Solar Photovoltaic panel based street lighting systems are becoming more common these days. But the limitation with these ordinary street light systems is that it lacks intelligent performance. It is very essential to automate the system so that we can conserve energy as well as to maximize the efficiency of the system. In this paper a new method is suggested so as to maximize the efficiency of the street lighting system and to conserve the energy usage the LED lights sensors. Here automation of street lights is done by LDR sensor. Intensity of led street lights can be controlled by IR sensor and pulse width modulation.
In this paper, we are going to discuss the streetlight system
and the accident avoidance system which may help society to
reduce the number of accidents which is usually happening in
u-turns and also with the help of IOT based smart street
lights, we can reduce the energy consumption. Streetlights
play an important role in cities which means to avoid
accidents, secure roads and provide better vision since
evening to morning. As the world is ready to accept the
technology, we need to upgrade that street light system which
will reduce the energy consumptions and save energy. Also
one of the major problems happens in cities is accidents, so
we are applying IR mechanism to avoid the accidents that
usually happens in u-turns. As our goal is to save energy, so
we are using LEDs which is directional light source it can
emit light in a specific direction thereby optimizing the
efficiency of streetlights. The IR sensors detect the objects and
set the intensity of LEDs to high for some time. The work has
achieved better performance and reduces energy consumption
as compared to the current system.
STREET LIGHT GLOWS ON DETECTING THE VEHICLE MOVEMENT USING ARDUINO UNOIAEME Publication
This paper proposes how street light can be controlled in the presence or absence
of vehicle to reduce the wastage of energy. The proposed work is accomplished by
using Arduino UNO and sensors that will control the electricity based on night and
object's detection. Meanwhile, a counter is set that will count the number of objects
passed through the road. The beauty of the proposed work is that the wastage of
unused electricity can be reduced. The aim of this project is to design a street light
control system using Arduino UNO, which automatically turns on or off the street
lights by detecting the movement of vehicles. The working of the project is explained
here. When there is not any vehicle in front of the IR sensor module, the receiver can’t
get any infrared signal So the circuit remain in open loop condition and the lights are
in off condition. When there is any vehicle in front of the IR sensor module, the
receiver get the infrared signal. So the circuit is in close loop condition and the lights
are in on condition with respect to the IR module. If the car blocks the first IR sensor,
the first three LEDs are turned ON by the microcontroller. As the car moves forward
and blocks the second IR sensor, the corresponding next three LEDs will be turned
ON and the first LED of the previous set is turned OFF. The process continues this
way for all the IR Sensors and LEDs.
In this project, the data can be transmitted to and received from remote Zigbee communication device. Data Security is primary concern for every communication system.
In this present days in every rural areas developed but in the urban areas like hilly areas there is major problem facing.so to modify that type of problems we are introducing this project.
In this paper, we are going to discuss the streetlight system
and the accident avoidance system which may help society to
reduce the number of accidents which is usually happening in
u-turns and also with the help of IOT based smart street
lights, we can reduce the energy consumption. Streetlights
play an important role in cities which means to avoid
accidents, secure roads and provide better vision since
evening to morning. As the world is ready to accept the
technology, we need to upgrade that street light system which
will reduce the energy consumptions and save energy. Also
one of the major problems happens in cities is accidents, so
we are applying IR mechanism to avoid the accidents that
usually happens in u-turns. As our goal is to save energy, so
we are using LEDs which is directional light source it can
emit light in a specific direction thereby optimizing the
efficiency of streetlights. The IR sensors detect the objects and
set the intensity of LEDs to high for some time. The work has
achieved better performance and reduces energy consumption
as compared to the current system.
STREET LIGHT GLOWS ON DETECTING THE VEHICLE MOVEMENT USING ARDUINO UNOIAEME Publication
This paper proposes how street light can be controlled in the presence or absence
of vehicle to reduce the wastage of energy. The proposed work is accomplished by
using Arduino UNO and sensors that will control the electricity based on night and
object's detection. Meanwhile, a counter is set that will count the number of objects
passed through the road. The beauty of the proposed work is that the wastage of
unused electricity can be reduced. The aim of this project is to design a street light
control system using Arduino UNO, which automatically turns on or off the street
lights by detecting the movement of vehicles. The working of the project is explained
here. When there is not any vehicle in front of the IR sensor module, the receiver can’t
get any infrared signal So the circuit remain in open loop condition and the lights are
in off condition. When there is any vehicle in front of the IR sensor module, the
receiver get the infrared signal. So the circuit is in close loop condition and the lights
are in on condition with respect to the IR module. If the car blocks the first IR sensor,
the first three LEDs are turned ON by the microcontroller. As the car moves forward
and blocks the second IR sensor, the corresponding next three LEDs will be turned
ON and the first LED of the previous set is turned OFF. The process continues this
way for all the IR Sensors and LEDs.
In this project, the data can be transmitted to and received from remote Zigbee communication device. Data Security is primary concern for every communication system.
In this present days in every rural areas developed but in the urban areas like hilly areas there is major problem facing.so to modify that type of problems we are introducing this project.
smart street light detector based on sensors. This is basically designed to reduce the power consumption of the street light. And help out to conserve more and more energy.
Smart street light system
1. SMART STREET LIGHT SYSTEM Design Report Kuriakose Mathew Libin Thomas Midhun Shaji
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Automatic switching of street lights considering the intensity of sunlight, brightness control of lights on detecting movement and error reporting to electric sub sections.
3. PROJECT SCOPE/OBJECTIVE Smart street light system tries to find solution for the faster depletion of energy resources due to the inefficient usage and wastage of these resources. Increasing electricity bill is something that can be witnessed by these practices. This project help to decrease the wastage of electricity by controlling the working of street light system that attributes to a good amount of electricity bills in our nation This project does not include methods to incorporate usage of renewable resources like solar energy.
4. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION CONSTRAINTS Constraints are mainly in the module that regulate the brightness of the light by considering the traffic on the street at a specific time. Infrared proximity sensors are costly and at the same time maximum distance to which the sensor can sense is limited to 1 metre, which may not be sufficient for a 45 metre road.
5. DEVELOPMENT METHOD This project include three modules, the sunlight sensing and control of onoff of the lights, the traffic sensing and brightness control, error reporting system. Microcontroller used is arduino uno r3 atmega 328p ,which has to be programmed for the three tasks. Inputs for the same come from the three sensors.output include instruction to onoff the control sytems.
6. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
7. SYSTEM FEATURES/USE CASES System for controlling onoff of lights Use Case Description Sunlight intensity less than 250 lux Sunlight intensity grater than 250 lux Flow of events If the intensity is less than 250 then switch on the lights Else switch off the light
8. Illuminance Example 120,000 lux Brightest sunlight 110,000 lux Bright sunlight 20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday 1,000 - 2,000 lux Typical overcast day, midday <200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday 400 lux Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination). 40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise <1 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/rise
9. FOR COMPARISON, NIGHTTIME ILLUMINANCE LEVELS ARE: Illuminance Example <1 lux Moonlight[3] 0.25 lux Full Moon on a clear night[4][5] 0.01 lux Quarter Moon 0.002 lux Starlight clear moonless night sky including airglow[4] 0.0002 lux Starlight clear moonless night sky excluding airglow[4] 0.00014 lux Venus at brightest[4] 0.0001 lux Starlight overcast moonless night sky[4]
10. BRIGHTNESS CONTROL ON SENSING TRAFFIC Use Case Description Movement detected Flow of events If there is any movement detected by the infrared proximity sensor then increase the brightness by controlling voltage from 110v to 220v Continue this for next 5 minutes then resume the previous state
11. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
This ppt explained on LED based street lights with auto intensity control using solar power from photovoltaic cells and Photovoltaic panels are used for charging batteries by converting the sunlight into electricity
A Design Technique To Reduce Nbti Effects From 5t Sram CellsIJERA Editor
This paper focuses on designing an NBTI tolerant system by addressing the major reason of NBTI especially the devices that consists of SOC. To address this issue a thorough study of 5T SRAM cells has been done. This paper is based on idea of switch capacitors and the fact that only few transistors are ON at any particular time. RD model is primary and base model that us used to describe NBTI and aging degradation in this paper The proposed technique improve read power by 8% and leakage power by 12.87%
A Synchronizing Devicefor Power Electronic ConvertersIJERA Editor
In this paper we introduce a synchronizing device for power electronic converters with single-phase or threephase
AC input voltage. The voltage synchronizing transformer in this device has been replaced by a current
transformer and a double galvanic isolation has been realized by means of optical media. Results from computer
simulation and experimental studies have been brought out.
smart street light detector based on sensors. This is basically designed to reduce the power consumption of the street light. And help out to conserve more and more energy.
Smart street light system
1. SMART STREET LIGHT SYSTEM Design Report Kuriakose Mathew Libin Thomas Midhun Shaji
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Automatic switching of street lights considering the intensity of sunlight, brightness control of lights on detecting movement and error reporting to electric sub sections.
3. PROJECT SCOPE/OBJECTIVE Smart street light system tries to find solution for the faster depletion of energy resources due to the inefficient usage and wastage of these resources. Increasing electricity bill is something that can be witnessed by these practices. This project help to decrease the wastage of electricity by controlling the working of street light system that attributes to a good amount of electricity bills in our nation This project does not include methods to incorporate usage of renewable resources like solar energy.
4. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION CONSTRAINTS Constraints are mainly in the module that regulate the brightness of the light by considering the traffic on the street at a specific time. Infrared proximity sensors are costly and at the same time maximum distance to which the sensor can sense is limited to 1 metre, which may not be sufficient for a 45 metre road.
5. DEVELOPMENT METHOD This project include three modules, the sunlight sensing and control of onoff of the lights, the traffic sensing and brightness control, error reporting system. Microcontroller used is arduino uno r3 atmega 328p ,which has to be programmed for the three tasks. Inputs for the same come from the three sensors.output include instruction to onoff the control sytems.
6. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
7. SYSTEM FEATURES/USE CASES System for controlling onoff of lights Use Case Description Sunlight intensity less than 250 lux Sunlight intensity grater than 250 lux Flow of events If the intensity is less than 250 then switch on the lights Else switch off the light
8. Illuminance Example 120,000 lux Brightest sunlight 110,000 lux Bright sunlight 20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday 1,000 - 2,000 lux Typical overcast day, midday <200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday 400 lux Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination). 40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise <1 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/rise
9. FOR COMPARISON, NIGHTTIME ILLUMINANCE LEVELS ARE: Illuminance Example <1 lux Moonlight[3] 0.25 lux Full Moon on a clear night[4][5] 0.01 lux Quarter Moon 0.002 lux Starlight clear moonless night sky including airglow[4] 0.0002 lux Starlight clear moonless night sky excluding airglow[4] 0.00014 lux Venus at brightest[4] 0.0001 lux Starlight overcast moonless night sky[4]
10. BRIGHTNESS CONTROL ON SENSING TRAFFIC Use Case Description Movement detected Flow of events If there is any movement detected by the infrared proximity sensor then increase the brightness by controlling voltage from 110v to 220v Continue this for next 5 minutes then resume the previous state
11. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
This ppt explained on LED based street lights with auto intensity control using solar power from photovoltaic cells and Photovoltaic panels are used for charging batteries by converting the sunlight into electricity
A Design Technique To Reduce Nbti Effects From 5t Sram CellsIJERA Editor
This paper focuses on designing an NBTI tolerant system by addressing the major reason of NBTI especially the devices that consists of SOC. To address this issue a thorough study of 5T SRAM cells has been done. This paper is based on idea of switch capacitors and the fact that only few transistors are ON at any particular time. RD model is primary and base model that us used to describe NBTI and aging degradation in this paper The proposed technique improve read power by 8% and leakage power by 12.87%
A Synchronizing Devicefor Power Electronic ConvertersIJERA Editor
In this paper we introduce a synchronizing device for power electronic converters with single-phase or threephase
AC input voltage. The voltage synchronizing transformer in this device has been replaced by a current
transformer and a double galvanic isolation has been realized by means of optical media. Results from computer
simulation and experimental studies have been brought out.
Investigating the Performance of NoC Using Hierarchical Routing ApproachIJERA Editor
The Network-on-Chip (NoC) model has appeared as a revolutionary methodology for incorporatingmany number of intellectual property (IP) blocks in a die. As said by the International Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), it is must to scale down the device size. In order to reduce the device long interconnection should be avoided. For that, new interconnect patterns are need. Three-dimensional ICs are proficient of achieving superior performance, resistance against noise and lower interconnect power consumption compared to traditional planar ICs. In this paper, network data routed by Hierarchical methodology. We are analyzing total number of logic gates and registers, power consumption and delay when different bits of data transmitted using Quartus II software.
Study and Development of Temperature & Humidity monitoring system through Wir...IJERA Editor
Wireless sensor networks have become an integral part of any developing country as it is being used nowadays as the primary monitoring system in various applications. The wireless sensor networks eliminate the hazards associated with the wiring systems and make data measurement and monitoring process much easier and cost effective. The decentralized architecture of the wireless sensor network and its flexibility of deployment make wireless networks most suitable for various process plants, industries and remote & rural communication. In this work, applications of wireless sensor network is carried out on online measurement and monitoring of reaction chamber, furnace etc, which is to be measured in the industries.
Study of Linear and Non-Linear Optical Parameters of Zinc Selenide Thin FilmIJERA Editor
Thin film of Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) was deposited onto transparent glass substrate by thermal evaporation technique. ZnSe thin film was characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer within the wavelength range of 310 nm-1080 nm. The Linear optical parameters (linear optical absorption, extinction coefficient, refractive index and complex dielectric constant) of ZnSe thin film were analyzed from absorption spectra. The optical band gap and Urbach energy were obtained by Tauc’s equation. The volume and surface energy loss function of ZnSe thin film were obtained by complex dielectric constant. The Dispersion parameters (dispersion energy, oscillation energy, moment of optical dispersion spectra, static dielectric constant and static refractive index) were calculated using theoretical Wemple-DiDomenico model. The oscillation strength, oscillator wavelength, high frequency dielectric constant and high frequency refractive index were calculated by single Sellmeier oscillator model. Also, Lattice dielectric constant, N/m* and plasma resonance frequency were obtained. The electronic polarizibility of ZnSe thin film was estimated by Clausius-Mossotti local field polarizibility. The non-linear optical parameters (non-linear susceptibility and non-linear refractive index) were estimated.
The Information Communication and Technology industry is made up of enterprises concerned with the design, manufacture, installation, development, support and management of computer-based information systems (both software and hardware). The rapid expansion of electronic technologies within the global TELECOM industry has been accompanied by an explosion of automation applications that are redefining the way we perceive and experience communication, entertainment and security in our personal and professional environments. Convenience is now a function of the extent to which electronic appliances and gadgets are „online‟ and accessible through land and wireless networks. Information flow is expected on demand -constant, reliable, accurate and accessible. Such changes have understandably raised expectations with regards to the how effectively we function, in the places we live and work. No where have the effects of this new technology been felt as powerfully as in the global real estate industry.
Performance Analysis of Adaptive DOA Estimation Algorithms For Mobile Applica...IJERA Editor
Spatial filtering for mobile communications has attracted a lot of attention over the last decade and is cur-rently considered a very promising technique that will help future cellular networks achieve their ambi-tious goals. One way to accomplish this is via array signal processing with algorithms which estimate the Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) of the received waves from the mobile users. This paper evaluates the per-formance of a number of DOA estimation algorithms. In all cases a linear antenna array at the base station is assumed to be operating typical cellular environment.
Structural Weight Optimization of Aircraft Wing Component Using FEM Approach.IJERA Editor
One of the main challenges for the civil aviation industry is the reduction of its environmental impact by better fuel efficiency by virtue of Structural optimization. Over the past years, improvements in performance and fuel efficiency have been achieved by simplifying the design of the structural components and usage of composite materials to reduce the overall weight of the structure. This paper deals with the weight optimization of transport aircraft with low wing configuration. The Linear static and Normal Mode analysis were carried out using MSc Nastran & Msc Patran under different pressure conditions and the results were verified with the help of classical approach. The Stress and displacement results were found and verified and hence arrived to the conclusion about the optimization of the wing structure.
Computational Aerodynamic Prediction for Integration of an Advanced Reconnais...IJERA Editor
In this paper a computational aerodynamic prediction to support the aeromechanical integration of an advanced reconnaissance pod on a 5th generation fighter type aircraft is presented. The aim of the activity was to compare the aerodynamic characteristics of the new pod to a previous one already cleared on the same aircraft fleet, given verified inertial and structural similarity. Verifying the aforementioned aerodynamic similarity without involving extensive flight test activity was a must, to save time and to reduce costs. A two steps approach was required by the Certification Authority to verify, initially, the performance data compatibility in terms of aerodynamic coefficients of the old pod with the new one, in order to allow performance flight manual data interchangeability (a quantitative comparison was required); afterwards, a qualitative assessment was conducted to verify the absence of unsteadiness induced by the introduction in the external structure of the new pod of an auxiliary antenna case. Computational results are presented both for Straight and Level Un-accelerated Flight and Steady-Sideslip flight conditions at different Angles of Attack.
Design and Structuring of a Multiprocessor System based on TransputersIJERA Editor
In this paper the Authors present the design of a high performance transputer based fault-tolerant multiprocessor system for critical applications such as aircraft control, nuclear power station control, satellite applications etc. Fault-tolerant building blocks designed with potential for real time processing. The systematic architecture, regularity and recursiveness enables the system to be more fault-tolerant. Real-time applications have to function correctly even in the presence of faults. Link failure of the network is deeply analysed with reliability analysis.
Study of The Technological Profile of The Red Ceramic Industry of AlagoasIJERA Editor
The red ceramic industry in Brazil is a sector that is growing every year, characterized by the production of ceramic tiles as brick, tile, ceramic blocks, which basically uses, as main raw material, the clay. Due to the constant evolution of mechanization and production increase, plus the emergence of new companies, it is clear that processing techniques as well as technological modernization are key to achieving a higher performance segment of red ceramic process thus winning, this way, the market, about terms of competitiveness and productivity. This time, watching these aspects, the present study aims to analyze the technological landscape of the production process of the Red Ceramic Industry in Alagoas State, with regard to equipment used in the manufacturing steps, checking for the possibility of existing technological levels these industries in Alagoas in its production process, analyzing these, aiming thus conduct a study of the technological profile of the Red Ceramic Industry. The methodology will support the field research through questionnaires with entrepreneurs as well as qualitative bibliographic nature, with content analysis. Thus, the data surveys have indicated the existence of technological levels for this segment, mapping the characteristics of the productive process and its technological profile in the State of Alagoas and can verify in a few steps a possible disharmony. Therefore, by the the analysis of the data allowed the highlight of four steps to the red ceramic production process, these being the extraction of raw materials, the conformation of parts by molding and extrusion, and thermal processes through the final stages of drying and burning, considering the existence of technological levels by analyzing the study of technological profile, with regard to equipment used in the production process of state Red Ceramic Industries.
Geotechnical Properties of Sabkha Soil in the southern part of Al-Khobar city...IJERA Editor
The geotechnical properties of sabkha soil covering most parts of the southern portion of Al-Khobar area –Saudia Arabia were determined. These soil have very low strength, low bearing capacity and high compressibility. The expected settlement is always above the recommended tolerable limits. The chemical analysis of both soil and water from sabkha flat shows a very high concentration of salts. These high concentrations of salts give rise to a very corrosive environment and therefore it is recommended to protect concrete and reinforcement by using sulphate resisting cement, pozzolanic materials, use of corrosion inhibitors and by applying suitable water proofing membranes . The properties determined during this study has a significant impact on both technical and economical values of each project and therefore, the outcome of the study is much important for planners and developers .
Determination of homogenous regions in the Tensift basin (Morocco).IJERA Editor
The aim of this study is to determine homogenous region in the Tensift basin within which the hydrological behavior is similar. In order to do this we used two methods: The Principal components analysis on the monthly precipitation registered at the 23 rainfall stations. This resulted in setting apart 4 groups of stations. The second method is analysis of land use map, geological map, pedagogical map, vegetation map and slope map of the studied area. This method allowed us to delineate 4 homogenous areas. The two methods yielded complementary results and the superposition of groups and regions obtained allowed us to retain 4 homogenous regions corresponding to 3 groups of stations.
Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-Fuzzy ControllerIJERA Editor
The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal state after any disturbance.
Design and Analysis of Flange CouplingIJERA Editor
The approach utilizes standard design equations of these couplings and links them together in computer software to determine the design parameters of the couplings. In general, most flange coupling is available in transformation system and automobile industries. A flange coupling usually applies to a coupling having two cast iron flanges. To achieve a require goal, a design of bolted unprotected flange coupling is modeled in to a cad package named Solid works. Furthered the finite element analysis module is created in ANSYS Workbench by using ANSYS Static Structural module which has a predefined process to obtain optimum results.
Cloud computing is an Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are
provided to computers and other devices on demand. However, adopting a cloud computing paradigm may have
positive as well as negative effects on the data security of service consumers [1]. Cloud Computing is a term
used to describe both a platform and type of application. As a platform it supplies, configures and reconfigures
servers, while the servers can be physical machines or virtual machines. On the other hand, Cloud Computing
describes applications that are extended to be accessible through the internet and for this purpose large data
centers and powerful servers are used to host the web applications and web services. Authentication is one the
most important security primitive [6]. Password authentication is most widely used authentication mechanism.
Password provides security mechanism for authentication and protection services against unwanted access to
resource. In this paper, we applied a technique to preserve our password using graphical authentication.
Analysis of multistoried braced steel space frame subjected to gravity and se...IJERA Editor
Steel structures are generally more flexible than other types of structure and lower in weight. Earthquake loads
are random in nature. It is difficult to predict them exactly. The action applied to a structure by an earthquake is
a ground movement with horizontal and vertical components. The horizontal movement is the most specific
feature of earthquake action because of its strength and because structures are generally better designed to resist
gravity than horizontal forces. These forces produce large stresses, strains, deformation and displacement
particularly in tall structures. To keep displacement within limit generally bracing is provided in steel structure. .
Bracings are generally used to increase lateral-stiffness, lateral- strength as well as lateral stability of the frame.
Variations in the column stiffness can influence the mode of failure and lateral stiffness of the bracing. In this
study steel frame is modeled and analyzed three Parts viz., (i) Model without Steel bracing (bare frame), (ii)
Model completely with fully braced steel frame („Cross‟ bracing), (iii) Model completely with fully braced steel
frame („Single diagonal‟ bracing).
An Ant colony optimization algorithm to solve the broken link problem in wire...IJERA Editor
Aco is a well –known metahuristic in which a colony of artificial ants cooperates in explain Good solution to a combinational optimization problem. Wireless sensor consisting of nodes with limited power is deployed to gather useful information From the field. In wireless sensor network it is critical to collect the information in an energy efficient Manner.ant colony optimization, a swarm intelligence based optimization technique, is widely used In network routing. A novel routing approach using an ant colony optimization algorithm is proposed for wireless sensor Network consisting of stable nodes illustrative example details description and cooperative performance test result the proposed approach are included. The approach is also implementing to a small sized hardware component as a router chip simulation result show that proposed algorithm Provides promising solution allowing node designers to efficiency operate routing tasks.
SMART STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM BASED ON SENSORS USING PLC AND SCADAIAEME Publication
Nowadays energy crisis in India is a critical issue. Enormous electric energy is consumed by the street lights. At present, street lights a r e controlled manually and it leads to energy loss. In the present study smart street lighting system manages the street lights automatically turn on in the evening, lighting the road for few hours. It gradually reduces the brightness when no one is detected in that area. When vehicles or pedestrians are detected, the street lights
automatically turn on. Design of smart Street lighting system does not only achieve energy-saving but also extend the
service life of street light equipment.
This research provides new effective and cheap designed system for save electrical energy dissipation in all urban area roads and highways. The aim of this system is to minimizing the waste electrical power on highways and urban area roads. The designed system depends on two Arduino circuit types, master and slave. The master Arduino has an ability to detect the day light by light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor and cars movements by pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensor, according to these conditions, the master will send a signal by XBee module works as transmitter to the following five slaves Arduino which are waiting for a signal and receive it by XBee module works as receiver to turn ON the lights for 5 minutes then OFF it if there is no car movement on the street. The system can mount directly to the highway lights. The system has been tested and applied on the street lights, the system works perfectly and slaves respond fastly and effectively to the master Arduino signal.
In today’s world energy saving has become a major factor and need. This project is developed keeping this problem in mind. The huge amount of electrical power of many countries is consumed in lighting the streets. However, there are stages of time when there is less vehicle density during night time or even no vehicles during late night time. The main principle of this system is object detection and then triggering the respective circuit and to provide light only at that part of road where it is needed. Logically, this system may save a large amount of the electrical power. This paper focuses on the proposal of different possible architectures of this system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
One of the most well-known challenges in machine learning and computer vision applications is handwritten digit recognition. To overcome the challenge of handwritten digit and/or letter recognition, a variety of machine learning algorithms have been used. The current research focuses on using Neural Networks to overcome the problem. Deep neural networks, deep belief networks, and convolutional neural networks are the three most well-known methodologies.
Today, air pollution is one of the significant environmental issues that causes adverse health effects in human bodies such as cancer, cardiologic disease and, high mortality rate resulting in damaging effects on the welfare of humans, animals and other living organisms of the environment. According to the recent research survey from WHO, India was the third most polluted country globally in 2020. Every year, about 2.5 million Indians, almost 30%, die from air pollution caused by burning fossil fuels.
Recently, in the whole world, enormous electric energy is consumed by the street lights. These lights are automatically turn on when it becomes dark and automatically turn off when it becomes bright. This is the huge waste of energy in the whole world and should be controlled. Street lights in India consume approximately 20-40% of the electrical energy produced in the entirenation and the demand for electricity in recent years has increased day by day. In this paper, smart street light is introduced which is IoT based, it aims to automate the light system, also, LEDs are used to assures the low power consumption.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light Control Using Sensors and Solar Panel
1. Sharath Patil G.S et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 1) June 2015, pp.97-100
www.ijera.com 97 | P a g e
Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light Control
Using Sensors and Solar Panel
Sharath Patil G.S1
, Rudresh S.M2
, Kallendrachari.K3
,M Kiran Kumar4
,
Vani H.V5
1
u.G Student, Eee Dept, Sjmit, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
2
u.G Student, Eee Dept, Sjmit, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
3
u.G Student, Eee Dept, Sjmit, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
4
assistant Prof, Department Of Eee, Sjmit, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
5
associate Prof, Department Of Eee, Sjmit, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Solar Photovoltaic panel based street lighting systems are becoming more common these days. But the
limitation with these ordinary street light systems is that it lacks intelligent performance. It is very essential to
automate the system so that we can conserve energy as well as to maximize the efficiency of the system. In this
paper a new method is suggested so as to maximize the efficiency of the street lighting system and to conserve
the energy usage the LED lights sensors. Here automation of street lights is done by LDR sensor. Intensity of
led street lights can be controlled by IR sensor and pulse width modulation.
Keywords: solar power, LED, LDR, IR sensor, street light control system, automation
I. INTRODUCTION
It is very common these days to see solar PV
based street lights. People became aware about the
importance of moving from conventional resources
based energy production to renewable energy based
power production. We all know that fossil fuel
resources are going to fed us for only 50-60 years
from now. So it is high time for us to shift to
renewable energy based power production and usage
as it is the only alternative available. It is sure that we
can’t leave in a society without power. So we need to
maximize the usage of renewable energy so that we
can preserve conventional resources. Normal solar
PV based street lighting system lacks automation.
The problem is that it will be in on state even though
there is no need of light and hence it causes loss of
power. Yet another problem is power is wasted
during late night when there. In this paper a new
technique is suggested to automate the entire system.
Here when there is no necessity of light the system
will go into a power down mode and the lamps won’t
glow. Sensors sense the intensity of light and
presence sensor is used to detect the presence of
humans or cars and then it gets turned on
automatically.
II. PREVIOUS WORK
[1] MUSTAFA SAAD et al proposed paper on”
Automatic Street Light Control System Using
Microcontroller “This paper aims at designing and
executing the advanced development in embedded
systems forenergy saving of street lights. Nowadays,
human has become too busy, and is unable to find
time even to switch the lights wherever not
necessary. The present system is like, the street lights
will be switched on in the evening before the sun sets
and they are switched off the next day morning after
there is sufficient light on the roads. this paper gives
the best solution for electrical power wastage. Also
the manual operation of the lighting system is
completely eliminated. In this paper the two sensors
are used which are Light Dependent Resistor LDR
sensor to indicate a day/night time and the
photoelectric sensors to detect the movement on the
street. The microcontroller PIC16F877A is used as
brain to control the street light system, where the
programming language used for developing the
software to the microcontroller is C-language.
Finally, the system has been successfully designed
and implemented as prototype system.
[2]B. K. Subramanyam et al proposed paper on
“Design and Development of Intelligent Wireless
Street Light Control and Monitoring System Along
With GUI” discussed that Now-a-days, it became
essential for people work during nights and returning
back to homes late nights; also increasing crime rate
during night times. This can be best achieved by
implementing proper solar based lighting system on
Streets. The efficient monitoring and controlling of
this lighting system must be taken into account. We
will get more power consumption, saving money
through solar panel. Also saving precious time,
decrease the huge human power through from the
LDR, IR Sensors. The Street lights are controlled
through a specially designed Graphical User Interface
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Sharath Patil G.S et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 1) June 2015, pp.97-100
www.ijera.com 98 | P a g e
(GUI) in the PC. The Zigbee technology can be used
for the street lights monitoring and controlling at the
PC end.
III. SYSTEM MODEL
i) Block diagram of proposed system
The block diagram of the proposed system is
depicted in figure 1. Here we employ a
microcontroller 80C51so as to perform the
controlling actions. We do employ certain sensors
namely, IR sensor and LDR sensor. These sensors are
connected to the ports of the microcontroller through
an interfacing circuit and an amplifier. The output
from the microcontroller could be viewed through an
LCD display. The microcontroller generates a PWM
which is fed to the LED driver circuit which changes
the operating cycles of each LED in the LED Array.
The working of the entire system is mainly with
the sensors present. The main idea behind the system
is that the LED array will be in off position at day
time. Even at day time if the intensity of light is
lower due to weather conditions like fog,
thunderstorm etc. then the array will get turned on.
Presence sensor will detect the presence of any
humans or cars. When IR sensor detects the vehicles
brightness of the LED will be more when there is no
vehicles brightness will be decreased. This is done so
as to minimize the power consumption. Here we need
light only when it is needed. At night sometimes
roads will be empty and hence there is no use of
illuminating all the lamps. So we can lower the
intensity of LEDs and can conserve the power.
ii) Typical street light system
IV. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
PWM is required mainly for intensity controlling
of led .LDR is a light dependent resistor which is
having very high resistance. Whose resistance
decreases when light impinges on it. This kind of
sensor is commonly used in light sensor circuits in
open areas, to control street lamps. This LDR
mainly used to different between day and night light.
LDR gives the discrete output of the resistance values
this analog should be converted into digital so an
analog to digital converter is required which is
interfaced with microcontroller .microcontroller is
programed in such a way that it during morning and
evening intensity increases or decreases so according
to that intensity it is programed with 5 level intensity
so we can conserve power here.
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
IR sensor senses the vehicles on the street gives
signal to the microcontroller. When vehicles are
present it gives bright light. During late night low
traffic density so brightness of the LED are
automatically lowered .this dimmed light is enough
for pedestrian. here also lot of the power conserved
and we can utilize this power other purposes.
Solar
Panel
PWD
IR
SENSOR
LDR
8051
microcon
troller
LED
3. Sharath Patil G.S et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 1) June 2015, pp.97-100
www.ijera.com 99 | P a g e
V. RESULTS
The prototype has been tested in variable real life
conditions to verify the overall functionality and seek
better performance. The measurements collected
during the test phase allow calculating energy savings
so that it is possible to estimate cost savings also for
larger systems using approximations. Intensity of the
street light can be controlled and we can conserve
power effectively. we automated the street lights. It
reduces the labor charge switching is done manually
there is no need of human resource. Figure iv shows
how intensities are controlled during late.
(a) light intensity low during no movement of
vehicle
(b) when there will be vehicle high intensity bright
light
VI. CONCLUSION
A new model is presented in this paper which
will reduce the power consumption of the street
lighting system about 20-35 % compared to
conventional design. Here we are saving lot of power
without any Wastage, by these advanced technologies
we can design many more systems which can be done
by solar lights and through these solar lights we have
a vast usage at the same time we can do automatic
systems instead of doing it manually like with
LDR’s. Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s and
with the help of growing technology the project has
been successfully implemented.
VII. FUTURE SCOPE
Wireless is the buzz of communication industry
today. The field of wireless communication is
growing leaps and bounds day by day. There have
been many advancements taking place in the
semiconductor industry leading to more and more
advancements in wireless technology.
The main aim of the project is to save the power,
by using effectively we can save more power, as we
know that there is shortage of power nowadays in
everywhere mostly in villages etc. So to overcome
that we can provide street lights automatically with
the centralized intelligent systems. So in future we
can design many more advanced technologies to save
power.
4. Sharath Patil G.S et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 1) June 2015, pp.97-100
www.ijera.com 100 | P a g e
REFERNCES
[1] Mustafa Saad, Abdalhalim Farij, Ahamed
Salah And Abdalroof Abdaljalil “Automatic
Street Light Control System Using
Microcontroller”Department of Control
Engineering College of Electronic
Technology/ Baniwalid Baniwalid- Libya
LIBYA, Mathematical Methods and
Optimization Techniques in Engineering
[2] A. Valente, R. Morais, C. Serodio, P.
Mestre, S. Pinto, and M. Cabral, “A zigbee
sensor element for distributed monitoring of
soil parame- ters in environmental
monitoring,” Proc. IEEEE Sensors, pp. 135–
138, Oct. 2007. [3] Z. Rasin, H. Hamzah,
and M. S. M. Aras, “Application and
evaluation of high power zigbee based
wireless sensor network in water irrigation
control monitoring system,” in Proc. IEEE
Symp.Ind. Electron. Appl., Oct. 4–6, 2009,
vol. 2, pp. 548–551.
[4] H. Tao and H. Zhang, “Forest monitoring
application systems based on wireless
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Symp.Intell. Inf. Technol. Appl. Workshops,
Nov. 21–22, 2009, pp. 227–230.
[5] J. Liu, C. Feng, X. Suo, and A. Yun, “Street
lamp control system based on power carrier
wave,” in Proc. Int. Symp. Intell. Inf.
Technol. Appl. Workshops, Dec. 21–22,
2008, pp. 184–188.
[6] Y. Chen and Z. Liu, “Distributed intelligent
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[7] W. Yongqing, H. Chuncheng, Z. Suoliang,
H. Yali, and W. Hong, “Design of solar
LED street lamp automatic control circuit,”
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[8] M. A. D. Costa, G. H. Costa, A. S. dos
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high efficiency autonomous street lighting
system based on solar energy and LEDs,” in
Proc. Power Electron. Conf., Brazil, Oct. 1,
2009, pp. 265–273.
BIOGRAPHY
Sharath Patil G S 1
U.G student, EEE
dept, SJMIT Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
Rudresh S M 2
U.G student EEE dept,
SJMIT, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
Kalendra Achari3
U, G student, EEE
dept, SJMIT chitradurga, Karnataka, India
Kiran Kumar M working as Assistant
Professor in Dept of EEE S.J.M.I.T. chitradrga
Karnataka, India He completed B.E(EEE) in 2009
and M.tech (Energy systems) in 2011.areas of interest
wind energy conversation systems, solar energy,
power systems.
Vani H.V presently working as
Associate Professor in Dept. of EEESJMIT,
Chitradurga Karnataka India. Completed B.E (EEE)
in the year 2001 from UBDTCE and M. Tech (power
system power electronics) in 2010 from UBDTCE.
Areas of intrestis power system, power electronics,
advanced control system.