The document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It provides details on how each type forms and examples of different rock classifications within each type. Key points include that igneous rock forms from cooling magma, sedimentary rock forms through the compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rock forms from changes to pre-existing rocks through heat, pressure, and stress in the Earth. Different rock types are classified based on their composition, texture, and how they are formed.
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Internal Structure of the Earth
The Processes that Change the Shape of the Earth
Composition of the Earth
Basic Rocks Types
Common Rock Forming Minerals
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Internal Structure of the Earth
The Processes that Change the Shape of the Earth
Composition of the Earth
Basic Rocks Types
Common Rock Forming Minerals
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2. A rock is a naturally occurring solid
mixture of one or more minerals, or
organic matter
Rocks are classified by how they
are formed, their composition, and
texture
Rocks change over time through
the rock cycle
3. Igneous rock begins as magma.
Magma can form:
▪ When rock is heated
▪ When pressure is released
▪ When rock changes composition
Magma freezes between
700 °C and 1,250 °C
Magma is a mixture of
many minerals
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/igneous.htm
4. Felsic: light colored rocks that are rich in
elements such as aluminum, potassium,
silicon, and sodium
Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in
calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon
Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool, giving
mineral crystals more time to grow
Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no
crystals
6. Intrusive Igneous Rocks:
magma pushes into
surrounding rock below the
Earth’s surface
Extrusive Rocks: forms when
magma erupts onto the Earth’s
surface (lava), cools quickly
with very small or no crystals
formed
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/ig_intrusive.html&edu=high&fr=t
7. Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid
cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form.
Is this rock Felsic or
Mafic?
Is it fine-grained or
coarse-grained?
Is this rock Intrusive or
Extrusive?
Mafic, fine grained, extrusive
9. Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or near the
Earth’s surface
No heat and pressure involved
Strata – layers of rock
Stratification – the process in
which sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers
10. Clastic – made of fragments of rock
cemented together with calcite or quartz
Breccia is a term most often
used for clastic sedimentary
rocks that are composed of
large angular fragments
(over two millimeters in
diameter).
The spaces between the
large angular fragments can
be filled with a matrix of
smaller particles or a mineral
cement that binds the rock
together.
11. Chemical sedimentary – minerals crystallize
out of solution to become rock
Limestone is a sedimentary rock
composed primarily of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of
the mineral calcite. It most
commonly forms in clear, warm,
shallow marine waters.
It is usually an organic
sedimentary rock that forms
from the accumulation of shell,
coral, algal and fecal debris.
12. Organic sedimentary – remains of plants and
animals
Coal is an organic
sedimentary rock that
forms from the
accumulation and
preservation of plant
materials, usually in a
swamp environment.
Coal is a combustible rock
and along with oil and
natural gas it is one of the
three most important
fossil fuels.
14. Contact Metamorphism – heated by nearby magma
Increased temperature changes the composition of
the rock, minerals are changed into new minerals
Hornfels is a fine-grained non-foliated
metamorphic rock produced by
contact metamorphism
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_contact.html&edu=h igh&fr=t
15. Regional Metamorphism –
pressure builds up in rocks
that is deep within the Earth
Large pieces of the Earth’s
crust collide and the rock is
deformed and chemically
changed by heat and pressure
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_regional.html&edu=high&fr=t
16. Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat
minerals
Gneiss is foliated
metamorphic rock
that has a banded
appearance and is
made up of granular
mineral grains.
It typically contains
abundant quartz or
feldspar minerals.
17. Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not
arranged in plains or bands
Marble is a non-
foliated metamorphic
rock that is produced
from the
metamorphism of
limestone.
It is composed
primarily of calcium
carbonate.
18. Determine if the following rock samples are
foliated or non-foliated:
Amphibolite Quartzite Phyllite
Foliated
19. Be sure to complete your “Types of Rocks”
notes as you view this presentation.