
Crown Gall Rot,
Black Spot,
Powdery mildew of Rose,
Rust and Anthracnose.
Besides rose diseases, environmental factors can effect your plants too, and they should be watched for an remedied when found. To keep most rose diseases under control, a commercial fungicide will take care of it. In other cases, proper pruning techniques and the maintenance of clean garden implements goes a long way in preventing such conditions from occurring in the first place.
I have found that only two sprays are needed to keep your plants healthy. The first is sulpher. This will work for most of the diseases. But not for black-spot: for this you need Capstan.
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
Diseases of rose, Crown Gall Rot, Black Spot, Powdery mildew of Rose, Rust an...Muhammad Ammar
Diseases of rose:
Crown Gall Rot,
Black Spot,
Powdery mildew of Rose,
Rust and Anthracnose.
Besides rose diseases, environmental factors can effect your plants too, and they should be watched for an remedied when found. To keep most rose diseases under control, a commercial fungicide will take care of it. In other cases, proper pruning techniques and the maintenance of clean garden implements goes a long way in preventing such conditions from occurring in the first place.
I have found that only two sprays are needed to keep your plants healthy. The first is sulpher. This will work for most of the diseases. But not for black-spot: for this you need Capstan.
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
Disease of-horticultural-crops-their-management like
Diseases of Citrus
Diseases of Mango
Diseases of Banana
Diseases of Grapes
disease of banana,apple,grape,guava,papaya.
This Book Covers All This Topic
1. Diseases of Citrus 5-9
2. Diseases of Mango 10-16
3. Diseases of Banana 17-23
4. Diseases of Grapes 24-27
5. Diseases of Pomegranate and Papaya 28-32
6. Diseases of Guava 33-35
7. Diseases of Apple 36-43
8. Diseases of Chilli 44-51
9. Diseases of Brinjal 52-57
10. Diseases of Bhendi 58-61
11. Diseases of Potato 62-72
12. Diseases of Cucurbits 73-88
13. Diseases of Crucifers 89-109
14. Diseases of Tomato 110-120
15. Diseases of Beans 121-127
16. Diseases of Onion & Garlic 128-137
17. Diseases of Coconut and Oil palm 138-145
18. Diseases of Mulberry 146-148
19. Diseases of Betelvine 149-152
20. Diseases of Coffee 153-156
21. Diseases of Tea 157-159
22. Diseases of Rose 160-164
23. Diseases of Chrysanthemum 165-167
24. Diseases of Jasmine and Crossandra 168-169
25. Diseases of Crossandra
book by http://www.agrilearner.com
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Anthracnose
(Colletotrichum lagenarium)
Disease sumptoms are
found on all plants parts
above ground started from
cotylodonary leaf to true
leaves, stem, fruits and
tendril in ash gourd
(Prakash et al., 1974).
Light brown circular spots,
which later deep to turn
brown, appear on the
leaves.
Later on infected fruit rot
and all the seed, which is
source of further primary
infection.
It is seed borne disease
(Sohi and Maholy, 1974).
3. Control measure
Collect the seed only
from disease-free plants.
Avoid growing ash gourd
in field repeatedly used
for the cultivation of
cucurbits.
Treat the seed with
Capton or Thiram @ 2.5
g/kg of seed before
sowing.
Spray the systemic
fungicide such as 0.1%
carbendazim (Prakash et
al., 1974).
Spray the hexaconazole
@ 0.025-0.05% also give
good result.
4. Fruit rots
fusarium solani, F. monoliformi, Verticillium dahliae
Decaying of fruits is a major
problem during storage.
Some time rotting start from
the lower fruit portion that had
been contact from the soil.
White fungal growth, which
later on turn into brown
circular scelerotia, is observed
on fruit surface.
The infected fruits contain
completely rotten seed, which
turn white, become hollow,
and fail to germinate (Pandey
et al., 2003).
Brown dull spots, which lead
to softening, and rotting, are
developed on fruits
(Upadhayay and Roy, 1987).
5. Control measure
Expose the soil following
repeated deep summer
ploughing.
Adopt long crop rotation
with cearals and clean
cultivation.
Use only healthy seed.
Train the crop on bower
system to minimize the
infection.
Treat the seed with
Trichoderma viridae
along with neem cake
application.
Collect the infected fruit
and brunt.
6. Leaf spot
(Phoma cucurbitacearum)
Black small dot like
structures are developed
on older leaves.
White fungal growth is
clearly visible on outer
margins of the spots in
morning on under side of
leaves.
Severely infected leaves
give burning appearance.
The disease is more
common during winter
season.
7. Control measure
Treat the seed
with
cardendazim @
0.25 % to
minimize the
infection in the
crop.
Spray mancozeb
at 0.25% alterd
with one spray
of hexaconalzol
at 0.05%.
8. Fusarium wilt
(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. benincasae)
The disease more
common in sandy
soil.
Yellowing of lower
leaves, which
gradually progress
on upper leaves.
The plant soon after
infection starts
drooping followed
by wilting, later on,
wilting become
permanent.
9. Control measure
Apply
Trichoderma @
5-8 kg/ha,
depending up
on the soil
structure, to
minimize
disease.
Tret the seed
with
carbendazim @
2.5 g/kg of
seed.
10. Downy mildew
Pseudopernospora cubensis
Generally, at initial stage,
small irregular yellowish
lesion appear on leaves.
Old lesion become necrotic,
and they are clearly
demarcated with light
yellow areas.
Downy mildew attacks
occasionally on ash gourd
(Uppal et al,. 1935).
At Solan, downy mildew
was recorded on ash gourd
without oospores (Uppal et
al., 1935).
11. Control measure
Grow the crop at wider spacing
on well-drained soils.
Collect the seed from disease free
healthy fruits to avoid further
infection.
Spray mancozeb @ 0.25% at
seven days interval.
In severe conditions, follow one
spray of metalaxyl + mancozeb 2
0.2%.
Spray copper oxychloride 0.2% at
10 days interval (Munshi and
Cohan, 1973).
Field sanitation by burning crop
debris reduce the inoculums.
12. Powdery mildew
Erysiphe cicoracearum
It is more severe under dry and
rain free weather conditions
although it is favored by hot and
humid weather, moderate
temperature and reduced light
intensity and succulent plant
growth (Khan et al., 1972).
White long patches or powdery
coating appears first on the
under surface of the leaves,
which later spread to the upper
surface, stem, petiole and other
succulent plan parts.
Severe infection cause stunted
growth and browning of leaves
followed by premature
defoliation.
14. Alternaria blight and
leaf spot
(Alternaria cucumeriana)
Bitter gourd/Squash/Pumpkin/
Snake gourd
The yield losses reported
are about 77% in bitter
gourd and 80% in
pumpkin.
The initial infection is
noticed as small spots on
leaves, which rapidly
increase in number and
size.
in advance-stages, the
burning effect and blight
symptoms are also seen.
15. Control measure
Collecting and burning of
plant debris are effective
for reducing inoculums.
Following crop rotation for
at least 3 year.
Providing proper drainage
reduce the incidence of
this disease.
Borax wash @ 2.5% at
45˚c for 30 second before
packaging of fruits reduces
incidence in storage.
16. Rhizoctonia root rot
Rhizoctonia solani
Mostly occur in
Bottle gourd.
The fungus cause
pre- and post
emergence mortality
of seedlings.
However, older
plants are less
susceptible to this
disease.
17. Control measure
Follow long crop
rotation fo non
host crops.
Treat the seed
with vitavex or
Brassicol 3-4
g/kg of seed.
Drench the soil
with Brassicol @
0.2%.
18. Mosaic disease
A large number of viruses
attack the bottle gourd crop
and cause serious damage.
The leaves shows the
symptoms like, mosaic
mottling, crinkling, and
twisting.
Internodes are shortened and
flowering is affected
adversely.
In rainy season white fly
spread the virus rapidly.
Infection during early stages
of growth (5-30 days) caused
up to 100% loss in yield
(Singh, 1989).
19. Control measure
Collect the seed
from virus fee
plants.
Spray the crop with
systemic
insecticides like,
Malathion @
0.05% at 5-7 days
interval to control
the virus vector.
20. Seed rot and damping off
(Pythium and Fusarium spp.)
Mostly in cucumber.
This pathogen frequently
causes seed rot, damping
off, seedling blight and
root rot in tropical and
subtropical zones.
All pathogens are
affected by soil
temperature and
particular by moisture as
well as rainfall during
seedling stage (Goldberg
and Stanghellini, 1990).
21. Control measure
Expose the soil to sun
by repeated vdeep
ploughing.
Follow soil solarization
practice.
Treat the seed with
Thiram or Captan @
2.0 g/kg of seed.
Spray Mycostop
powder formulation
prepared from
Pseudomonas
fluorescence or
Streptomyces sp. Prior
and after planting.
22. Bacterial leaf spot
(Xanthomonas cucurbitae)
Bacterial leaf spot is
quite common disease
of cucumber and
gherkin.
The disease produced
symptoms as spots
(water soaked areas
enlarge and turn brown
with age surrunded by
a yellow halo) only on
leaf rarely on stems
and petioles.
Optimum temperature
for pathogen survival is
around 25-30˚c
23. Control measure
Soak seeds for 60
minutes in1: 20
dilution of commercial
HCL containing 1%
surfactant.
Treat the seed with hot
water (54-56˚c) for 30
minutes or 1% sodium
hypochloride + 1%
surfactant for 40
minutes.
Grow resistant cultivar
like, Japanease Long
Green.
24. Scab
(Cladosporium cucumerianum)
The disease appears as
dark brown sunken
spots on stems and
fruits.
In moist weather, these
spots are covered with
a greenish mould.
Sometimes, a gum like
substances oozes from
the affected leaves and
fruits.
25. Control measure
Adopt clean
cultivation and long
crop rotation.
Spray Streptomycin at
400 ppm in standing
crop.
26. Cucumber mosaic/white
pickle mosaic
(CMV)
It causes the 10-20% yield loss
in cucumber.
This mosaic cucumo-virus
described as ‘’narrow leaf of
tomato in New Zealand’’,
cucumber green mottle mosaic
Tobamovirus (CGMMT) In
England and cucumber
necrosis, cucumber mosaic,
cucumber vein yellowing and
cucumber wild mosaic and
squirting cucumber mosaic in
other parts of the world.
If the plants are infected with
CMV at cotyledonary stage, the
yield is reduced by 89 % in
summer and 96 % in rainy
season.
27. It is characterized by
stunting of plants,
mottling, yellowing, and
wrinkling of leaves and
warting and mottling of
fruits.
In cucumber, its
transmission through
seed was reported 37 % .
The symptoms produced
by CMV are dry, brittle,
and necrotic lesions
along the leaf veins,
malformation and
internodes shortening,
vein clearing, wilting,
and drying, particularly
in cool weather.
28. Control measure
Use disease free
seed.
Collect and
destroy the
disease debris.
Eradicate the wild
host plants.
Spray Malathion
@ 2 ml/l of water
at 5-7 days
interval.
29. Gummy stem blight
(Didymella bryoniae)
It is serious problem
in ivy gourd.
Canker on stem,
petiole, and fruit stalk,
stem decay and wilt
are some common
symptoms appear
during infection.
Watery scoop
exudates from the
nodal portion of the
stems, which turn
yellowish brown gum,
are other major
symptoms.
30. Control measure
Follow deep
ploughing during
summer.
Use disease free
healthy planting
material.
Collect and burn the
disease debris.
Harvest the fruit
carefully to avoid
injury.
Spray carbedazim
0.1% to reduce the
infection.
31. Watermelon
mosaic virus
(WMV)
It is transfer through
sucking insect like,
Aphis gossypii,
(Pearson and
Liyanage, 1997).
The symptoms appear
on leaves in the form
of curling mosaic or
mottling accompained
by green vein banding
and reduction in leaf
size.
Sometimes, the
petiole and internodes
length also shortened.
32. Control measure
Use disease free healthy
planting material.
Follow wider spacing and
clean cultivation in well-
drained soil.
Collect and destroy the
infected debris from the
field as soon as possible.
Spray the crop with
Diamethoate @ 0.1% (I
ml/liter of water) to
reduce the population of
whitefly.
Spray Emidacloprid @ 3
ml/liter of water at regular
interval to check the
vector.
33. Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus
CGMMV
The major symptoms of
CGMMV are slight clearing of
veins and crumpling of the
younger leaves followed by a
light and dark green mottle to
gather with blistering and
distortion of leaves.
The CGMMV was first time
reported from India in bottle
gourd (Capoor and Verma,
1948., Vasudeva et al., 1950).
This virus is naturally infected
in musk melon (Sanker and
Nariani, 1974).
The cucurbit beetle is able to
transmit the virus to extent 27
% (Rao and Verma, 1984).
34. Control measure
Early sowing of crops
may reduce the
disease due to low
vector population.
Avoid contamination
by worker and
implements.
Spray Dimethoate or
metasystocs (1 ml/l) at
10 days interval to
manage the vector.
35. Angular leaf spot
Pseudomonas lachrymans
The disease appear on leaves, stem
and fruits as small water soaked
spots.
On leaves, they enlarge up to a
diameter of about 3 mm, becoming
tan on upper surface and gummy or
shiny on the lower surface.
Lesion attain an angular shape as
they are delimited by veins.
The necrotic centers of leaf spots
may drop out.
On the stems, petioles and fruits the
water soaked spots are covered
with crusty bacterial exudates.
36. Control measure
Follow field sanitation
and long crop rotation
as the preventative
measures to reduce
the inoculums.
Destroy the disease
debris after harvesting
the crops.
Treat the seed with
hot water at 54C for
30 minutes.
Two sprays of
Streptomycin at 400
ppm or Bordeaux
mixture at 1%.
37. Water melon bud necrosis
WMBNV
The virus generally
transmitted by sap of
already infected plant
and thrips.
The first symptoms
appear on apical bud,
which turn brown to
black and die.
In certain cases,
broken or complete
concentric rings are
also developed on
fruit.
38. Control measure
Use seed free from
virus disease.
Spray systemic
insecticides
Dmethoate or
metasysytox @ 1
ml/liter periodically
up to flowering to
check the vector
activity.