The aim of this study is to determine homogenous region in the Tensift basin within which the hydrological behavior is similar. In order to do this we used two methods: The Principal components analysis on the monthly precipitation registered at the 23 rainfall stations. This resulted in setting apart 4 groups of stations. The second method is analysis of land use map, geological map, pedagogical map, vegetation map and slope map of the studied area. This method allowed us to delineate 4 homogenous areas. The two methods yielded complementary results and the superposition of groups and regions obtained allowed us to retain 4 homogenous regions corresponding to 3 groups of stations.
An Attempt To Use Interpolation to Predict Rainfall Intensities tor Crash Ana...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study uses different interpolation techniques to predict rainfall intensity at locationsthat are not directly located near a rainfall gauges. The goal of being able to interpolate the rainfall intensity is to study its impact on traffic crashes. To perform the study, a collection of rainfall gauges in Alabama were used as subject locations where rainfall intensity was predicted from surrounding gauges, while also providing validation data to compare the predictions. Essentially, the actual rainfall intensities at existing gauges were interpolated using nearby gauges and the results were analyzed.The interpolation techniques used in the study included proximal, averaging and a distance weighted average. The results of the study indicated that none of the interpolation methodologies were sufficient to accurately predict the rainfall intensity values any significant distance from the actual gauges.
Mapping Gradex values on the Tensift basin (Morocco)IJERA Editor
The aim of this study is to elaborate the cartography of Gradex parameter used in the Gradex method for estimating flood peaks in order to size hydraulic structures. Map of spatial variation is elaborated using the geostatistical method of kriging. Several reference functions (exponential model, spherical, linear, Gaussian and cubic) were used for modeling the kriging variogram. Cross-validation enabled a comparison between the results of these models and choice of spherical model with anisotropy and trend fit by a second-order polynomial as the most suitable. The use of available series of annual maximum daily rainfall recorded at 23 rainfall stations, distributed over the Tensift basin, led also to develop the cartography of standard prediction errors‟ values associated to the predicted parameter for each point of Tensift basin. These errors vary from acceptable values (16.8%) to very high ones depending on the density of the rainfall stations at the desired site.
Runoff Prediction of Gharni River Catchment of Maharashtra by Regressional An...ijtsrd
The present study deals with the prediction of runoff of a river catchment of maharastra by using linear regressional analysis and self organizing maps by handling numerical data. The prediction is done by using past data record. A mathematical model has been developed for rainfall runoff correlation. Warish Khan | Adil Masood | Najib Hasan"Runoff Prediction of Gharni River Catchment of Maharashtra by Regressional Analysis and Ann Tool Box" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7025.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/7025/runoff-prediction-of-gharni-river-catchment-of-maharashtra-by-regressional-analysis-and-ann-tool-box/warish-khan
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW ...civej
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
As basic data, the reliability of precipitation data makes a significant impact on many results of environmental applications. In order to obtain spatially distributed precipitation data, measured points are interpolated. There are many spatial interpolation schemes, but none of them can perform best in all cases. So criteria of precision evaluation are established. This study aims to find an optimal interpolation scheme for rainfall in Ningxia. The study area is located in northwest China. Meteorological stations distribute at a low density here. Six interpolation methods have been tested after exploring data. Cross-validation was used as the criterion to evaluate the accuracy of various methods. The best results were obtained by cokriging with elevation as the second variable, while the inverse distance weighting (IDW) preform worst. Three types of model in cokriging were compared, and Gaussian model is the best.
An Attempt To Use Interpolation to Predict Rainfall Intensities tor Crash Ana...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study uses different interpolation techniques to predict rainfall intensity at locationsthat are not directly located near a rainfall gauges. The goal of being able to interpolate the rainfall intensity is to study its impact on traffic crashes. To perform the study, a collection of rainfall gauges in Alabama were used as subject locations where rainfall intensity was predicted from surrounding gauges, while also providing validation data to compare the predictions. Essentially, the actual rainfall intensities at existing gauges were interpolated using nearby gauges and the results were analyzed.The interpolation techniques used in the study included proximal, averaging and a distance weighted average. The results of the study indicated that none of the interpolation methodologies were sufficient to accurately predict the rainfall intensity values any significant distance from the actual gauges.
Mapping Gradex values on the Tensift basin (Morocco)IJERA Editor
The aim of this study is to elaborate the cartography of Gradex parameter used in the Gradex method for estimating flood peaks in order to size hydraulic structures. Map of spatial variation is elaborated using the geostatistical method of kriging. Several reference functions (exponential model, spherical, linear, Gaussian and cubic) were used for modeling the kriging variogram. Cross-validation enabled a comparison between the results of these models and choice of spherical model with anisotropy and trend fit by a second-order polynomial as the most suitable. The use of available series of annual maximum daily rainfall recorded at 23 rainfall stations, distributed over the Tensift basin, led also to develop the cartography of standard prediction errors‟ values associated to the predicted parameter for each point of Tensift basin. These errors vary from acceptable values (16.8%) to very high ones depending on the density of the rainfall stations at the desired site.
Runoff Prediction of Gharni River Catchment of Maharashtra by Regressional An...ijtsrd
The present study deals with the prediction of runoff of a river catchment of maharastra by using linear regressional analysis and self organizing maps by handling numerical data. The prediction is done by using past data record. A mathematical model has been developed for rainfall runoff correlation. Warish Khan | Adil Masood | Najib Hasan"Runoff Prediction of Gharni River Catchment of Maharashtra by Regressional Analysis and Ann Tool Box" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7025.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/7025/runoff-prediction-of-gharni-river-catchment-of-maharashtra-by-regressional-analysis-and-ann-tool-box/warish-khan
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW ...civej
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
As basic data, the reliability of precipitation data makes a significant impact on many results of environmental applications. In order to obtain spatially distributed precipitation data, measured points are interpolated. There are many spatial interpolation schemes, but none of them can perform best in all cases. So criteria of precision evaluation are established. This study aims to find an optimal interpolation scheme for rainfall in Ningxia. The study area is located in northwest China. Meteorological stations distribute at a low density here. Six interpolation methods have been tested after exploring data. Cross-validation was used as the criterion to evaluate the accuracy of various methods. The best results were obtained by cokriging with elevation as the second variable, while the inverse distance weighting (IDW) preform worst. Three types of model in cokriging were compared, and Gaussian model is the best.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Projection of future Temperature and Precipitation for Jhelum river basin in ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, downscaling models are developed using a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) for obtaining projections of mean monthly temperature and precipitation for Jhelum river basin. Precipitation and temperature data are the most frequently used forcing terms in hydrological models. However, the available General Circulation Models (GCMs), which are widely used nowadays to simulate future climate scenarios, do not provide those variables to the need of the models. The purpose of this study is therefore, to apply a statistical downscaling method and assess its strength in reproducing current climate and project future climate. Regression based downscaling technique was usedtodownscaletheCGCM3, HadCM3 and Echam5 GCMpredictionsoftheA1B scenario for the Jhelum river basin located in India. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model shows an increasing trend in temperature in the study area until the end of the 21st century. The average annual temperature showed an increase of 2.37°, 1.50°C and 2.02°C respectively for CGCM3, HadCM3 and Echam5 models over 21st century under A1B scenario. The total annual precipitation decreased by 30.27%, 30.58°C and 36.53% respectively for CGCM3, HadCM3 and Echam5 models over 21st century in A1B scenario using MLR technique. The performance of the linear multiple regression models was evaluated based on several statistical performance indicators.
Comparative Analysis of Empirical Models Derived Groundwater Recharge Estimat...RSIS International
The quantification of water resources is very essentiaal
to water resources management. The Venkatapura Watershed of
Karnataka has been selected for the present study. The
groundwater recharge is determined by using different empirical
models proposed by Chaturvedi, Up Irrigation Research
Institute, Bhattacharjee, Krishna Rao, Sehgal, Kumar and
Sethapathi. According Sehgal formulae average maximum
groundwater recharge of 34.27% observed and based on
Chaturvedi formulae minimum groundwater recharge of 8.04%
is observed. The correlation analysis reveals that Chaturvedi,
UPRI and Kumar and Sethapathi formulas are nearly same. The
present study helps to calculate groundwater recharge without
hydrogeological methods.
A rainfall-runoff model for Chew and Kinder Reservoirs, Peak District; utilising the Flood Studies Report to find whether the dams at Chew and Kinder could withstand a 1-in-10,000 year storm (UK recommended safety limit)
Grade: 91%
A study confined to the lower tapi basin in Gujarat, India to find out the primary causes for 2006 floods in Surat city. The study involves collection of topographical data from the local geological survey organization, rainfall data from meteorological department of india and the application of HEC-HMS software from US Army corps of engineers to identify the primary cause of the runoff.
Regional Rainfall Frequency Analysis By L-Moments Approach For Madina Region,...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- In arid regions, extreme rainfall event frequency predictions are still a challenging problem, because of the rain gauge stations scarcity and the record length limitation, which are usually short to insure reliable quantile estimates. Regional frequency analysis is one of the popular approaches used to compensate the data limitation. In this paper, regional frequency analysis of maximum daily rainfall is investigated for Madinah province in the Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The observed maximum daily rainfall records of 20 rainfall stations are selected from 1968 to 2015. The rainfall data is evaluated using four tests, namely, Discordance test (Di), Homogeneity test (H), Goodness of fit test (Zdist) and L-moment ratios diagram (LMRD). The Di of L-moments shows that all the sites belong to one group (Di <3.0).><1). Finally, the Zdist is used to evaluate five probability distribution functions (PDFs) including generalized logistic (GLO), generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized normal (GNO), generalized Pareto (GPA), and Pearson Type III (PE3). Zdist and LMRD both showed that PE3 distribution is the best among the other PDFs. The regional parameters of the candidate PDF are computed using L-moments approach and accordingly the regional dimensionless growth curve is developed. The results enhance the accuracy of extreme rainfall prediction at-sites and also they can be used for ungauged catchment in the region.
Presentation of Four Centennial-long Global Gridded Datasets of the Standardi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this article four global gridded datasets of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) are presented. They are computed from four different data sources: UDEL/GEOG/CCR v3.02, GPCC/ v7.0, NOAA-CIRES 20CR v2c and ECMWF ERA-20C each covering more than a century-long period. The SPI is calculated for the most frequently used time windows of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. UDEL/GEOG/CCR v3.02 and GPCC/ v7.0 are used in the highest native resolution of 0.5×0.5° whilst NOAA-CIRES 20CR v2c and ECMWF ERA-20C are interpolated at 1.5×1.5° and 0.5×0.5° correspondingly. In contrast to some other indices, for example the popular Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), SPI has significant advantages such as simplicity, suitability on variable time scales and robustness rooted in a solid theoretical development. SPI has been selected by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as a key indicator for monitoring drought ('Lincoln declaration'). As a result, drought monitoring centres worldwide are effectively exploiting this index and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) are encouraged to use it for monitoring meteorological droughts. These facts and the strong conviction of the authors that the free exchange of data and software services are а basis of effective scientific collaboration, are the main motivators to provide these datasets free of charge at ftp://xeo.cfd.meteo.bg/SPI/. The paper briefly presents some possible applications of the SPI data, revealing its suitability for various objective long-term drought studies at any geographical location.
The Efficiency of Meteorological Drought Indices for Drought Monitoring and E...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
การนำเสนอบทความวิชาการในการประชุมวิชาการวิศวกรรมโยธาแห่งชาติครั้ง 26 กลุ่มวิศวกรรมแหล่งน้ำ วิศวกรรมโยธากับการศึกษา วิศวกรรมวัสดุก่อสร้าง วันที่ 24-25 มิถุนายน 2564 ในรูปแบบออนไลน์
หัวข้อ Assessment of Future Drought Hazard to Agricultural Area in Mun River Basin, Thailand
Application of mathematical modelling in rainfall forcast a csae study in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Malaysia receives rainfall from 2000 mm to 4000 mm annually where it is greatly influenced by two monsoon periods in November to March and May to September. The state of Sarawak is well known for its long and wide rivers. Numerous activities such as commercial, industrial and residential can always be found in the vicinity of the rivers. The activities have started since decades ago and still continue to grow and spatially expanding through times providing incomes ranging from small farmers to the largest corporations. Unfortunately, these areas are expected to experience frequent flood events as well as possible receding water level in rivers based on the findings of previous studies. If the projections are accurate, the productivity of these activities will be reduced, hence, in a longer term may affect the economy of the state as whole as well. Therefore, there is an urgent need for existing knowledge on rainfall behavior to be revised as effects of climate change with the intention that the state can fully utilize the favorable conditions and make scientific based decisions in the future. Recent study reveals that the Fourier series (FS), has the ability to simulate long-term rainfall up to 300 years is viewed as an important finding in the study of rainfall forecast. Long-term rainfall forecasting is viewed to be beneficial to the state of Sarawak in its future planning in various sectors such as water supply, flood mitigation, river transportation as well as agriculture. The main goal of the study is to apply a mathematical modeling in rainfall forecasting for the Sungai Sarawak basin. Data from eight rain gauge stations was analyzed and prepared for missing data, consistency check and adequacy of number of stations. Simple statistical analysis was conducted on the data such as maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation. 27 years of annual rainfall data were simulated with the Fourier Series equation using spreadsheet. Hence, the result was compared with the Fitting N-term Harmonic Series. The model result reveals that the Fourier Series has the ability to simulate the observed data by being able to describe the rainfall pattern and there is a reasonable relationship between the simulation and observed data with p-value of 0.93. Keywords: Fourier series, Mathematical
Delineation of Mahanadi River Basin by Using GIS and ArcSWATinventionjournals
Precipitation is the significant segment of hydrologic cycle and this essential wellspring of overflow. In hydrological models precipitation as information, release is mimicked at the outlet of a watershed. Exactness of release re-enactment relies on drainage zone of the watershed. Therefore in the present work Mahanadi river basin lying within Odisha (drainage area approximately 65000 sq. km.) has been delineated in to five subbasins based on the five CWC operated discharge sites in Odisha. In the present work Arc-Swat has been used to delineate the watershed with the help of the (digital elevation model) DEM. At last as indicated by area of release locales, the aggregate study range was isolated into five sub-basins in particular Kesinga, Kantamal, Salebhata, Sundergarh and Tikarpada. It was observed that number of sub-watersheds into which the study area is being depicted relies on number of outlets and density of drainage. For a specific number of outlets, the thick is the density of drainage the more is the quantity of sub-watershed and the other way around.
Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light Control Using Sensors and...IJERA Editor
Solar Photovoltaic panel based street lighting systems are becoming more common these days. But the limitation with these ordinary street light systems is that it lacks intelligent performance. It is very essential to automate the system so that we can conserve energy as well as to maximize the efficiency of the system. In this paper a new method is suggested so as to maximize the efficiency of the street lighting system and to conserve the energy usage the LED lights sensors. Here automation of street lights is done by LDR sensor. Intensity of led street lights can be controlled by IR sensor and pulse width modulation.
Study and Development of Temperature & Humidity monitoring system through Wir...IJERA Editor
Wireless sensor networks have become an integral part of any developing country as it is being used nowadays as the primary monitoring system in various applications. The wireless sensor networks eliminate the hazards associated with the wiring systems and make data measurement and monitoring process much easier and cost effective. The decentralized architecture of the wireless sensor network and its flexibility of deployment make wireless networks most suitable for various process plants, industries and remote & rural communication. In this work, applications of wireless sensor network is carried out on online measurement and monitoring of reaction chamber, furnace etc, which is to be measured in the industries.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Projection of future Temperature and Precipitation for Jhelum river basin in ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, downscaling models are developed using a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) for obtaining projections of mean monthly temperature and precipitation for Jhelum river basin. Precipitation and temperature data are the most frequently used forcing terms in hydrological models. However, the available General Circulation Models (GCMs), which are widely used nowadays to simulate future climate scenarios, do not provide those variables to the need of the models. The purpose of this study is therefore, to apply a statistical downscaling method and assess its strength in reproducing current climate and project future climate. Regression based downscaling technique was usedtodownscaletheCGCM3, HadCM3 and Echam5 GCMpredictionsoftheA1B scenario for the Jhelum river basin located in India. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model shows an increasing trend in temperature in the study area until the end of the 21st century. The average annual temperature showed an increase of 2.37°, 1.50°C and 2.02°C respectively for CGCM3, HadCM3 and Echam5 models over 21st century under A1B scenario. The total annual precipitation decreased by 30.27%, 30.58°C and 36.53% respectively for CGCM3, HadCM3 and Echam5 models over 21st century in A1B scenario using MLR technique. The performance of the linear multiple regression models was evaluated based on several statistical performance indicators.
Comparative Analysis of Empirical Models Derived Groundwater Recharge Estimat...RSIS International
The quantification of water resources is very essentiaal
to water resources management. The Venkatapura Watershed of
Karnataka has been selected for the present study. The
groundwater recharge is determined by using different empirical
models proposed by Chaturvedi, Up Irrigation Research
Institute, Bhattacharjee, Krishna Rao, Sehgal, Kumar and
Sethapathi. According Sehgal formulae average maximum
groundwater recharge of 34.27% observed and based on
Chaturvedi formulae minimum groundwater recharge of 8.04%
is observed. The correlation analysis reveals that Chaturvedi,
UPRI and Kumar and Sethapathi formulas are nearly same. The
present study helps to calculate groundwater recharge without
hydrogeological methods.
A rainfall-runoff model for Chew and Kinder Reservoirs, Peak District; utilising the Flood Studies Report to find whether the dams at Chew and Kinder could withstand a 1-in-10,000 year storm (UK recommended safety limit)
Grade: 91%
A study confined to the lower tapi basin in Gujarat, India to find out the primary causes for 2006 floods in Surat city. The study involves collection of topographical data from the local geological survey organization, rainfall data from meteorological department of india and the application of HEC-HMS software from US Army corps of engineers to identify the primary cause of the runoff.
Regional Rainfall Frequency Analysis By L-Moments Approach For Madina Region,...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- In arid regions, extreme rainfall event frequency predictions are still a challenging problem, because of the rain gauge stations scarcity and the record length limitation, which are usually short to insure reliable quantile estimates. Regional frequency analysis is one of the popular approaches used to compensate the data limitation. In this paper, regional frequency analysis of maximum daily rainfall is investigated for Madinah province in the Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The observed maximum daily rainfall records of 20 rainfall stations are selected from 1968 to 2015. The rainfall data is evaluated using four tests, namely, Discordance test (Di), Homogeneity test (H), Goodness of fit test (Zdist) and L-moment ratios diagram (LMRD). The Di of L-moments shows that all the sites belong to one group (Di <3.0).><1). Finally, the Zdist is used to evaluate five probability distribution functions (PDFs) including generalized logistic (GLO), generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized normal (GNO), generalized Pareto (GPA), and Pearson Type III (PE3). Zdist and LMRD both showed that PE3 distribution is the best among the other PDFs. The regional parameters of the candidate PDF are computed using L-moments approach and accordingly the regional dimensionless growth curve is developed. The results enhance the accuracy of extreme rainfall prediction at-sites and also they can be used for ungauged catchment in the region.
Presentation of Four Centennial-long Global Gridded Datasets of the Standardi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this article four global gridded datasets of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) are presented. They are computed from four different data sources: UDEL/GEOG/CCR v3.02, GPCC/ v7.0, NOAA-CIRES 20CR v2c and ECMWF ERA-20C each covering more than a century-long period. The SPI is calculated for the most frequently used time windows of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. UDEL/GEOG/CCR v3.02 and GPCC/ v7.0 are used in the highest native resolution of 0.5×0.5° whilst NOAA-CIRES 20CR v2c and ECMWF ERA-20C are interpolated at 1.5×1.5° and 0.5×0.5° correspondingly. In contrast to some other indices, for example the popular Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), SPI has significant advantages such as simplicity, suitability on variable time scales and robustness rooted in a solid theoretical development. SPI has been selected by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as a key indicator for monitoring drought ('Lincoln declaration'). As a result, drought monitoring centres worldwide are effectively exploiting this index and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) are encouraged to use it for monitoring meteorological droughts. These facts and the strong conviction of the authors that the free exchange of data and software services are а basis of effective scientific collaboration, are the main motivators to provide these datasets free of charge at ftp://xeo.cfd.meteo.bg/SPI/. The paper briefly presents some possible applications of the SPI data, revealing its suitability for various objective long-term drought studies at any geographical location.
The Efficiency of Meteorological Drought Indices for Drought Monitoring and E...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
การนำเสนอบทความวิชาการในการประชุมวิชาการวิศวกรรมโยธาแห่งชาติครั้ง 26 กลุ่มวิศวกรรมแหล่งน้ำ วิศวกรรมโยธากับการศึกษา วิศวกรรมวัสดุก่อสร้าง วันที่ 24-25 มิถุนายน 2564 ในรูปแบบออนไลน์
หัวข้อ Assessment of Future Drought Hazard to Agricultural Area in Mun River Basin, Thailand
Application of mathematical modelling in rainfall forcast a csae study in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Malaysia receives rainfall from 2000 mm to 4000 mm annually where it is greatly influenced by two monsoon periods in November to March and May to September. The state of Sarawak is well known for its long and wide rivers. Numerous activities such as commercial, industrial and residential can always be found in the vicinity of the rivers. The activities have started since decades ago and still continue to grow and spatially expanding through times providing incomes ranging from small farmers to the largest corporations. Unfortunately, these areas are expected to experience frequent flood events as well as possible receding water level in rivers based on the findings of previous studies. If the projections are accurate, the productivity of these activities will be reduced, hence, in a longer term may affect the economy of the state as whole as well. Therefore, there is an urgent need for existing knowledge on rainfall behavior to be revised as effects of climate change with the intention that the state can fully utilize the favorable conditions and make scientific based decisions in the future. Recent study reveals that the Fourier series (FS), has the ability to simulate long-term rainfall up to 300 years is viewed as an important finding in the study of rainfall forecast. Long-term rainfall forecasting is viewed to be beneficial to the state of Sarawak in its future planning in various sectors such as water supply, flood mitigation, river transportation as well as agriculture. The main goal of the study is to apply a mathematical modeling in rainfall forecasting for the Sungai Sarawak basin. Data from eight rain gauge stations was analyzed and prepared for missing data, consistency check and adequacy of number of stations. Simple statistical analysis was conducted on the data such as maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation. 27 years of annual rainfall data were simulated with the Fourier Series equation using spreadsheet. Hence, the result was compared with the Fitting N-term Harmonic Series. The model result reveals that the Fourier Series has the ability to simulate the observed data by being able to describe the rainfall pattern and there is a reasonable relationship between the simulation and observed data with p-value of 0.93. Keywords: Fourier series, Mathematical
Delineation of Mahanadi River Basin by Using GIS and ArcSWATinventionjournals
Precipitation is the significant segment of hydrologic cycle and this essential wellspring of overflow. In hydrological models precipitation as information, release is mimicked at the outlet of a watershed. Exactness of release re-enactment relies on drainage zone of the watershed. Therefore in the present work Mahanadi river basin lying within Odisha (drainage area approximately 65000 sq. km.) has been delineated in to five subbasins based on the five CWC operated discharge sites in Odisha. In the present work Arc-Swat has been used to delineate the watershed with the help of the (digital elevation model) DEM. At last as indicated by area of release locales, the aggregate study range was isolated into five sub-basins in particular Kesinga, Kantamal, Salebhata, Sundergarh and Tikarpada. It was observed that number of sub-watersheds into which the study area is being depicted relies on number of outlets and density of drainage. For a specific number of outlets, the thick is the density of drainage the more is the quantity of sub-watershed and the other way around.
Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light Control Using Sensors and...IJERA Editor
Solar Photovoltaic panel based street lighting systems are becoming more common these days. But the limitation with these ordinary street light systems is that it lacks intelligent performance. It is very essential to automate the system so that we can conserve energy as well as to maximize the efficiency of the system. In this paper a new method is suggested so as to maximize the efficiency of the street lighting system and to conserve the energy usage the LED lights sensors. Here automation of street lights is done by LDR sensor. Intensity of led street lights can be controlled by IR sensor and pulse width modulation.
Study and Development of Temperature & Humidity monitoring system through Wir...IJERA Editor
Wireless sensor networks have become an integral part of any developing country as it is being used nowadays as the primary monitoring system in various applications. The wireless sensor networks eliminate the hazards associated with the wiring systems and make data measurement and monitoring process much easier and cost effective. The decentralized architecture of the wireless sensor network and its flexibility of deployment make wireless networks most suitable for various process plants, industries and remote & rural communication. In this work, applications of wireless sensor network is carried out on online measurement and monitoring of reaction chamber, furnace etc, which is to be measured in the industries.
Structural Weight Optimization of Aircraft Wing Component Using FEM Approach.IJERA Editor
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Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
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Determination of homogenous regions in the Tensift basin (Morocco).
1. Jihane Ahattab et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -2) June 2015, pp.17-21
www.ijera.com 17 | P a g e
Determination of homogenous regions in the Tensift basin
(Morocco).
Jihane Ahattab*, El Khadir Lakhal*, Najat Serhir**.
*Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Physics Department. Laboratoire d‟Automatique de
l‟Environnement et Procédés de Transferts, B.P. 2390, Marrakesh, Morocco,
** (Ecole Hassania des Travaux Publics, Department HEC, Casablanca, Morocco)
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to determine homogenous region in the Tensift basin within which the hydrological
behavior is similar.
In order to do this we used two methods: The Principal components analysis on the monthly precipitation
registered at the 23 rainfall stations. This resulted in setting apart 4 groups of stations. The second method is
analysis of land use map, geological map, pedagogical map, vegetation map and slope map of the studied area.
This method allowed us to delineate 4 homogenous areas.
The two methods yielded complementary results and the superposition of groups and regions obtained allowed
us to retain 4 homogenous regions corresponding to 3 groups of stations.
Keywords – areas, flood, homogenous regions, PCA, Tensift basin.
I. INTRODUCTION
The goal of climate regionalization (or zoning)
is getting a cut of a territory into homogeneous
areas, within which the hydrological behavior is
similar, [1].
The identification of homogeneous regions is a
preliminary step for hydrological regionalization of
certain methods used in practice to estimate a
hydrological variable of interest (eg the annual peak
flow) of a watershed for which one has no
observation (ungauged watershed). Hydrological
regionalization also allows completing and
consolidating the observations of a site where data
are uncertain or in insufficient quantity by enhancing
observations throughout a region considered
homogeneous at which the site belongs.
The first of homogeneous regions determination
tests were based on the assumption that the nearest
stations were the most geographically similar. But
then came several studies to show that neighboring
regions were not necessarily homogeneous. So the
first approach was abandoned in favor of a
classification approach based on physiographic and
hydrological characteristics of the watershed that
was introduced in Wiltshire [2] by examining its
properties and its power using simulation tests.
In this regard, several studies have been
proposed and applied to all parts of the globe using
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) among which
we cite the reference [3] for the PCA of monthly
temperatures of New Zealand and the monthly
precipitation, [4] for the PCA of monthly
precipitation of England and [5] for the PCA on
monthly precipitation in the Mediterranean region.
So in order to identify homogenous regions of
our area of study, we used two methods. The first is
the Principal Component Analysis on series of
monthly precipitations. The second method is based
on the analysis of Land use map, geological map,
pedagogical map, vegetation map and slope map of
the studied area. The choice of these maps is based
on the fact that the PCA gives only groups of
homogenous stations and does not delineate regions.
Also these factors are important in the flood
generation phenomenon.
II. STUDY AREA AND DATA
The Tensift basin is located between latitudes
32°10' and 30°50' North and longitudes 9°25' and
7°12' West, around the city of Marrakesh in the
western center of Morocco. It is drained by the
Tensift River which flows from east to west for over
260km. The basin extends over 19400km2
. Its
vegetation is generally poor and depends on the
topography and the nature of land. The climate is
semi-arid influenced by the presence of high
altitudes (the High Atlas). The altitude ranges from 0
to 4167m NGM with an average altitude of 2014m,
(Fig. 3).
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESSRESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Jihane Ahattab et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -2) June 2015, pp.17-21
www.ijera.com 18 | P a g e
Rainfall is generally low and characterized by
high spatial and temporal variability. The annual
average rainfall is about 200mm in the plains and
more than 800mm on the peaks of the Atlas, [6].
Available data used are the series of monthly
series of precipitations recorded using rain gauges at
the 23 rainfall stations that are located all aver the
Tensift basin at altitudes ranging from 53m to
2230m NGM. The series‟ lengths vary from 14 years
to 44 years (since 1967 until 2011). The location of
these stations is shown in figure 2.
III. THE FIRST METHOD: PCA
The principal component analysis PCA method
allows the description of data in an array of
individuals / quantitative variables; this is the basic
method of data analysis. From a more mathematical
point of view, the PCA approximates a matrix (n ; p)
by a matrix of the same dimensions but of rank q<p ;
q is often a small value (2 or 3) for the construction
of readily understandable graphics. This method
allows studying the data in terms of correlation, i.e
to detect stations having the same behavior [7]. The
great advantage of this technique is its ability to
simultaneously process a large amount of data. It
allows, in addition to identifying the complex
interrelationships between variables, to summarize
or reduce them to a small number of indicators
called factors or principal components PC. It is a
linear combination of the original variables [8] such
that:
p
ij ik kj
k=1
X = UZ ou X = u z (1)
With :
P
X R The eigen values initial variables;
P
Z R The vector of the main components;
U the orthonormal transformation matrix (U-1 = Ut).
Although the goal is generally to use only a
small number of PC, this is only thereafter that we
decide the number of components k to keep. This
means we replace the original observations by their
orthogonal projections in the subspace k defined by
the first k of PC, [9].
The Principal Component define directions of
space observations that are pair wise orthogonal. In
other words, the PCA carries out a change of
orthogonal reference, the original directions being
replaced by PC. The fundamental property of PC is
to be ranked in descending order of importance
Thus, the best subspace k-dimensional (k <p) in
which we project the observations while losing the
least information is precisely that generated by the
first k PC.
The most common use of the PCA is to provide
data described by a large number of quantitative
variables planar representations (and thus visually
interpreted) as close as possible. For this, we project
these data on factorial designs, each plane being
defined by a pair of Principal Component taken
among the first CP. In reviewing these projections,
we can retrieve information on the data structure, for
example:
• The existence and location of "exceptional"
cases, or "aberrant", ie very far from all the other
comments;
• The existence of well-marked groups,
suggesting the existence of several sub-populations
within the set of observations;
• The interpretation of Principal Components
can be made in terms of real properties but
unmeasured comments.
Before applying the method we calculated
descriptive statistics in order to characterize the
series, the results found are shown in the following
table:
Table 1 : Descriptive statistic of the series
of monthly precipitations.
Rainfall stations
Number
of months
used
Number of
rainy months
Max Mean
Standard
deviation
Abadla 150 81 86.6 11.7 17.8
Adamna 150 101 180.1 25.5 39.0
Aghbalou 150 138 194.8 42.4 42.5
Chichaoua 150 107 90.7 14.2 19.2
Igrounzar 150 94 257 22.4 37.1
Iloudjane 150 129 180.9 26.8 30.4
Imine el hamam 150 132 184.4 29.5 34.3
Sidi Bou othmane 150 141 158.8 27.8 32.1
Sidi hssain 150 127 216 36.2 39.3
Sidi rahal 150 124 150.5 24.3 27.9
Taferiat 150 133 154.4 24.6 27.7
Tahanaout 150 139 132.7 28.6 31.0
Talmest 150 98 132 22.7 32.4
Tazitount 150 137 172.6 39.5 42.4
Agouns 150 133 128.6 30.3 28.7
Amenzal 150 130 543.7 33.1 54.9
Armed 150 142 273.6 33.3 38.7
Igouzoulen 150 90 292.6 26.6 45.0
Lalla takerkoust 150 138 132.7 25.6 29.4
Marrakech 150 115 261.3 19.3 31.6
Touirdiou 150 130 110.5 21.8 24.7
Tourcht 150 136 250.3 36.4 42.0
Iguir nkouris 150 125 177.7 19.9 26.6
The previous table shows that the number of
observations is processed for 150 months for all
stations. Monthly precipitations range from 0mm to
543.7mm, with averages that range between 11.7mm
and 42.4mm. The number of rainy months varies
from 81 to142 months.
The implementation of the PCA algorithm on all
the data using the statistical software SPSS [10] gave
the following results:
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Table 2 : Results of PCA for the 23 stations.
Figure 1 : Graph values for each component of the PCA
for the 23 stations.
Table 2 shows the main components which are
23, their initial values, the percentage of their
variances, as well as the cumulative percentage of
their variance. While Figure 1 shows the
representation of the eigenvalues for each
component. From these results, we see that the first
four components have eigenvalues greater than 1
and explain to them only about 81.5% of the total
variance, so according to the Kaiser criterion which
says that only components whose eigenvalues are
greater than 1 should be kept. So by keeping the first
four components, we will have only 18.5% of
information loss, [11].
So to be able to find different groups of stations
we represented the stations with their coordinates on
the planes defined by the first four axes in pairs two
by two. In what follows we present the results found.
Analysis of these graphs resulted in the
selection of four homogeneous groups of stations
divided by the axes of the plane defined by the 2nd
and 3rd main axes.
The groups of stations are shown in figure 2:
Group 1: Igrounzar, Igouzoulen, Talmest,
Adamna ;
Group 2: Abdla, Chichaoua et Marrakech ;
Group 3: Agouns, Tourcht, Touirdiou, Armed,
Amenzal, Iguir N‟kouris, Tazitount ;
Group 4: Sidi Hsain, Imin El Hamam, Sidi Bou
Othmane, Aghbalou, Tahanaout, Iloudjane,
Lalla Takerkoust, Sidi Rahal, Tafériat.
Figure 2 : Selected homogenous groups by the PCA method.
IV. THE SECOND METHOD: MAPS ANALYSIS
In this sense, we used a set of downloaded maps
as shown in figure 3.
The land use and vegetation map downloaded
from the FAO website, [12] ;
The geological and soil map from the site of
Hydraulic Basin Agency of Tensift, [13] ;
The slope map of the basin, developed by
Spatial Analyst Extension of Arcgis (ESRI,
2014) from the DTM (creating classes of slopes
ranging from 0% to over 35%).
Component
the initial eigenvalues
Total
% of
variance
% cumulative
1 14.010 60.913 60.913
2 2.394 10.408 71.321
3 1.298 5.644 76.965
4 1.040 4.523 81.488
5 .688 2.992 84.480
6 .593 2.579 87.059
7 .400 1.738 88.797
8 .380 1.654 90.451
9 .343 1.489 91.940
10 .281 1.221 93.161
11 .262 1.140 94.301
12 .221 .961 95.262
13 .220 .955 96.218
14 .155 .673 96.891
15 .140 .610 97.501
16 .116 .506 98.007
17 .115 .502 98.509
18 .092 .398 98.907
19 .084 .365 99.272
20 .056 .244 99.516
21 .043 .185 99.701
22 .037 .163 99.863
23 .031 .137 100.000
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In order to delimit homogeneous areas on the Tensift
basin, we tried to analyze each map and subdivide it
in relatively homogenous regions:
According to the classified slopes map there are
three areas: a mountain area with very acute slopes
(> 35%), a second zone with average slopes
(between 15% and 35%) and third plain area with
fairly gentle slopes (<5%) ;
According to the soil map, 3 homogeneous
regions can be distinguished: A region in mountain
areas made by skeletal soils and sandy soils
(brown part). A second area in the North West of
the basin, formed by the soil on limestone plateau.
A third area in the central and northwest of the
basin, formed by fersiallitic floors, slate floors,
chestnut soils and Siorozems soil (same source
rock) ;
According to the geological map four
homogeneous areas can be distinguished: An area
in the High Atlas made largely by impermeable
formations. A second zone in the central part of the
basin formed by Neocene and quaternary
formations with an average permeability. A third
area in the northern part of the basin formed by the
Paleozoic formations characterized by a relatively
low permeability. A fourth area in the western part
of the basin with highly permeable formations ;
According to the land use and vegetation map
under 4 different homogeneous areas: an area in
the High Atlas characterized by its low density and
scattered plants, a second in the central part
surrounding the Marrakech with high urban
density, a third in the northern part characterized
by meadows and forests, a fourth in the western
part in the plain of Essaouira which is
characterized by a relatively high density of
inhabitants and its scattered vegetation.
The superposition of all these maps, made it
possible to distinguish roughly 4 homogeneous
areas, “Fig.4”:
• An area in the north of the basin with relatively
gentle slopes and tight formations and vegetation
sufficiently developed;
•A central area with medium to low slopes and
average permeability formations, with a high density
of population;
• An area south of the basin in the High Atlas area
with fairly acute slopes and low permeability soil
and a plant formation formed of bushes or shrubs;
• A western area of the basin with average slopes
and very permeable formations and farmland.
Figure 4 : Homogenous regions on the Tensift basin.
V. CONCLUSION
Both methods yielded complementary results. The
overlay of the map of homogeneous groups and that
of the homogeneous regions shows that we can
distinguish, “Fig.5”:
• The homogeneous zone 1 (red part) north of the
basin that contains no rainfall station;
Figure 3 : Maps used in defining homogenous regions.
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• The homogeneous zone 2 at the center of the basin
(green part) which includes all stations in the
homogeneous group 2;
• The homogeneous zone 3 souths in the region of
the medium and high Atlas of scolding elevations
(partly brown). It includes the rainfall stations in
groups 3 and 4;
• The homogeneous zone 4 west basin (purple part)
that contains the rainfall stations in Group 1.
Figure 5 : Superposition of homogenous regions and
homogenous groups.
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