Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is widely used by hydrologists for appraisal of probable maximum flood (PMF) used for soil and water conservation structures, and design of dam spillways. The estimation of design storm for example depends on availability of rainfall quantities and their durations. Daily maximum multiannual series are one of the main inputs for design streamflow calculation. The study generated annual series of Daily maximum rainfall for fourty four stations by using statical approach such as Normal distribution, Log-Normal Distribution, Pearson type III distribution and Gumbel’s Distribution .Results reveals that among the different statical approaches Log-Normal distribution fits the best compared to others. Isohyetal Maps of study area at different frequency are produced by using GIS tools, the maximum intensity varies from 2.5 mm/hr to 628 mm/hr.
Derivation Of Intensity Duration Frequency Curves Using Short Duration Rainfa...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
The estimation of rainfall intensity is commonly required for the design of hydraulic and water resources engineering control structures. The intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity, the duration and the return period. The present study aimed the derivation of IDF curves of Yermarus Raingauge Station of Raichur District with 19 years of rainfall data (1998 to 2016). The Normal Distribution, Log Normal Distribution, Gumbel distribution, Pearson Type III Distribution and Log Pearsons Type III Distribution techniques are used to Find the rainfall intensity values of 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 720, 1440 minutes of rainfall duration with different return period. Chi Square test was conducted to find the goodness of fit the short duration IDF using daily rainfall data are presented, which is input for water resources projects.
Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves and RegionalisationAM Publications
Storm sewers make up a large percentage of drainage system in an urban setup. The design of these
components are based on rainfall intensities of a specific design period for that location. These can be derived from
intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship. These IDF relationships are derived from historical rainfall, using
an extreme value distribution for maximum rainfall intensity. In the present study the IDF curves and parameter
regionalisation were studied for various kinds of basins. These equation parameters can be then used to understand
the spatial variation of rainfall intensity in the study area. The parameter contour maps subsequently generated using
various interpolation method are then used for plotting IDF curves for any ungauged station in the basin.
It is based on Journal Paper named
"Mukherjee, M.K.2013, ’Flood Frequency Analysis of River Subernarekha, India, Using Gumbel’s extreme Value Distribution’, IJCER,Vol-3,Issue-7,pp-12-18."
I have studied the journal and make a PPT in the following.
I
Flood frequency analysis of river kosi, uttarakhand, india using statistical ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study, flood frequency analysis has been applied for river Kosi in Uttarakhand. The river Kosi is an important tributary of Ganga river system, which arising from Koshimool near Kausani, Almora district flows on the western side of the study area and to meet at Ramganga River. The annual flood series analysis has been carried out to estimate the flood quantiles at different return period at Kosi barrage site of river Kosi. The statistical approach provided a significant advantage of estimation of flood at any sites in the homogenous region with very less or no data. In the at –site analysis of annual flood series the Normal, Log normal, Pearson type III, Log Pearson type III, Gumbel and Log Gumbel distribution were applied using method of moments . From the analysis of different goodness of fit tests, it has been found that the Log Gumbel distribution with method of moment as parameters estimation found to be the best-fit distribution for Kosi River and other sites in the region. It is recommended that the regional parameters for Kosi Basin may be used only for primary estimation of flood and should be reviewed when more regional data available. Keywords: Flood Frequency Analysis, River Kosi, Annual Peak Flood discharge, Return Period, Goodness of fit Test.
On March 11, 2016, ICLR held a Friday Forum workshop entitled 'Mapping extreme rainfall statistics for Canada', led by Dr. Slobodan Simonovic of Western University.
Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events, affecting rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve information used in the design, maintenance and operation of water infrastructure in Canada. Presented in this lecture are analyses of precipitation data from 567 Environment Canada hydro-meteorological stations using the IDF_CC tool. Results for the year 2100 based on Canadian climate model and an ensemble of 22 GCMs have been generated. A spatial interpolation method was used to produce Canadian precipitation maps for events of various return periods. Results based on the Canadian climate model indicate a reduction in extreme precipitation in central regions of Canada and increases in other regions. Relative to the ensemble approach, the Canadian climate model results (a) suggest more spatial variability in change of IDFs, and (b) the ensemble approach generated generally lower values than the Canadian climate model.
Dr. Simonovic has extensive research, teaching and consulting experience in water resources systems engineering. He teaches courses in water resources and civil engineering systems. He actively works for national and international professional organizations. Dr. Simonovic’s primary research interest focuses on the application of systems approach to management of complex water and environmental systems. Most of his work is related to the integration of risk, reliability, and uncertainty in hydrology and water resources management. He has received a number of awards for excellence in teaching, research and outreach. He has published over 450 professional publications and three major textbooks. He was inducted to the Canadian Academy of Engineering in June of 2013.
Derivation Of Intensity Duration Frequency Curves Using Short Duration Rainfa...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
The estimation of rainfall intensity is commonly required for the design of hydraulic and water resources engineering control structures. The intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity, the duration and the return period. The present study aimed the derivation of IDF curves of Yermarus Raingauge Station of Raichur District with 19 years of rainfall data (1998 to 2016). The Normal Distribution, Log Normal Distribution, Gumbel distribution, Pearson Type III Distribution and Log Pearsons Type III Distribution techniques are used to Find the rainfall intensity values of 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 720, 1440 minutes of rainfall duration with different return period. Chi Square test was conducted to find the goodness of fit the short duration IDF using daily rainfall data are presented, which is input for water resources projects.
Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves and RegionalisationAM Publications
Storm sewers make up a large percentage of drainage system in an urban setup. The design of these
components are based on rainfall intensities of a specific design period for that location. These can be derived from
intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship. These IDF relationships are derived from historical rainfall, using
an extreme value distribution for maximum rainfall intensity. In the present study the IDF curves and parameter
regionalisation were studied for various kinds of basins. These equation parameters can be then used to understand
the spatial variation of rainfall intensity in the study area. The parameter contour maps subsequently generated using
various interpolation method are then used for plotting IDF curves for any ungauged station in the basin.
It is based on Journal Paper named
"Mukherjee, M.K.2013, ’Flood Frequency Analysis of River Subernarekha, India, Using Gumbel’s extreme Value Distribution’, IJCER,Vol-3,Issue-7,pp-12-18."
I have studied the journal and make a PPT in the following.
I
Flood frequency analysis of river kosi, uttarakhand, india using statistical ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study, flood frequency analysis has been applied for river Kosi in Uttarakhand. The river Kosi is an important tributary of Ganga river system, which arising from Koshimool near Kausani, Almora district flows on the western side of the study area and to meet at Ramganga River. The annual flood series analysis has been carried out to estimate the flood quantiles at different return period at Kosi barrage site of river Kosi. The statistical approach provided a significant advantage of estimation of flood at any sites in the homogenous region with very less or no data. In the at –site analysis of annual flood series the Normal, Log normal, Pearson type III, Log Pearson type III, Gumbel and Log Gumbel distribution were applied using method of moments . From the analysis of different goodness of fit tests, it has been found that the Log Gumbel distribution with method of moment as parameters estimation found to be the best-fit distribution for Kosi River and other sites in the region. It is recommended that the regional parameters for Kosi Basin may be used only for primary estimation of flood and should be reviewed when more regional data available. Keywords: Flood Frequency Analysis, River Kosi, Annual Peak Flood discharge, Return Period, Goodness of fit Test.
On March 11, 2016, ICLR held a Friday Forum workshop entitled 'Mapping extreme rainfall statistics for Canada', led by Dr. Slobodan Simonovic of Western University.
Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events, affecting rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve information used in the design, maintenance and operation of water infrastructure in Canada. Presented in this lecture are analyses of precipitation data from 567 Environment Canada hydro-meteorological stations using the IDF_CC tool. Results for the year 2100 based on Canadian climate model and an ensemble of 22 GCMs have been generated. A spatial interpolation method was used to produce Canadian precipitation maps for events of various return periods. Results based on the Canadian climate model indicate a reduction in extreme precipitation in central regions of Canada and increases in other regions. Relative to the ensemble approach, the Canadian climate model results (a) suggest more spatial variability in change of IDFs, and (b) the ensemble approach generated generally lower values than the Canadian climate model.
Dr. Simonovic has extensive research, teaching and consulting experience in water resources systems engineering. He teaches courses in water resources and civil engineering systems. He actively works for national and international professional organizations. Dr. Simonovic’s primary research interest focuses on the application of systems approach to management of complex water and environmental systems. Most of his work is related to the integration of risk, reliability, and uncertainty in hydrology and water resources management. He has received a number of awards for excellence in teaching, research and outreach. He has published over 450 professional publications and three major textbooks. He was inducted to the Canadian Academy of Engineering in June of 2013.
Application of mathematical modelling in rainfall forcast a csae study in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Malaysia receives rainfall from 2000 mm to 4000 mm annually where it is greatly influenced by two monsoon periods in November to March and May to September. The state of Sarawak is well known for its long and wide rivers. Numerous activities such as commercial, industrial and residential can always be found in the vicinity of the rivers. The activities have started since decades ago and still continue to grow and spatially expanding through times providing incomes ranging from small farmers to the largest corporations. Unfortunately, these areas are expected to experience frequent flood events as well as possible receding water level in rivers based on the findings of previous studies. If the projections are accurate, the productivity of these activities will be reduced, hence, in a longer term may affect the economy of the state as whole as well. Therefore, there is an urgent need for existing knowledge on rainfall behavior to be revised as effects of climate change with the intention that the state can fully utilize the favorable conditions and make scientific based decisions in the future. Recent study reveals that the Fourier series (FS), has the ability to simulate long-term rainfall up to 300 years is viewed as an important finding in the study of rainfall forecast. Long-term rainfall forecasting is viewed to be beneficial to the state of Sarawak in its future planning in various sectors such as water supply, flood mitigation, river transportation as well as agriculture. The main goal of the study is to apply a mathematical modeling in rainfall forecasting for the Sungai Sarawak basin. Data from eight rain gauge stations was analyzed and prepared for missing data, consistency check and adequacy of number of stations. Simple statistical analysis was conducted on the data such as maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation. 27 years of annual rainfall data were simulated with the Fourier Series equation using spreadsheet. Hence, the result was compared with the Fitting N-term Harmonic Series. The model result reveals that the Fourier Series has the ability to simulate the observed data by being able to describe the rainfall pattern and there is a reasonable relationship between the simulation and observed data with p-value of 0.93. Keywords: Fourier series, Mathematical
Rainfall-Runoff Modelling using Modified NRCS-CN,RS and GIS -A Case StudyIJERA Editor
Study of rainfall and runoff for any area and modeling it, is one of the important aspects for planning and
development of water resources. The development of water resources and its effective management plays a vital
role in development of any country more particularly in India, which is an agricultural based economy. Hence it
is intended to develop a model of Rainfall and runoff to a river basin and also apply the methodology to Sarada
River Basin which has drainage area of 1252.99 Sq.km. The basin is situated in Vishakhapatnam district of
Andhra Pradesh, India. The rainfall and runoff data has been collected from the gauging stations of the basin
apart from rainfall data from nearby stations. MNRCS-CN method has been adopted to calculate runoff. Various
hydrological parameters like soil information, rainfall, land use and land cover (LU/LC) were considered to use
in MNRCS-CN method. The depth of runoff has been computed for different land use patterns using, IRS-P4-
LISS IV data for the study area. Based on the analysis, land use/land cover pattern of Sarada River Basin has
been prepared. The land use/land cover patterns were also visually interpreted and digitized using ERDAS
IMAGINE software. The raster data was processed in ERDAS and geo-referenced and various maps viz. LU/LC
maps, drainage map, contour map, DEM (Digital elevation model) have been generated apart from rainfall
potential map using GIS tool. The estimated runoff using MNRCS-CN model has been simulated and compared
with that of actual runoff. The performance of the model is found to be good for the data considered. The
coefficient of determination R2
value for the observed runoff and that of the computed runoff is found to be
more than 0.72 for the selected watershed basin.
A rainfall-runoff model for Chew and Kinder Reservoirs, Peak District; utilising the Flood Studies Report to find whether the dams at Chew and Kinder could withstand a 1-in-10,000 year storm (UK recommended safety limit)
Grade: 91%
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Regional Rainfall Frequency Analysis By L-Moments Approach For Madina Region,...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- In arid regions, extreme rainfall event frequency predictions are still a challenging problem, because of the rain gauge stations scarcity and the record length limitation, which are usually short to insure reliable quantile estimates. Regional frequency analysis is one of the popular approaches used to compensate the data limitation. In this paper, regional frequency analysis of maximum daily rainfall is investigated for Madinah province in the Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The observed maximum daily rainfall records of 20 rainfall stations are selected from 1968 to 2015. The rainfall data is evaluated using four tests, namely, Discordance test (Di), Homogeneity test (H), Goodness of fit test (Zdist) and L-moment ratios diagram (LMRD). The Di of L-moments shows that all the sites belong to one group (Di <3.0).><1). Finally, the Zdist is used to evaluate five probability distribution functions (PDFs) including generalized logistic (GLO), generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized normal (GNO), generalized Pareto (GPA), and Pearson Type III (PE3). Zdist and LMRD both showed that PE3 distribution is the best among the other PDFs. The regional parameters of the candidate PDF are computed using L-moments approach and accordingly the regional dimensionless growth curve is developed. The results enhance the accuracy of extreme rainfall prediction at-sites and also they can be used for ungauged catchment in the region.
Time Series Data Analysis for Forecasting – A Literature ReviewIJMER
In today's world there is ample opportunity to clout the numerous sources of time series data
available for decision making. This time ordered data can be used to improve decision making if the data
is converted to information and then into knowledge which is called knowledge discovery. Data Mining
(DM) methods are being increasingly used in prediction with time series data, in addition to traditional
statistical approaches. This paper presents a literature review of the use of DM and statistical approaches
with time series data, focusing on weather prediction. This is an area that has been attracting a great deal
of attention from researchers in the field.
An Attempt To Use Interpolation to Predict Rainfall Intensities tor Crash Ana...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study uses different interpolation techniques to predict rainfall intensity at locationsthat are not directly located near a rainfall gauges. The goal of being able to interpolate the rainfall intensity is to study its impact on traffic crashes. To perform the study, a collection of rainfall gauges in Alabama were used as subject locations where rainfall intensity was predicted from surrounding gauges, while also providing validation data to compare the predictions. Essentially, the actual rainfall intensities at existing gauges were interpolated using nearby gauges and the results were analyzed.The interpolation techniques used in the study included proximal, averaging and a distance weighted average. The results of the study indicated that none of the interpolation methodologies were sufficient to accurately predict the rainfall intensity values any significant distance from the actual gauges.
Generation of intensity_duration_frequency_curves_for manvi taluk raichur dis...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
The estimation of rainfall intensity is commonly required for the design of hydraulic and water resources engineering control structures. The intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity, the duration and the return period. The present study aimed the derivation of IDF curves of Manvi Taluk of Raichur District using four Rain gauge Station with rain gauge stations with 19 years of rainfall data (1998 to 2016). The Normal Distribution, Log Normal Distribution, Gumbel distribution techniques are used to derived the rainfall intensity values of 2,5,10,15,30,60,120,720,1440 minutes of rainfall duration with different return period. The short duration IDF using daily rainfall data are presented, which is input for water resources projects.
Presentation of Four Centennial-long Global Gridded Datasets of the Standardi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this article four global gridded datasets of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) are presented. They are computed from four different data sources: UDEL/GEOG/CCR v3.02, GPCC/ v7.0, NOAA-CIRES 20CR v2c and ECMWF ERA-20C each covering more than a century-long period. The SPI is calculated for the most frequently used time windows of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. UDEL/GEOG/CCR v3.02 and GPCC/ v7.0 are used in the highest native resolution of 0.5×0.5° whilst NOAA-CIRES 20CR v2c and ECMWF ERA-20C are interpolated at 1.5×1.5° and 0.5×0.5° correspondingly. In contrast to some other indices, for example the popular Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), SPI has significant advantages such as simplicity, suitability on variable time scales and robustness rooted in a solid theoretical development. SPI has been selected by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as a key indicator for monitoring drought ('Lincoln declaration'). As a result, drought monitoring centres worldwide are effectively exploiting this index and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) are encouraged to use it for monitoring meteorological droughts. These facts and the strong conviction of the authors that the free exchange of data and software services are а basis of effective scientific collaboration, are the main motivators to provide these datasets free of charge at ftp://xeo.cfd.meteo.bg/SPI/. The paper briefly presents some possible applications of the SPI data, revealing its suitability for various objective long-term drought studies at any geographical location.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Runoff is one of the most significant hydrological variables used in most of the water resources applications. Physiographically the area is characterized by undulating topography with plains and valleys. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers also known as hydrologic soil group method were used in this study. This method is adaptable and suitable approach for quick runoff estimation and is approximately easy to use with minimum data and it gives good result. From the study yearly rainfall and runoff were estimated easily. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively.
The IDF Curves accessible are for the most part done by fitting arrangement of yearly greatest precipitation force to parametric dispersions. Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves represent the relationship between storm intensity, storm duration and return period. Environmental change is relied upon to intensify the boundaries in the atmosphere factors. Being prone to harsh climate impacts, it is very crucial to study extreme rainfall-induced flooding for short durations over regions that are rapidly growing. One way to approach the extremes is by the application of the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. The annual maximum rainfall intensity (AMRI) characteristics are often used to construct these IDF curves that are being used in several infrastructure designs for urban areas. Thus, there is a necessity to obtain high temporal and spatial resolution rainfall information. Many urban areas of developing countries lack long records of short-duration rainfall. The shortest duration obtained is normally at a daily scale/24 h. Thus, it is very crucial to find a methodology to construct IDF curves for short-duration rainfall (sub-daily) for these urban areas. The fast extension of urban area that does not have adequate preparedness to cope with climate change is certainly a big risk to life and economy. The study region lies in Karnataka India. The sub-daily IDF curves for current and future climate for the region were constructed from 1 to 24 h based on the Normal Distribution approach. Rainfall data of 23 (Twenty three) hydrological years of all stations were used. Maximum rainfall frequency analysis was made by Normal Distribution method. Finally Equations were developed for different return periods.
Application of mathematical modelling in rainfall forcast a csae study in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Malaysia receives rainfall from 2000 mm to 4000 mm annually where it is greatly influenced by two monsoon periods in November to March and May to September. The state of Sarawak is well known for its long and wide rivers. Numerous activities such as commercial, industrial and residential can always be found in the vicinity of the rivers. The activities have started since decades ago and still continue to grow and spatially expanding through times providing incomes ranging from small farmers to the largest corporations. Unfortunately, these areas are expected to experience frequent flood events as well as possible receding water level in rivers based on the findings of previous studies. If the projections are accurate, the productivity of these activities will be reduced, hence, in a longer term may affect the economy of the state as whole as well. Therefore, there is an urgent need for existing knowledge on rainfall behavior to be revised as effects of climate change with the intention that the state can fully utilize the favorable conditions and make scientific based decisions in the future. Recent study reveals that the Fourier series (FS), has the ability to simulate long-term rainfall up to 300 years is viewed as an important finding in the study of rainfall forecast. Long-term rainfall forecasting is viewed to be beneficial to the state of Sarawak in its future planning in various sectors such as water supply, flood mitigation, river transportation as well as agriculture. The main goal of the study is to apply a mathematical modeling in rainfall forecasting for the Sungai Sarawak basin. Data from eight rain gauge stations was analyzed and prepared for missing data, consistency check and adequacy of number of stations. Simple statistical analysis was conducted on the data such as maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation. 27 years of annual rainfall data were simulated with the Fourier Series equation using spreadsheet. Hence, the result was compared with the Fitting N-term Harmonic Series. The model result reveals that the Fourier Series has the ability to simulate the observed data by being able to describe the rainfall pattern and there is a reasonable relationship between the simulation and observed data with p-value of 0.93. Keywords: Fourier series, Mathematical
Rainfall-Runoff Modelling using Modified NRCS-CN,RS and GIS -A Case StudyIJERA Editor
Study of rainfall and runoff for any area and modeling it, is one of the important aspects for planning and
development of water resources. The development of water resources and its effective management plays a vital
role in development of any country more particularly in India, which is an agricultural based economy. Hence it
is intended to develop a model of Rainfall and runoff to a river basin and also apply the methodology to Sarada
River Basin which has drainage area of 1252.99 Sq.km. The basin is situated in Vishakhapatnam district of
Andhra Pradesh, India. The rainfall and runoff data has been collected from the gauging stations of the basin
apart from rainfall data from nearby stations. MNRCS-CN method has been adopted to calculate runoff. Various
hydrological parameters like soil information, rainfall, land use and land cover (LU/LC) were considered to use
in MNRCS-CN method. The depth of runoff has been computed for different land use patterns using, IRS-P4-
LISS IV data for the study area. Based on the analysis, land use/land cover pattern of Sarada River Basin has
been prepared. The land use/land cover patterns were also visually interpreted and digitized using ERDAS
IMAGINE software. The raster data was processed in ERDAS and geo-referenced and various maps viz. LU/LC
maps, drainage map, contour map, DEM (Digital elevation model) have been generated apart from rainfall
potential map using GIS tool. The estimated runoff using MNRCS-CN model has been simulated and compared
with that of actual runoff. The performance of the model is found to be good for the data considered. The
coefficient of determination R2
value for the observed runoff and that of the computed runoff is found to be
more than 0.72 for the selected watershed basin.
A rainfall-runoff model for Chew and Kinder Reservoirs, Peak District; utilising the Flood Studies Report to find whether the dams at Chew and Kinder could withstand a 1-in-10,000 year storm (UK recommended safety limit)
Grade: 91%
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Regional Rainfall Frequency Analysis By L-Moments Approach For Madina Region,...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- In arid regions, extreme rainfall event frequency predictions are still a challenging problem, because of the rain gauge stations scarcity and the record length limitation, which are usually short to insure reliable quantile estimates. Regional frequency analysis is one of the popular approaches used to compensate the data limitation. In this paper, regional frequency analysis of maximum daily rainfall is investigated for Madinah province in the Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The observed maximum daily rainfall records of 20 rainfall stations are selected from 1968 to 2015. The rainfall data is evaluated using four tests, namely, Discordance test (Di), Homogeneity test (H), Goodness of fit test (Zdist) and L-moment ratios diagram (LMRD). The Di of L-moments shows that all the sites belong to one group (Di <3.0).><1). Finally, the Zdist is used to evaluate five probability distribution functions (PDFs) including generalized logistic (GLO), generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized normal (GNO), generalized Pareto (GPA), and Pearson Type III (PE3). Zdist and LMRD both showed that PE3 distribution is the best among the other PDFs. The regional parameters of the candidate PDF are computed using L-moments approach and accordingly the regional dimensionless growth curve is developed. The results enhance the accuracy of extreme rainfall prediction at-sites and also they can be used for ungauged catchment in the region.
Time Series Data Analysis for Forecasting – A Literature ReviewIJMER
In today's world there is ample opportunity to clout the numerous sources of time series data
available for decision making. This time ordered data can be used to improve decision making if the data
is converted to information and then into knowledge which is called knowledge discovery. Data Mining
(DM) methods are being increasingly used in prediction with time series data, in addition to traditional
statistical approaches. This paper presents a literature review of the use of DM and statistical approaches
with time series data, focusing on weather prediction. This is an area that has been attracting a great deal
of attention from researchers in the field.
An Attempt To Use Interpolation to Predict Rainfall Intensities tor Crash Ana...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study uses different interpolation techniques to predict rainfall intensity at locationsthat are not directly located near a rainfall gauges. The goal of being able to interpolate the rainfall intensity is to study its impact on traffic crashes. To perform the study, a collection of rainfall gauges in Alabama were used as subject locations where rainfall intensity was predicted from surrounding gauges, while also providing validation data to compare the predictions. Essentially, the actual rainfall intensities at existing gauges were interpolated using nearby gauges and the results were analyzed.The interpolation techniques used in the study included proximal, averaging and a distance weighted average. The results of the study indicated that none of the interpolation methodologies were sufficient to accurately predict the rainfall intensity values any significant distance from the actual gauges.
Generation of intensity_duration_frequency_curves_for manvi taluk raichur dis...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
The estimation of rainfall intensity is commonly required for the design of hydraulic and water resources engineering control structures. The intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity, the duration and the return period. The present study aimed the derivation of IDF curves of Manvi Taluk of Raichur District using four Rain gauge Station with rain gauge stations with 19 years of rainfall data (1998 to 2016). The Normal Distribution, Log Normal Distribution, Gumbel distribution techniques are used to derived the rainfall intensity values of 2,5,10,15,30,60,120,720,1440 minutes of rainfall duration with different return period. The short duration IDF using daily rainfall data are presented, which is input for water resources projects.
Presentation of Four Centennial-long Global Gridded Datasets of the Standardi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this article four global gridded datasets of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) are presented. They are computed from four different data sources: UDEL/GEOG/CCR v3.02, GPCC/ v7.0, NOAA-CIRES 20CR v2c and ECMWF ERA-20C each covering more than a century-long period. The SPI is calculated for the most frequently used time windows of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. UDEL/GEOG/CCR v3.02 and GPCC/ v7.0 are used in the highest native resolution of 0.5×0.5° whilst NOAA-CIRES 20CR v2c and ECMWF ERA-20C are interpolated at 1.5×1.5° and 0.5×0.5° correspondingly. In contrast to some other indices, for example the popular Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), SPI has significant advantages such as simplicity, suitability on variable time scales and robustness rooted in a solid theoretical development. SPI has been selected by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as a key indicator for monitoring drought ('Lincoln declaration'). As a result, drought monitoring centres worldwide are effectively exploiting this index and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) are encouraged to use it for monitoring meteorological droughts. These facts and the strong conviction of the authors that the free exchange of data and software services are а basis of effective scientific collaboration, are the main motivators to provide these datasets free of charge at ftp://xeo.cfd.meteo.bg/SPI/. The paper briefly presents some possible applications of the SPI data, revealing its suitability for various objective long-term drought studies at any geographical location.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Runoff is one of the most significant hydrological variables used in most of the water resources applications. Physiographically the area is characterized by undulating topography with plains and valleys. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers also known as hydrologic soil group method were used in this study. This method is adaptable and suitable approach for quick runoff estimation and is approximately easy to use with minimum data and it gives good result. From the study yearly rainfall and runoff were estimated easily. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively.
The IDF Curves accessible are for the most part done by fitting arrangement of yearly greatest precipitation force to parametric dispersions. Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves represent the relationship between storm intensity, storm duration and return period. Environmental change is relied upon to intensify the boundaries in the atmosphere factors. Being prone to harsh climate impacts, it is very crucial to study extreme rainfall-induced flooding for short durations over regions that are rapidly growing. One way to approach the extremes is by the application of the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. The annual maximum rainfall intensity (AMRI) characteristics are often used to construct these IDF curves that are being used in several infrastructure designs for urban areas. Thus, there is a necessity to obtain high temporal and spatial resolution rainfall information. Many urban areas of developing countries lack long records of short-duration rainfall. The shortest duration obtained is normally at a daily scale/24 h. Thus, it is very crucial to find a methodology to construct IDF curves for short-duration rainfall (sub-daily) for these urban areas. The fast extension of urban area that does not have adequate preparedness to cope with climate change is certainly a big risk to life and economy. The study region lies in Karnataka India. The sub-daily IDF curves for current and future climate for the region were constructed from 1 to 24 h based on the Normal Distribution approach. Rainfall data of 23 (Twenty three) hydrological years of all stations were used. Maximum rainfall frequency analysis was made by Normal Distribution method. Finally Equations were developed for different return periods.
Fitting Probability Distribution Functions To Discharge Variability Of Kaduna...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves are among the most demandable information in meteorology, hydrology and engineering water resources design, planning, operation, and management works. The IDF Curves accessible are for the most part done by fitting arrangement of yearly greatest precipitation force to parametric dispersions. Intensity-durationfrequency (IDF) curves represent the relationship between storm intensity, storm duration and return period. Environmental change is relied upon to intensify the boundaries in the atmosphere factors. Being prone to harsh climate impacts, it is very crucial to study extreme rainfall-induced flooding for short durations over regions that are rapidly growing. One way to approach the extremes is by the application of the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. The annual maximum rainfall intensity (AMRI) characteristics are often used to construct these IDF curves that are being used in several infrastructure designs for urban areas. Thus, there is a necessity to obtain high temporal and spatial resolution rainfall information. Many urban areas of developing countries lack long records of short-duration rainfall. The shortest duration obtained is normally at a daily scale/24 h. This paper suggests their generation based on annual daily maximum rainfall (ADMR) records. Rainfall data of 23 (Twenty three) hydrological years of all stations were used. Maximum rainfall frequency analysis was made by LogNormal Distribution method.
Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves represent the relationship between storm intensity, storm duration and return period. The IDF curves available are mostly done by fitting series of annual maximum rainfall intensity to parametric distributions. Climate change is expected to exacerbate the extremes in the climate variables. Being prone to harsh climate impacts, it is very crucial to study extreme rainfall-induced flooding for short durations over regions that are rapidly growing. One way to study the extremes is by the application of the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. The annual maximum rainfall intensity (AMRI) characteristics are often used to construct these IDF curves that are being used in several infrastructure designs for urban areas. Thus, there is a need to obtain high temporal and spatial resolution rainfall information. Many urban areas of developing countries lack long records of short-duration rainfall. The shortest duration obtained is normally at a daily scale/24 h. Thus, it is very crucial to find a methodology to construct IDF curves for short-duration rainfall (sub-daily) for these urban areas. The fast extension of urban area that does not have adequate preparedness to cope with climate change is certainly a big risk to life and economy. The study region is Upper Cauvery which lies in Karnataka India. The sub-daily IDF curves for current and future climate for Upper Cauvery were constructed from 1 to 24 h based on the Gumbel’s Distribution approach. Rainfall data of 23 (Twenty three) hydrological years of all stations were used. Maximum rainfall frequency analysis was made by Gumbel’s Distribution method. Finally Equations were developed for different return periods.
A study confined to the lower tapi basin in Gujarat, India to find out the primary causes for 2006 floods in Surat city. The study involves collection of topographical data from the local geological survey organization, rainfall data from meteorological department of india and the application of HEC-HMS software from US Army corps of engineers to identify the primary cause of the runoff.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
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As basic data, the reliability of precipitation data makes a significant impact on many results of environmental applications. In order to obtain spatially distributed precipitation data, measured points are interpolated. There are many spatial interpolation schemes, but none of them can perform best in all cases. So criteria of precision evaluation are established. This study aims to find an optimal interpolation scheme for rainfall in Ningxia. The study area is located in northwest China. Meteorological stations distribute at a low density here. Six interpolation methods have been tested after exploring data. Cross-validation was used as the criterion to evaluate the accuracy of various methods. The best results were obtained by cokriging with elevation as the second variable, while the inverse distance weighting (IDW) preform worst. Three types of model in cokriging were compared, and Gaussian model is the best.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module2_#5, Role of hydrometeorological monitoring for IRBM in Ne...ICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
Determination of homogenous regions in the Tensift basin (Morocco).IJERA Editor
The aim of this study is to determine homogenous region in the Tensift basin within which the hydrological behavior is similar. In order to do this we used two methods: The Principal components analysis on the monthly precipitation registered at the 23 rainfall stations. This resulted in setting apart 4 groups of stations. The second method is analysis of land use map, geological map, pedagogical map, vegetation map and slope map of the studied area. This method allowed us to delineate 4 homogenous areas. The two methods yielded complementary results and the superposition of groups and regions obtained allowed us to retain 4 homogenous regions corresponding to 3 groups of stations.
Streamflow simulation using radar-based precipitation applied to the Illinois...Alireza Safari
This paper describes the application of a spatially distributed hydrological model WetSpa (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere) using radar-based rainfall data provide by the United States Hydrology Laboratory of NOAA's National Weather Service for a distributed model intercomparison project. The model is applied to the
river basin above Tahlequah hydrometry station with 30-m spatial resolution and one hour time--step for a total simulation period of 6 years. Rainfall inputs are derived from radar. The distributed model parameters are based on an extensive database of watershed characteristics available for the region, including digital maps of DEM, soil type, and land use. The model is calibrated and validated on part of the river flow records. The simulated hydrograph shows a good correspondence with observation (Nash efficiency coeffiecient >80%, indicating that the model is able to simulate the relevant hydrologic processes in the basin accurately.
Interfade Duration Statistics at Ku-band for Satellite Earth Links System in ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fade dynamics is one of more important parameters when implementing Fade Mitigation
Techniques (FMTs) to counteract an excessive attenuation that affect satellite communication systems
operating above 10 GHz. The statistics of probable duration between two rain fade namely interfade
duration enables system operator to estimate how long the system will need to recover before the next
outage and assist in designing the FMTs. In this paper, interfade duration statistics have been derived from
one year of slant path attenuation measurements data collected in Equatorial Johor Bahru at 12.2 GHz
with elevation angle of 75.61o. The result had shown the dependency of number of events with attenuation
thresholds. Empirical interfade duration statistics are also obtained and suitable model distribution are
proposed.
Mapping Gradex values on the Tensift basin (Morocco)IJERA Editor
The aim of this study is to elaborate the cartography of Gradex parameter used in the Gradex method for estimating flood peaks in order to size hydraulic structures. Map of spatial variation is elaborated using the geostatistical method of kriging. Several reference functions (exponential model, spherical, linear, Gaussian and cubic) were used for modeling the kriging variogram. Cross-validation enabled a comparison between the results of these models and choice of spherical model with anisotropy and trend fit by a second-order polynomial as the most suitable. The use of available series of annual maximum daily rainfall recorded at 23 rainfall stations, distributed over the Tensift basin, led also to develop the cartography of standard prediction errors‟ values associated to the predicted parameter for each point of Tensift basin. These errors vary from acceptable values (16.8%) to very high ones depending on the density of the rainfall stations at the desired site.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW ...civej
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
In an ecosystem, there is need to establish the quantity and quality of resources and their suitability for a certain range of land uses in order to assure its future productivity and sustainability of biodiversity. Texture, pH, salinity (EC), sodicity (ESP), slope, temperature and effective soil depth were recognized as factors affecting land suitability for wheat production in the study area. Rabia method was used to generate the final Wheat Crop Suitability Map. It was found that 50.68 percentage of the area is Marginally suitable, 24.21 percent of the area is marginally not suitable, 2.56 percent is permanently nor suitable and 1.71 percent of the area is moderately suitable for the cultivation of wheat in the Upper Cauvery area.
Adequate knowledge about the hydrology is very much required for the proper planning and management of water resources in an area. Rainfall and runoff are the important constituents in determining the hydrology of an area to determine the water management strategies. SCS- CN method is a widely used method for the calculation of surface runoff considering the land use pattern, soil type and antecedent moisture condition. In the present study runoff of the Palar watershed, Karnataka state, South India has been calculated using the SCS-CN method. The watershed consists of a total area of 2872.357 km2. The maximum rainfall of 1231.67 mm in the year 2005 and a minimum of 418.7 mm in the year 2003. The average annual runoff is calculated as 218.26 mm and 626.91MCM. The rainfall- runoff correlation value is 0.8253. The study results can be effectively coordinated for the watershed management activities.
An attempt has been made to develop water quality index (WQI), using Five water quality parameters pH, Nitrates, Chloride, electrical conductivity and fluoride measured at 137 different locations in the study area rating scale is developed based on FAO standards. It was found that 133 samples have the water quality index less than 150 and 4 samples have water quality index between 150-300. By spatial variation of WQI it can be found that 97.08 percent of the water in the area is excellently suitable for irrigation.
An attempt has been made to study the variability of seasonal and annual rainfall for a period of 25 years (19912015) for the upper Cauvery portion which has five districts. It can be observed that the average annual rainfall for every five years considered range from 800 to 1200mm for more than 45 percent of the area upto 2010 and from 2011-2015 it has been reduced to less than 35 percent and the percentage of area for which the rainfall range was less than 800mm was increased to 28.39 percent which was less than 14 percent from 1991-2010. The maximum portion of the area had average post monsoon rainfall between 100mm to 200mm has been from 1991 to 2010. And from 2011-2016 the maximum portion of the area has a average post monsoon rainfall less than 150mm. Some parts of Hassan, kodagu and chikkamangalore districts portions in the study area has average annual rainfall above 2000mm where as mandya district portion in the study area has annual rainfall less than 800mm and in mysore district average annual rainfall ranges from 800mm to 1500mm.
Accurate estimation of runoff and sediment yield amount is not only an important task in physiographic but also important for proper watershed management. Watershed is an ideal unit for planning and management of land and water resources. Direct runoff in a catchment depends on soil type, land cover and rainfall. Of the many methods available for estimating runoff from rainfall, the curve number method (SCS-CN) is the most popular. The curve number depends upon soil and land use characteristics. This study was conducted in the Upper Cauvery Karnataka using remote sensing and GIS. SCSCN method has been used for surface runoff estimation for Eight watersheds of Upper Cauvery. The soil map and land use were created in the GIS environment, because the curve number method is used here as a distributed model. The major advantage of employing GIS in rainfall -runoff modelling is that more accurate sizing and catchment characterization can be achieved. Furthermore, the analysis can be performed much faster, especially when there is a complex mix of land use classes and different soil types. The results showed that the surface runoff ranged from 170.12-599.84 mm in the study area, when rainfall rates were received from 1042.65-1912 mm. To find the relationship between rainfall and runoff rates, The straight line equation was used, That was found there a strong correlation between Runoff and precipitation rates, The value correlation coefficient between them was 86%. The Average depth of runoff is more in watershed A4, Average runoff coefficient is less in Watershed B2, the correlation coefficient is high in A4 to a value of almost 95%. Through of these results, the study recommends take advantage of runoff rates by reserving them at collection of Watershed and then using them for agricultural purposes in the vicinity. This would be better than reserving water from the total area which is 10874.65 square kilometers, and then will evaporate or infiltrate before reaching the dam lake
Engineering infrastructures such as storm water drains and bridges are commonly designed using the concept of Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves, which assume that the occurrence of precipitation patterns and distributions are spatially similar within the drainage area and remain unchanged throughout the lifespan of the infrastructures (stationary). Based on the premise that climate change will alter the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation patterns, inaccuracy in the estimation of IDF curves may occur. As such, prior to developing IDF curves, it is crucial to analyse trends of annual precipitation maxima. The objective of this study was to estimate the precipitation intensities and their uncertainties (lower and upper limits) for durations of 5min, 10min, 15min, 30min, 60min,120min, 720min and 1440min and return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 years in the Upper Cauvery Karnataka India using Pearson type III Values . The annual precipitation maxima were extracted from long-term (1995–2017) precipitation data for Forty Three meteorological stations sourced from the Water resources Development Organization Karnataka. On average, the estimated extreme precipitation intensities for the Study area ranged from 5.1 mm/h for 24 h storm duration to 226.01 mm/h for 5min at 100 years return period. At 50 year return period, the intensity ranged from 5.2 mm/h for 24h duration to 225 mm/h for the duration of 5min.
Prioritization of watershed has Grabbed up significance in watershed management. Morphometic investigation is been usually applied to organize the watershed. In the present study upper cauvery of Karnataka with an area of 10874.65 km2 and highest order stream of 8 was considered. The area was divided into Eight Watersheds. Various morphometric parameters namely Bifurcation ratio(Rb), Drainage density (Dd), Stream frequency(Ns), Texture ratio(T), Form factor(Rf), Circularity ratio(Rc), Elongation Ratio(Re), length of overland flow, shape factor(Bs), compactness ratio (Cc) has been determined for each watershed and allotted position on premise of relationship as to arrive at a Compound value for final ranking of watershed. The morphometric parameters ranges between Rb (3.416-5.0442), Dd (1.377-1.463), Ns (1.397-1.579), T (5.2358.540), Rf (0.233-1.082), Rc (0.179-0.447), Re (0.545-1.173), Cc (1.496-2.365), Lof (0.341-0.363), and Bs (0.924-4.284). It is found that the 38.83 % of area falls under high priority category where as 42.12% of area falls under this Medium category and 19.05% of the area falls under low catergory.
Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. The Study Area lies between 750 29’ 19” E and 760 37’ 40” E longitude and 110 55’ 54” N and 130 23’ 12.8” N latitude. The study area covers an area of 10874.65 km2, having maximum length of 143.73 km. Drainage density is 1.43 km/km2 hence area is of coarse texture. The length of overlandflow is less than 0.4 indicating more runoff less infiltration. The study of hypsometric properties of watershed using hypsometric integral (HI) and hypsometric curve retrieved in that, HI value is 0.57 and hence watershed falls under the Mature Stage. Circularity ratio is 0.26 which shows that the drainage area is less circular.
landform is a natural or artificial feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body. Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. The Study area located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km.The study of hypsometric properties of watershed using hypsometric integral (HI) and hypsometric curve retrieved in that, HI value is 0.51 and hence watershed falls under the Mature Stage
Changes in the hydrologic cycle due to increase in greenhouse gases cause variations in intensity, duration, and frequency of precipitation events. Quantifying the potential effects of climate change and adapting to them is one way to reduce urban vulnerability. Since rainfall characteristics are often used to design water structures, reviewing and updating rainfall characteristics (i.e., Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves) for future climate scenarios is necessary. The present study regards the evaluation of the IDF curves for Four raingauge stations of Bangalore rural : Anugondanahalli, Devanahally, Doddabalapura and Hoskote. Starting from daily rainfall observed data, to define the IDF curves and the extreme values in a smaller time window (2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 720, 1440 minutes), disaggregation techniques of the collected data have been used, in order to generate a synthetic sequence of rainfall, with statistical properties similar to the recorded data. Then, the rainfall pattern of the Four raingauge stations was analyzed and IDF curves were evaluated
Prioritization of watershed has picked up significance in watershed management. Morphometic analysis is been commonly applied to prioritize the watershed. In the present study two mini watersheds in Raichur city have been considered Mini-watershed 1 with an area of 519.32 km2 with highest order stream of 6 Mini -Watershed 2 with an area of 360.97 km2 with highest order stream of 5. There are Seven Subwatersheds in both the Mini-watersheds. Various morphometric parameters namely Bifurcation ratio(Rb), Drainage density(Dd), Stream frequency(Ns), Texture ratio(T), Form factor(Rf), Circularity ratio(Rc), Elongation Ratio(Re), length of overland flow, shape factor(Bs), compactness ratio (Cc) has been determined for each subwatershed and allotted position on premise of relationship as to arrive at a Compound value for final ranking of subwatershed. The morphometric parameters ranges between Rb (2.95-5.50), Dd (1.218-1.373), Ns (0.890-1.182), T (0.731-1.590), Rf (0.230-0.850), Rc (0.246-0.500), Re (0.55-1.04), Cc (1.40-1.83), Lof (0.364-0.411), and Bs (1.17-4.20). It is found that in Mini-watershed 1 50.87% of area falls under Very high Priority category 32.94% under high, 8.96% under medium and 7.23% under very low priority category and in Mini-watershed 2 20.34% of area falls under very high, 19.82% under high and 59.84% under medium priority category.
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. In this study, the lately developed UH model is applied located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 171.58m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1669.05 m3/s.
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. The Study Area is located between Latitude 15º57′58′′ N to 16º11′25.6′′ N and 77º18′1′′ E to77º32′5.3′′ E Longitude and covers area of 360.97 km2, having maximum length of 26.17 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 533 m and 323 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 311.469 m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1458.55 m3/s.
In this study the calculation procedure and comparative results of IDF curves for the area of Mandya are presented. Rainfall data of 19 (Ninteen) hydrological years of stations Srirangapatna, Kikkere and Bindganarole were used. Maximum rainfall frequency analysis was made by Four methods (Normal, Gumbel, Pearson type III and logarithmic Pearson type III) and subsequently the IDF curves with Four methods (two forms of excessive functions and a polynomial function) were exported. Finally, comparative testing with the IDF which were prepared by Chisquare test and it was found that the log-normal distribution suits the best fit for all the stations considered.
Aam Talaab also known as Maavina Kere or mango beach is one of the major attractions of Raichur. It is located between Latitude 16º10′49.5′′ N to 16º11′27.8′′ N Latitude and 77º20′36′′ E to 77º23′26′′ E Longitude and an area of 4.77 km2, having maximum length of 3.98 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 491 m and 404 m above MSL, respectively.
The water balanced of a place, whether it be an agricultural field, watershed, or continent, can be determined by calculating the input, output, and storage changes of water at the Earth's surface. The major input of water is from precipitation and output is evapotranspiration. The water balance is intended for use as a screening tool to further evaluates water resources allocations within the watershed and to identify water balance components that may require further analysis during the next levels of watersheds planning. The study area chosen for the present study area is Doddavalabhi sub watershed which falls in Kolar taluk of Kolar district. The study areas geographically lies between 760 8’ 0” E and 760 23’ 0” E longitude and 120 20’ 0” N and 120 28’ 0” N latitudes with an area 15.20 sq.km. For the determination of crop water requirement for Kolar major crops considered are ragi and groundnut with the crop period of 120 days and 140 days respectively. The year and monthly wise potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration is calculated by using penman method, blaney-criddle method, pan evaporation and radiation methods. The year wise potential evapotranspiration calculated by Blaney-criddle is maximum 645.66 mm during 2014, in this year monthly PET is maximum in July month ie 150.4mm. The year wise potential evapotranspiration calculated by Pan Evaporation is maximum 236.43 mm during 2014, in this year monthly PET is maximum in July month ie 56.67mm. The Year wise actual evapotranspiration is also maximum during 2014 for both ragi and groundnut. Hence Blaney criddle method is best suitable since it provides the most satisfactory results compared to other methods because this method is suggested for areas where available climatic data cover air temperature data only.
In developing accurate hydro geomorphological analysis, monitoring, ability to generate information in spatial and temporal domain and delineation of land features are crucial for successful analysis and prediction of groundwater resources. However, the use of RS and GIS in handling large amount of spatial data provides to gain accurate information for delineating the geological and geomorphological characteristics and allied significance, which are considered as a controlling factor for the occurrence and movement of groundwater used IRS LISS II data on 1: 50000 scale along with topographic maps in various parts of India to develop integrated groundwater potential zone
- Morphometric analysis of the Watershed is considered to be the most satisfactory method because it enables in
understanding of the relationship of various aspects within a drainage basin. In the present study two mini watersheds in Raichur city
have been considered Mini-watershed 1 with an area of 519.32 km2 with highest order stream of 6 it flows through north of city and it
joins the streams of Krishna, Mini –Watershed 2 with an area of 360.97 km2 with highest order stream of 5 it flows through south of
city and joins Tungabhadra streams. The values of Stream frequency is 1.07 and 1.03, Form factor 0.35and 0.53, Shape factor 2.84 and
1.90, Elongation Ratio 0.67 and 0.82, Circularity Ratio 0.27 and 0.42, Drainage density 1.26 and 1.30, Length of overland flow 0.40 and
0.38 for Mini-watershed 1 and Mini-watershed 2 respectively
Modelling of Short Duration Isopluvial Map For Raichur District Karnataka Moh...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
Everyoneacknowledges that it rains, runoff is generated for a design point of view we should know how much and how often it rains on our project location.Estimation of rainfall intensity is commonly required for the design of hydraulic and water resources engineering control structures. The present study aimed the Estimation of rainfall intensityin Raichur District using twenty five Rain gauge Station with 19 years of rainfall data (1998 to 2016). Log Normal Distribution, techniques are used to derived the rainfall intensity values of 2,5,10,15,30,60,120,720,1440 minutes of rainfall duration with different return period. The short duration IDF using daily rainfall data are presented, which is input for water resources projects. Isopluvial maps were developed for 25years, 50years, 75years and 100years return period
Prioritization Of Subwatersheds of Cauvery Region Based on Morphometric Analy...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
Prioritization of watershed has picked up significance in watershed management. Morphometic analysis is been commonly applied to prioritize the watershed. The present study makes an effort to organize subwatersheds dependent on morphometric characteristics using GIS techniques in Part of Cauvery region. There are twenty three Subwatersheds under this. Various morphometric parameters namely Bifurcation ratio(Rb), Drainage density(Dd), Stream frequency(Ns), Texture ratio(T), Form factor(Rf), Circularity ratio(Rc), Elongation Ratio(Re), length of overland flow, shape factor(Bs), drainage texture, compactness ratio (Cc) has been determined for each subwatershed and allotted position on premise of relationship as to arrive at a computed value for final ranking of subwatershed.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
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It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Pstj 1342
1. Isopluvial Maps of Daily Maximum
Precipitation for Different Frequency for Upper
Cauvery Karnataka
Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez1
, Chalapathi k2
,Amritha Thankachan3
, M .Inayathulla4
1,2,3
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka,
India.
4
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Email: parvezuvce@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is widely used by hydrologists for appraisal of probable maximum flood (PMF) used
for soil and water conservation structures, and design of dam spillways. The estimation of design storm for example depends
on availability of rainfall quantities and their durations. Daily maximum multiannual series are one of the main inputs for
design streamflow calculation. The study generated annual series of Daily maximum rainfall for fourty four stations by using
statical approach such as Normal distribution, Log-Normal Distribution, Pearson type III distribution and Gumbel’s
Distribution .Results reveals that among the different statical approaches Log-Normal distribution fits the best compared to
others. Isohyetal Maps of study area at different frequency are produced by using GIS tools, the maximum intensity varies
from 2.5 mm/hr to 628 mm/hr.
Key words: Climate change, Daily Maximum Rainfall, Gumbel’s distribution, Isopluvial Maps, Log-Normal Distribution,
Maximum intensity, PMP, Rainfall Duration.
1 INTRODUCTION
Water scarcity appears to be a future problem for Karnataka. This problem is an existential threat which can potentially hurt
economic growth as well as agricultural growth. Water is expensive and inexpensive depending on its availability according
to law of demand and supply. Rainfall as an environmental phenomenon is of immense importance to mankind. Hence
the significance of studies to understand the rainfall process cannot be overemphasized. Floods, droughts, rainstorms,
and high winds are extreme environmental events which have severe consequences on human society. Planning for these
weather-related emergencies, design of engineering structures, reservoir management, pollution control, and insurance
risk calculations, all rely on knowledge of the frequency of these extreme events The total rainfall and its intensity for a
certain period of time are variable from year to another. The variation for depth of rainfall and its intensity depend
on the climate type and the length of the studied period. It can be noted in arid and semi-arid areas, there is a significant
change in the value of rain from time to another. Due to the significant variation in rainfall and its intensity in a
consider time, the design and construction of storm water drainage systems and flood control systems are not depend
only on the average of long-term rainfall records but on particular depths of precipitation that can be predicted for a
certain probability or return period. These depths of rainfall can only be determined through a comprehensive analysis of
a long time series of historical rainfall data. The historical rainfall data series are distinguished by medium and standard
deviation, this information cannot be randomly used to predict the rainfall depths that can be estimated with a
specific probability or return period for design and management of storm water drainage. Application of this
technique to a data set can lead to misguiding results where the actual properties of the distribution are
neglected. To avoid mistake, it is necessary to verify the integrity of the assumed distribution before
estimating the design depths of the rainfall. There is a need for information of the extreme amounts of rainfall for
various durations in the design of hydraulic structures and control storm runoff, such as dams and barriers, and
conveyance structures etc.
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2. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
A Study Area
The study area geographically lies between 750
29’ 19” E and 760
37’ 40” E longitude and 110
55’ 54” N and 130
23’
12.8” N latitude, as shown in Figure 1, the study area has an area of 10874.65 Sq km. The maximum length and width of the
study area is approximately equal to 143.73 km and 96.75 km respectively. The maximum and minimum elevation of the
basin is 1867 m and 714 m above MSL, respectively. Fourthy Four raingauge stations namely kushalnagar, malalur,
mallipatna, nuggehalli, periyapatna, ponnampet, sakaleshpur, salagame, shantigrama, arehalli, arkalgud, attigundi,
basavapatna, bettadapura, bilur, channenahally, chikkamagalur, doddabemmatti, galibidu, gonibeedu, gorur,
hagare,halllibailu, hallimysore, harangi, hassan, hosakere, hunsur, kechamanna hosakote, naladi, shantebachahalli, belur,
belagodu, javali, talakavery, shravanabelagola, siddapura, srimangala, sukravarsanthe, krishnarajpet, virajpet and yelawala
were considered as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1 Location Map of Study Area Figure 2 Location of raingauge stations
B Methodology
Figure 3 Methodology for Isopluvial maps
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3. 2.B.1 Estimation of Short Duration Rainfall
Equation I was used for the estimation of various duration like 5minutes, 10minutes, 15minutes, 30minutes,1-hr, 2-hr, 6-hr,
12-hr rainfall values from annual maximum values.
Pt = P24 (
t
24
)
1
3
(Equation I)
where, Pt is the required rainfall depth in mm at t-hr duration,
P24 is the daily rainfall in mm and t is the duration of rainfall for which the rainfall depth is required in hr.
Twenty Two years (1995-2016) rainfall data was used for the estimation of Short duration rainfall by using above equation
for various stations as tabulated in Table 1 to Table 4. Table 1 shows the tabulation of short duration rainfall of station
Krishnarajpet. Table 2 shows the tabulation of short duration rainfall of station Melkote. Table 3 shows the tabulation of short
duration rainfall of station Hagare. Table 4 shows the tabulation of short duration rainfall of station Belagodu. Similarly the
short duration rainfall was tabulated for the remaining Fourty stations. Then statical approach was made with log normal,
Normal, Pearson Type III and Gumbel’s Distributions and they are checked for the best fit using Chi-square test for all the
stations.
C Probability distribution
In this study the maximum rainfall intensity for various return periods were estimated using different theoretical distribution
functions. Normal, Two-Parameter Lognormal, Pearson Type III, Extreme Value Type I (Gumbel) etc were used for
probability distribution of the daily rainfall data.
2.C.1 Normal distribution
Normal probability distribution, also called Gaussian distribution refers to a family of distributions that are bell shaped. The
PDF for a normal random variable x is
𝑓(𝑥) =
1
𝜎√2𝜋
exp [−
1
2
(
𝑥−µ
𝜎
)
2
](𝜎 > 0) (Equation II)
Where exp is the exponential function with base e = 2.718. µ is the mean and σ the standard deviation. 1/ (σ√ (2π)) is a
constant factor that makes the area under the curve of f(x) from -∞ to ∞ equal to 1.
2.C.2 Log-normal distribution
Variables in a system sometimes follow an exponential relationship as x = exp (w). If the exponent is a random variable, say
W, X = exp (W) is a random variable and the distribution of X is of interest. An important special case occurs when W has a
normal distribution. In that case, the distribution of X is called a lognormal distribution. The name follows transformation In
(X) = W. That is, the natural logarithm of X is normally distributed. (Kreyszig, 2006)
Probabilities for x are obtained from the transformation to W, but we need to recognize that the range of X is (0, ∞). Suppose
that W is normally distributed with mean θ and variance ω2
; then the cumulative distribution function for x is
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫
1
𝑥𝑏√2𝜋
exp {−
(ln 𝑥−𝑎)2
2𝑏2
} ⅆ𝑥;
𝑥
0
𝑂 < 𝑥 < ∞ (Equation III)
2.C.3 Gumbel distribution
Gumbel distribution is a statistical method often used for predicting extreme hydrological event such as floods. The equation
for fitting the Gumbel distribution to observed series of flood flow at different return periods T is
𝑥 𝑇 = 𝑥
−
+ 𝑘𝜎𝑥 (Equation IV)
Where xT denotes the magnitude of the T-year flood event, K is the frequency factor,𝑥
−
= mean and 𝜎𝑥= standard deviation of
the variate X.
The frequency factor K for Gumbel distribution is expressed as
PRAXIS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
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4. 𝐾 = − [
√6(0.5772+InI𝑛 (𝑇∕(𝑇−1))
𝜋
] (Equation V)
2.C.4 Pearson type III distribution
The Pearson type III distributions are commonly used to fit a sample of extreme hydrological data. A closed-form expression
for the CDF of the Pearson III distribution is not available. Tables or approximations must be used. Many tables provide
frequency factors Kp(γ) which are the pth
quantile of a standard Pearson III variate with skew γ, mean zero and variance 1. For
any mean and standard deviation, pth
Pearson III quantile can be written as
𝑥 𝑝 = 𝜇 + 𝜎𝑘 𝑝(𝛾) (Equation VI)
D Chi-Square Test
To identify a specific theoretical distribution for the available data it is important to do a test. The aim of the test is to find
how good a fit is between the observed and the predicted data. Chi-square is one of the most widely used tests to find the best
fit theoretical distribution of any specific dataset which is represented by Equation 2.17.
χ2 = ∑ (𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖)2𝑛
𝑖=1
∕ 𝐸𝑖 (Equation VII)
where, Oi and Ei represent the observed and expected frequencies respectively.
3 Results and Discussions
All the time series of the stations gives best fit using log normal distribution hence rainfall Intensities of all the station obtained
by log-normal distributions is considered. Considering lower return periods might not be appropriate considering the fact that,
generally the life of a structure is more than 25 years. The short durations of 5, 10, 15, 30, 60. 120, 720 and 1440 minutes
isopluvial maps were generated as the intensity decreases with the increase in duration for return period of 25years,
50years,75years and 100years as shown in Tables 5 to Table 8 and IDW analysis was done and the maps were obtained as
shown in figure 4 .
A Estimation of Short Duration Rainfall
Table 1 Short duration rainfall for Krishnarajpet
Year Rainfall
(mm) Pt = P24 (
t
24
)
1
3
in mm where, time t is in hours
Duration in minutes 5 10 15 30 60 120 720 1440
1995 74.000 11.206 14.118 16.161 20.362 25.654 32.322 58.734 74.000
1996 105.000 15.900 20.033 22.931 28.892 36.401 45.863 83.339 105.000
1997 50.600 7.662 9.654 11.051 13.923 17.542 22.102 40.161 50.600
1998 70.800 10.721 13.508 15.462 19.481 24.545 30.925 56.194 70.800
1999 60.000 9.086 11.447 13.104 16.510 20.801 26.207 47.622 60.000
2000 76.800 11.630 14.652 16.773 21.132 26.625 33.545 60.956 76.800
2001 85.600 12.962 16.331 18.695 23.554 29.676 37.389 67.941 85.600
2002 55.400 8.389 10.570 12.099 15.244 19.206 24.198 43.971 55.400
2003 65.200 9.873 12.439 14.239 17.940 22.604 28.479 51.749 65.200
2004 85.600 12.962 16.331 18.695 23.554 29.676 37.389 67.941 85.600
2005 82.500 12.493 15.740 18.018 22.701 28.601 36.035 65.480 82.500
2006 64.500 9.767 12.306 14.086 17.748 22.361 28.173 51.194 64.500
2007 60.000 9.086 11.447 13.104 16.510 20.801 26.207 47.622 60.000
2008 62.000 9.388 11.829 13.540 17.060 21.494 27.081 49.209 62.000
2009 97.200 14.719 18.544 21.228 26.746 33.697 42.456 77.148 97.200
2010 58.600 8.874 11.180 12.798 16.124 20.315 25.596 46.511 58.600
2011 80.200 12.144 15.301 17.515 22.068 27.804 35.031 63.655 80.200
2012 66.000 9.994 12.592 14.414 18.161 22.881 28.828 52.384 66.000
2013 42.000 6.360 8.013 9.173 11.557 14.561 18.345 33.335 42.000
2014 93.400 14.143 17.819 20.398 25.700 32.380 40.796 74.132 93.400
2015 65.500 9.918 12.496 14.305 18.023 22.708 28.610 51.987 65.500
2016 45.000 6.814 8.585 9.828 12.382 15.601 19.656 35.717 45.000
Table 2 Short duration rainfall for Melkote
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17. Figure 4; Isopluvial Maps for different duration and frequency
4 CONCLUSIONS
Hydrologists and engineers require Intensity-duration-frequency data in the planning and design of water resources
projects. Historical rainfall records are needed to obtain design estimates for both small and large projects. This
study has attempted to provide much needed and useful design charts for water resources planning and development
in Upper Cauvery. The results from the IDF analysis showed that the Log-Normal distribution method was successfully
used to derive the rainfall intensity, duration and frequency at each of the 44 selected synoptic stations in Upper Cauvery.
Isopluvial maps were also produce for Upper Cauvery for various duration and frequencies. The results obtained should
serve to meet the need for rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relationships and estimates in various parts of Upper
Cauvery, both for short and longer recurrence intervals. The use of the results of this study to calculate design floods could
be done with greater easy for most parts of Upper Cauvery. Village maps can be overlayed with isopluvial maps to find the
rainfall intensity at any particular point. It is hoped that as more precipitation data at required time scale are available the
analysis could also be refined and applied to individual station series to obtain improved estimates of the IDF parameters
and more precise maps.
Reference
1. Bell F. C., 1969, “Generalized rainfall-duration-frequency relationship”, ASCE J. Hydraulic Eng., 95, 311–327.
2. Bernard, M. M., (1932), “Formulas for rainfall intensities of long durations”. Trans. ASCE 6:592 - 624.
3. Bhaskar, N. R.; Parida, B. P.; Nayak, A. K. 1997. Flood Estimation for Ungauged Catchments Using the GIUH.
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management., ASCE 123(4): 228-238.
4. Chow V.T., D.R. Maidment and L.W.Mays, 1988, “Applied Hydrology”, McGraw- Hill, Chapter 10 – Probability,
Risk and Uncertainty Analysis for Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design: 361 – 398.
5. M. M. Rashid, 1 S. B. Faruque and 2 J. B. Alam 2012, “Modeling of Short Duration Rainfall Intensity Duration
Frequency (SDRIDF) Equation for Sylhet City in Bangladesh.
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18. 6. Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez, M Inayathulla “Generation Of Intensity Duration Frequency Curves For Different
Return Period Using Short Duration Rainfall For Manvi Taluk Raichur District Karnataka”, International Research
Journal of Engineering and Management Studies (IRJEMS), Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | April -2019.
7. Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez, M Inayathulla “Prioritization Of Subwatersheds of Cauvery Region Based on
Morphometric Analysis Using GIS”, International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management
(IJREAM), Volume: 05 Issue: 01, April -2019.
8. Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez, M Inayathulla “Modelling of Short Duration Isopluvial Map For Raichur District
Karnataka”, International Journal for Science and Advance Research in Technology (IJSART), Volume: 05 Issue:
4, April -2019.
9. Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez, M Inayathulla, "Rainfall Analysis for Modelling of IDF Curves for Bangalore Rural,
Karnataka", International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.5, Issue.8, pp.114-132,
2019
10. Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez, and M Inayathulla. "Generation of Short Duration Isohyetal Maps For Raichur
District Karnataka" International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education Volume 5 Issue
2 2019 Page 3234-3242
11. Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez, and M Inayathulla. " Derivation Of Intensity Duration Frequency Curves Using Short
Duration Rainfall For Yermarus Raingauge Station Raichur District Karnataka" International Journal of Innovative
Research in Technology Volume 6 Issue 2 July 2019 Page 1-7
12. Sherman, C. W. (1931). Frequency and intensity of excessive rainfall at Boston, Massachusetts, Transactions of the
American Society of Civil Engineers, 95, pp.951– 960.
AUTHORS PROFILE
Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez* Is a life member of Indian Water Resources
Society, ASCE Born in Karnataka, India Obtained his BE in Civil Engineering in
the year 2009-2013 from UVCE, Bangalore and M.E with specialization in Water
Resources Engineering during 2013-2015 from UVCE, Bangalore University and
Pursuing Ph.D from Bangalore University. And has 3 years of teaching experience.
Till date, has presented and published several technical papers in many National and
International seminars, Journals and conferences.
Amritha Thankachan, born in Kerala, obtained her B.Tech in Civil Engineering
in the year 2008-2012 from Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally,
Kottayam and M.Tech with specialization on Integrated Water Resources
Management during 2012-2014 from Karunya University, Coimbatore. Presently
pursuing Ph.D from Bangalore University. She is having more than 4 years of
teaching experience. Till date, has presented and published several technical papers
in many National and International Seminars and Conferences.
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19. Chalapathi k Isa life member of Indian Water Resources
Society. Born in Karnataka, Obtained his BE in Civil Engineering in the year 2008-
2012 from GSKSJTI, Bangalore. and M.E with specialization on Water Resources
Engineering during 2012-2014 from UVCE, Bangalore University and Pursuing
Ph.D from Bangalore University. And has 3 years of teaching experience. Till
date, has presented and published several technical papers in many National
and International seminars and conferences.
M Inayathulla Is a life member of Environmental and Water
Resources Engineering (EWRI), ASCE, WWI, ASTEE, ASFPM. Born in Karnataka,
Obtained his BE in Civil Engineering in the year 1987-1991 from UBDT,
Davanagere and M.E with specialization on Water Resources Engineering during
1992-1994 from UVCE, Bangalore University and got Doctorate from Bangalore
University in the year 1990-1995. Presently working as Professor at UVCE,
Bangalore University, India. And has more than 25 years of teaching experience.
Till date, has presented and published several technical papers in many National
and International seminars and conferences
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