Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
Determining The Coefficient Of Tr, Α And River Length (L) Of Flood Runoff Mod...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and ...Beniamino Murgante
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and Topography for a Coastal Watershed in Mississippi - Vladimir J. Alarcon and Charles G. O’Hara
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Development of a Catchment Management Modelling System for the Googong Re...GavanThomas
A scenario assessment model to assist the end-user in determining priorities for a series of agreed management prescriptions that can be enacted through controls on existing landuse
Rainfall-Runoff Modelling using Modified NRCS-CN,RS and GIS -A Case StudyIJERA Editor
Study of rainfall and runoff for any area and modeling it, is one of the important aspects for planning and
development of water resources. The development of water resources and its effective management plays a vital
role in development of any country more particularly in India, which is an agricultural based economy. Hence it
is intended to develop a model of Rainfall and runoff to a river basin and also apply the methodology to Sarada
River Basin which has drainage area of 1252.99 Sq.km. The basin is situated in Vishakhapatnam district of
Andhra Pradesh, India. The rainfall and runoff data has been collected from the gauging stations of the basin
apart from rainfall data from nearby stations. MNRCS-CN method has been adopted to calculate runoff. Various
hydrological parameters like soil information, rainfall, land use and land cover (LU/LC) were considered to use
in MNRCS-CN method. The depth of runoff has been computed for different land use patterns using, IRS-P4-
LISS IV data for the study area. Based on the analysis, land use/land cover pattern of Sarada River Basin has
been prepared. The land use/land cover patterns were also visually interpreted and digitized using ERDAS
IMAGINE software. The raster data was processed in ERDAS and geo-referenced and various maps viz. LU/LC
maps, drainage map, contour map, DEM (Digital elevation model) have been generated apart from rainfall
potential map using GIS tool. The estimated runoff using MNRCS-CN model has been simulated and compared
with that of actual runoff. The performance of the model is found to be good for the data considered. The
coefficient of determination R2
value for the observed runoff and that of the computed runoff is found to be
more than 0.72 for the selected watershed basin.
Streamflow simulation using radar-based precipitation applied to the Illinois...Alireza Safari
This paper describes the application of a spatially distributed hydrological model WetSpa (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere) using radar-based rainfall data provide by the United States Hydrology Laboratory of NOAA's National Weather Service for a distributed model intercomparison project. The model is applied to the
river basin above Tahlequah hydrometry station with 30-m spatial resolution and one hour time--step for a total simulation period of 6 years. Rainfall inputs are derived from radar. The distributed model parameters are based on an extensive database of watershed characteristics available for the region, including digital maps of DEM, soil type, and land use. The model is calibrated and validated on part of the river flow records. The simulated hydrograph shows a good correspondence with observation (Nash efficiency coeffiecient >80%, indicating that the model is able to simulate the relevant hydrologic processes in the basin accurately.
Determining The Coefficient Of Tr, Α And River Length (L) Of Flood Runoff Mod...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and ...Beniamino Murgante
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and Topography for a Coastal Watershed in Mississippi - Vladimir J. Alarcon and Charles G. O’Hara
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Development of a Catchment Management Modelling System for the Googong Re...GavanThomas
A scenario assessment model to assist the end-user in determining priorities for a series of agreed management prescriptions that can be enacted through controls on existing landuse
Rainfall-Runoff Modelling using Modified NRCS-CN,RS and GIS -A Case StudyIJERA Editor
Study of rainfall and runoff for any area and modeling it, is one of the important aspects for planning and
development of water resources. The development of water resources and its effective management plays a vital
role in development of any country more particularly in India, which is an agricultural based economy. Hence it
is intended to develop a model of Rainfall and runoff to a river basin and also apply the methodology to Sarada
River Basin which has drainage area of 1252.99 Sq.km. The basin is situated in Vishakhapatnam district of
Andhra Pradesh, India. The rainfall and runoff data has been collected from the gauging stations of the basin
apart from rainfall data from nearby stations. MNRCS-CN method has been adopted to calculate runoff. Various
hydrological parameters like soil information, rainfall, land use and land cover (LU/LC) were considered to use
in MNRCS-CN method. The depth of runoff has been computed for different land use patterns using, IRS-P4-
LISS IV data for the study area. Based on the analysis, land use/land cover pattern of Sarada River Basin has
been prepared. The land use/land cover patterns were also visually interpreted and digitized using ERDAS
IMAGINE software. The raster data was processed in ERDAS and geo-referenced and various maps viz. LU/LC
maps, drainage map, contour map, DEM (Digital elevation model) have been generated apart from rainfall
potential map using GIS tool. The estimated runoff using MNRCS-CN model has been simulated and compared
with that of actual runoff. The performance of the model is found to be good for the data considered. The
coefficient of determination R2
value for the observed runoff and that of the computed runoff is found to be
more than 0.72 for the selected watershed basin.
Streamflow simulation using radar-based precipitation applied to the Illinois...Alireza Safari
This paper describes the application of a spatially distributed hydrological model WetSpa (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere) using radar-based rainfall data provide by the United States Hydrology Laboratory of NOAA's National Weather Service for a distributed model intercomparison project. The model is applied to the
river basin above Tahlequah hydrometry station with 30-m spatial resolution and one hour time--step for a total simulation period of 6 years. Rainfall inputs are derived from radar. The distributed model parameters are based on an extensive database of watershed characteristics available for the region, including digital maps of DEM, soil type, and land use. The model is calibrated and validated on part of the river flow records. The simulated hydrograph shows a good correspondence with observation (Nash efficiency coeffiecient >80%, indicating that the model is able to simulate the relevant hydrologic processes in the basin accurately.
A rainfall-runoff model for Chew and Kinder Reservoirs, Peak District; utilising the Flood Studies Report to find whether the dams at Chew and Kinder could withstand a 1-in-10,000 year storm (UK recommended safety limit)
Grade: 91%
Regional Rainfall Frequency Analysis By L-Moments Approach For Madina Region,...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- In arid regions, extreme rainfall event frequency predictions are still a challenging problem, because of the rain gauge stations scarcity and the record length limitation, which are usually short to insure reliable quantile estimates. Regional frequency analysis is one of the popular approaches used to compensate the data limitation. In this paper, regional frequency analysis of maximum daily rainfall is investigated for Madinah province in the Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The observed maximum daily rainfall records of 20 rainfall stations are selected from 1968 to 2015. The rainfall data is evaluated using four tests, namely, Discordance test (Di), Homogeneity test (H), Goodness of fit test (Zdist) and L-moment ratios diagram (LMRD). The Di of L-moments shows that all the sites belong to one group (Di <3.0).><1). Finally, the Zdist is used to evaluate five probability distribution functions (PDFs) including generalized logistic (GLO), generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized normal (GNO), generalized Pareto (GPA), and Pearson Type III (PE3). Zdist and LMRD both showed that PE3 distribution is the best among the other PDFs. The regional parameters of the candidate PDF are computed using L-moments approach and accordingly the regional dimensionless growth curve is developed. The results enhance the accuracy of extreme rainfall prediction at-sites and also they can be used for ungauged catchment in the region.
A study confined to the lower tapi basin in Gujarat, India to find out the primary causes for 2006 floods in Surat city. The study involves collection of topographical data from the local geological survey organization, rainfall data from meteorological department of india and the application of HEC-HMS software from US Army corps of engineers to identify the primary cause of the runoff.
Using Computer-simulated hydrological model (SWAT) to estimate the ground-wat...Dhiraj Jhunjhunwala
This work is the result of a project-based course, Water Resources Engineering. The project is about the estimation of ground-water recharge due to rainfall in a US-based watershed. The semi-distributed hydrological model(SWAT) has been used to simulate the monthly input and output sub-basin-wise streamflow values,which have been used to compute the total infiltration. The results have been depicted in th form of various monthy and yearly infilration values
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OVER THE PAST, PRESENT AND...civej
Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been a grave issue all over the world. The conventional
environment friendly techniques adopted to tackle the matter is turning futile owing to the appalling
increase in the waste generation rate. The resultant environmental and health hazards emphasise the need
for a more rapid solution. An apt and quick response to India’s mounting waste management and energy
demand crisesis the promotion and execution of waste to energy technologies. Although the MSW
composition and characteristics in the past have been unfavourable for the successful implementation of
waste to energy thermal facilities, there have been variations in the waste characteristics of late, in this
regard. Inert fraction which constituted almost 50% of the Indian MSW in the 1970s reduced by 30-40%by
the early 2000s, making energy recovery facilities an economically and environmentally feasible option.
The varying trends in MSW characteristics in India are analysed and its implications on the thermal energy
recovery techniques are investigated.
SOCIAL AND HEALTH FACILITIES: HEALTH POST PLANNING FOR A NEW CONSTRUCTIVE SYS...civej
This paper tries to analyze a planning for Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in developing countries
through a flexible system construction in order to realize a multi-scale prototype adaptable in different
contexts.
While Emergency Medical Assistance (EMA) is delivered in disasters or emergency situations, Primary
Health Care is based on a support as part of overall development constructing as best multi-purpose
facilities that can be adapted as a social for different tasks and activities. With this approach, we examine
the process of building system structure for different functions by adapting the flexible system to the
different countries, areas and settlements.
The aim is to define guidelines for planning health facilities with multi-criteria approach, identifying a
score to the same factors relating to different contexts. This paper describes a new process to define a
program for a flexible, modular and expandable system for health facilities.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT USING EVERFE2.24& COMPARISION OF RE...civej
In this study analysis of plain cement concrete pavement was done with 3-D mechanistic FEM computer
programme EVERFE2.24. This programme was developed by Bill David, University of Maine,USA. Rigid
pavement is modelled as a flat slab with DLC as base course and subgrade beneath it.
Stresses in rigid pavement at critical location was calculated due to combined effect of axle load and
environmental factor.These results are compared with IRC58-2015&2002.The disparity between results
are analysed and plotted on graph.
This study finds that stressesgiven by IRC58-2015 is up to 42% less than that given by IRC58-2002, and
stresses given by EverFE2.24 is nearly same as given by IRC58-2002.italso highlighted some issues related
to new code of design i.e. IRC58-2015.
MODIFICATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING PIT TO NEUTRALIZE ACIDIC pH OF RAIN WATER civej
Acidification of rain water in urban cities is playing major environmental issues. Acid rain is generally
caused by the formation of sulphuric acid and nitric acid. These sulphur and nitrogen emission are resulted
from different sources like industries, vehicles etc. Rain water is a major source for ground water recharge
in urban and rural India, Government of India has already provided water policies in 1987 and 2002 for
conservation of water with different technology of harvesting. Roof top rain water harvesting is a good
practice to collect rain water and inject it directly in the ground without much contamination. Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF) suggested different design and material selection for rain water
harvesting pits to remove the suspended particles and other impurities, however no provision of controlling
the pH is provided for the acidic rain water. Hence the present study proposes modification in the existing
rain water harvesting pit to neutralize the acidic pH from rain water.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
A rainfall-runoff model for Chew and Kinder Reservoirs, Peak District; utilising the Flood Studies Report to find whether the dams at Chew and Kinder could withstand a 1-in-10,000 year storm (UK recommended safety limit)
Grade: 91%
Regional Rainfall Frequency Analysis By L-Moments Approach For Madina Region,...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- In arid regions, extreme rainfall event frequency predictions are still a challenging problem, because of the rain gauge stations scarcity and the record length limitation, which are usually short to insure reliable quantile estimates. Regional frequency analysis is one of the popular approaches used to compensate the data limitation. In this paper, regional frequency analysis of maximum daily rainfall is investigated for Madinah province in the Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The observed maximum daily rainfall records of 20 rainfall stations are selected from 1968 to 2015. The rainfall data is evaluated using four tests, namely, Discordance test (Di), Homogeneity test (H), Goodness of fit test (Zdist) and L-moment ratios diagram (LMRD). The Di of L-moments shows that all the sites belong to one group (Di <3.0).><1). Finally, the Zdist is used to evaluate five probability distribution functions (PDFs) including generalized logistic (GLO), generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized normal (GNO), generalized Pareto (GPA), and Pearson Type III (PE3). Zdist and LMRD both showed that PE3 distribution is the best among the other PDFs. The regional parameters of the candidate PDF are computed using L-moments approach and accordingly the regional dimensionless growth curve is developed. The results enhance the accuracy of extreme rainfall prediction at-sites and also they can be used for ungauged catchment in the region.
A study confined to the lower tapi basin in Gujarat, India to find out the primary causes for 2006 floods in Surat city. The study involves collection of topographical data from the local geological survey organization, rainfall data from meteorological department of india and the application of HEC-HMS software from US Army corps of engineers to identify the primary cause of the runoff.
Using Computer-simulated hydrological model (SWAT) to estimate the ground-wat...Dhiraj Jhunjhunwala
This work is the result of a project-based course, Water Resources Engineering. The project is about the estimation of ground-water recharge due to rainfall in a US-based watershed. The semi-distributed hydrological model(SWAT) has been used to simulate the monthly input and output sub-basin-wise streamflow values,which have been used to compute the total infiltration. The results have been depicted in th form of various monthy and yearly infilration values
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OVER THE PAST, PRESENT AND...civej
Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been a grave issue all over the world. The conventional
environment friendly techniques adopted to tackle the matter is turning futile owing to the appalling
increase in the waste generation rate. The resultant environmental and health hazards emphasise the need
for a more rapid solution. An apt and quick response to India’s mounting waste management and energy
demand crisesis the promotion and execution of waste to energy technologies. Although the MSW
composition and characteristics in the past have been unfavourable for the successful implementation of
waste to energy thermal facilities, there have been variations in the waste characteristics of late, in this
regard. Inert fraction which constituted almost 50% of the Indian MSW in the 1970s reduced by 30-40%by
the early 2000s, making energy recovery facilities an economically and environmentally feasible option.
The varying trends in MSW characteristics in India are analysed and its implications on the thermal energy
recovery techniques are investigated.
SOCIAL AND HEALTH FACILITIES: HEALTH POST PLANNING FOR A NEW CONSTRUCTIVE SYS...civej
This paper tries to analyze a planning for Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in developing countries
through a flexible system construction in order to realize a multi-scale prototype adaptable in different
contexts.
While Emergency Medical Assistance (EMA) is delivered in disasters or emergency situations, Primary
Health Care is based on a support as part of overall development constructing as best multi-purpose
facilities that can be adapted as a social for different tasks and activities. With this approach, we examine
the process of building system structure for different functions by adapting the flexible system to the
different countries, areas and settlements.
The aim is to define guidelines for planning health facilities with multi-criteria approach, identifying a
score to the same factors relating to different contexts. This paper describes a new process to define a
program for a flexible, modular and expandable system for health facilities.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT USING EVERFE2.24& COMPARISION OF RE...civej
In this study analysis of plain cement concrete pavement was done with 3-D mechanistic FEM computer
programme EVERFE2.24. This programme was developed by Bill David, University of Maine,USA. Rigid
pavement is modelled as a flat slab with DLC as base course and subgrade beneath it.
Stresses in rigid pavement at critical location was calculated due to combined effect of axle load and
environmental factor.These results are compared with IRC58-2015&2002.The disparity between results
are analysed and plotted on graph.
This study finds that stressesgiven by IRC58-2015 is up to 42% less than that given by IRC58-2002, and
stresses given by EverFE2.24 is nearly same as given by IRC58-2002.italso highlighted some issues related
to new code of design i.e. IRC58-2015.
MODIFICATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING PIT TO NEUTRALIZE ACIDIC pH OF RAIN WATER civej
Acidification of rain water in urban cities is playing major environmental issues. Acid rain is generally
caused by the formation of sulphuric acid and nitric acid. These sulphur and nitrogen emission are resulted
from different sources like industries, vehicles etc. Rain water is a major source for ground water recharge
in urban and rural India, Government of India has already provided water policies in 1987 and 2002 for
conservation of water with different technology of harvesting. Roof top rain water harvesting is a good
practice to collect rain water and inject it directly in the ground without much contamination. Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF) suggested different design and material selection for rain water
harvesting pits to remove the suspended particles and other impurities, however no provision of controlling
the pH is provided for the acidic rain water. Hence the present study proposes modification in the existing
rain water harvesting pit to neutralize the acidic pH from rain water.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
DEFINING LOCAL CONCEPT OF URBAN RAIL STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BEST PR...civej
Basically, Rail-transit Oriented Development (ROD) is an integrated high density mixed use rail station
transit area development for improving accessibility to public transport, enhancing pedestrian friendly
environment as well as increasing urban mobility. Many developed countries have applied the concept of
ROD for generating the compact development of rail station area.
Best practices approach is a selective observation towards several cases with various contexts in order to
get generalization of related theories or concept on practices. In this approach, the study is oriented to
some reasons that make cases being successful. There are two basic components of best practices
approach, i.e. source site and target site. This research elaborated some cases in Japan rail station area
development as source sites for best practices. The finding from elaboration of source sites was brought as
a tool for analyzing the target sites, Jabodetabek rail station area.
The result shows different physical and cultural context between Japan and Indonesia cause the developed
countries concept of ROD cannot be fully applied as it is. It needs some adaptation to be applied in
Indonesia.
Soil Biotechnology to Treat Nazafgarh Drain Water before Disposal into River ...civej
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many
organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not
able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the
waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken
into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the
polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water
recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken
care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can
efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly
and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single
evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and
could be set up within the area of habilitation.
A Laboratory Study on Acid Modified Bituminous Mixes in Comparison for Ruttin...civej
The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on
pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to
develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were
directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this
context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting
characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to
6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of
400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow
parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of
immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin
binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in
laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civej
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form
the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The
compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility.
Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher
cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable
material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its
Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing
its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in
stiffness.
STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL MOMENT FRAMES AGAINST PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSEcivej
Analyzing progressive collapse plays a pivotal role in diagnosing structure stability caused by earthquake,
explosion, car crashes, and fire and so on. In the current research, condition of progressive collapse has
been analyzed in structures which have been designed based on current codes in Iran. For this purpose, a
couple of steel buildings with steel moment frame systems that have many stories and various bay, have
been evaluated. With sudden removal of each column, the possibility of bridging over other elements has
been studied; besides, alternative path method introduced by the UFC 4-023-03 code has been applied in
the assessment process. Results indicate that the beams located on the highest floor do not have a suitable
performance and in case of sudden removal of each of the columns, it will be impossible to bridge overother elements and it will face collapse and progressive collapse in spite of the fact that other members are
resistant against the collapse.
PERFORMANCE AND RATING OF RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDING civej
The green building concept is becoming more and more popular these days because these are considered
as environment friendly building. The government is taking appropriate steps in implementation of green
building concepts by providing increase in Floor area ratio. They are making action plan on climate change on sustainable habitats by proposing smart city concepts. Further in addition to that BEE is putting their effort on appliance labelling programme which helps in appraisal and clearance of large construction projects. Several corporate organizations, institutions and construction companies are now practising green building concept in the construction. There are many green building rating systems in
place. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design ) was developed in response to this need. The GRIHA is considered as Indian National Rating System which have been finalised after incorporating various modifications suggested by a group of architects and experts. United States Green Building Council administered (LEED) as the leading green building rating system which is ranked first among other systems. LEED is contributing heavily in converting the built environment towards sustainable development. The buildings which come under GRIHA are those which are having land area more than 2,500 Sqm. (except for industrial
complexes). These buildings can undergo this certification programme. The GRIHA doesn’t cover buildings having area less than 2500 sqm so the present study focuses on providing a rating system for small residential buildings. By adopting this rating system more and more buildings may be covered fo sustainable development. It gives a boost to nearby surroundings
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
The Effect of the Use of Mineral Additives on Early and Advanced Age Compress...civej
In this study, the effect of using certain proportions of fly ash, Silica fume and milled blast furnace slag
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milled blast furnace slag between 0-50 %, and fly ash between 0-25 % by means of making the usage rates
of the aforementioned three different mineral additives. "Water/Binder" rate, which is known to be an
important parameter in terms of the compressive strength of concrete, has been changed as 0.20, 0.25 and
0.30 in the context of the experiments, and 100x100x100mm cube samples have been taken from the
mixtures generated separately for each mineral additive type. This samples 2, 7, 28, 56 and 90-day
pressure resistance have been tested.
WARM MIX ASPHALT INVESTIGATION ON PUBLIC ROADS-A REVIEWcivej
Warm mix asphalt has been introduced in Europe in 1997 and in the United State 2002. The first trail of
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countries like Germany, Norway, France, U.S.A, Canada, China, Korea, South Africa, India and Brazil
have successfully used the WMA construction on public roads after successful laboratory test. The WMA is
more success in U.S.A compare to European countries (EAPA, 2014). The main goal of WMA is to produce
the bituminous mixtures with similar strength, durability and performance characteristics as HMA
substantially reduced the mixing and compaction temperature.
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projects. Like many other management research, the study involve inferential survey. 172 participants
drawn from the different professions in the construction industry selected from 42 mega projects completed
in the last three years in south-south Nigeria were sampled. Twelve collaborative leadership traits drawn
from emotional, managerial competencies were tested against team performance and team spirit stimulants
from the literature. Mean item score was used to evaluate relevance of the traits to collaborative working
while hypotheses were tested using chi square. While the result of the study is not different from literature,
the far reaching implication is that, project team members’ satisfaction translates into successful projects.
Project management’s leadership quest to satisfy the project team must be guided towards collaboration.
The current result has advance significantly the understanding of team leadership attributes for the
research environment and further buttress the need to meet project participants’ mutual objectives for a
successful project.
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concern. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of cylindrical ground supported concrete water tanks is
investigated. Analyses are carried out on tank models with different aspect ratios using finite element
software ANSYS. The natural frequencies and modal responses are obtained for impulsive and sloshing
modes. An increase of aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.6 causes to increase impulsive natural frequency 3 times
and sloshing natural frequency 2 times for tank filled with water. The response of the tank to the harmonic
loading is also discussed. Deformation and stress response parameters for various frequencies of harmonic
loading were also investigated. The harmonic response of tanks with different fill conditions were studied
for tanks with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.35. For tank of aspect ratio 0.25, the responses variations are not
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Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning.
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industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
journal of engineering and applied science 18.pdfnareshkotra
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a speed publication schedule with whilst maintaining rigorous peer review and the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery of expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate to ensure that they are as same as to be the level of interest and importance appropriate for the journal.
journal of applied science and engineering.pdfnareshkotra
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a fast publication schedule with maintaining rigorous peer review and the use of recommended electronic formats of article delivery expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field of appropriate to ensure that they are likely to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
Runoff Prediction of Gharni River Catchment of Maharashtra by Regressional An...ijtsrd
The present study deals with the prediction of runoff of a river catchment of maharastra by using linear regressional analysis and self organizing maps by handling numerical data. The prediction is done by using past data record. A mathematical model has been developed for rainfall runoff correlation. Warish Khan | Adil Masood | Najib Hasan"Runoff Prediction of Gharni River Catchment of Maharashtra by Regressional Analysis and Ann Tool Box" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7025.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/7025/runoff-prediction-of-gharni-river-catchment-of-maharashtra-by-regressional-analysis-and-ann-tool-box/warish-khan
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
https://jst.org.in/index.html
Our journal has digital transformation, effective management strategies are crucial. Our pages unfold discussions on navigating the complexities of modern business landscapes, strategic decision-making, and adaptive leadership—essential elements for success in the 21st century.
Adequate knowledge about the hydrology is very much required for the proper planning and management of water resources in an area. Rainfall and runoff are the important constituents in determining the hydrology of an area to determine the water management strategies. SCS- CN method is a widely used method for the calculation of surface runoff considering the land use pattern, soil type and antecedent moisture condition. In the present study runoff of the Palar watershed, Karnataka state, South India has been calculated using the SCS-CN method. The watershed consists of a total area of 2872.357 km2. The maximum rainfall of 1231.67 mm in the year 2005 and a minimum of 418.7 mm in the year 2003. The average annual runoff is calculated as 218.26 mm and 626.91MCM. The rainfall- runoff correlation value is 0.8253. The study results can be effectively coordinated for the watershed management activities.
As basic data, the reliability of precipitation data makes a significant impact on many results of environmental applications. In order to obtain spatially distributed precipitation data, measured points are interpolated. There are many spatial interpolation schemes, but none of them can perform best in all cases. So criteria of precision evaluation are established. This study aims to find an optimal interpolation scheme for rainfall in Ningxia. The study area is located in northwest China. Meteorological stations distribute at a low density here. Six interpolation methods have been tested after exploring data. Cross-validation was used as the criterion to evaluate the accuracy of various methods. The best results were obtained by cokriging with elevation as the second variable, while the inverse distance weighting (IDW) preform worst. Three types of model in cokriging were compared, and Gaussian model is the best.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
APPLICATION OF GENE EXPRESSION PROGRAMMING IN FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSISMohd Danish
Flood frequency and its magnitude are essential for the proper design of hydraulics structures such as bridges, spillways, culverts, waterways, roads, railways, flood control structures and urban drainage systems. Since, flood is a very complex natural event depending upon characteristics of catchment, rainfall conditions and various other factors, thus its analytical modelling is very difficult to pursue. Recently, artificial intelligence techniques such as gene expression programming (GEP), artificial neural network (ANN) etc. have been found to be efficient in modelling complex problems in hydraulic engineering. The performance of GEP model has been reported to be better than that of the ANN. Moreover, GEP provides mathematical equation which makes it more superior over other soft computing techniques that do not give any analytical mathematical equation. Therefore, in present study, GEP is implemented in flood frequency analysis for typical Indian river gauging station. The results obtained in the present study are highly promising and suggest that GEP modelling is a versatile technique and represents an improved alternative to the more conventional approach for the flood frequency analysis.
Application of mathematical modelling in rainfall forcast a csae study in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Malaysia receives rainfall from 2000 mm to 4000 mm annually where it is greatly influenced by two monsoon periods in November to March and May to September. The state of Sarawak is well known for its long and wide rivers. Numerous activities such as commercial, industrial and residential can always be found in the vicinity of the rivers. The activities have started since decades ago and still continue to grow and spatially expanding through times providing incomes ranging from small farmers to the largest corporations. Unfortunately, these areas are expected to experience frequent flood events as well as possible receding water level in rivers based on the findings of previous studies. If the projections are accurate, the productivity of these activities will be reduced, hence, in a longer term may affect the economy of the state as whole as well. Therefore, there is an urgent need for existing knowledge on rainfall behavior to be revised as effects of climate change with the intention that the state can fully utilize the favorable conditions and make scientific based decisions in the future. Recent study reveals that the Fourier series (FS), has the ability to simulate long-term rainfall up to 300 years is viewed as an important finding in the study of rainfall forecast. Long-term rainfall forecasting is viewed to be beneficial to the state of Sarawak in its future planning in various sectors such as water supply, flood mitigation, river transportation as well as agriculture. The main goal of the study is to apply a mathematical modeling in rainfall forecasting for the Sungai Sarawak basin. Data from eight rain gauge stations was analyzed and prepared for missing data, consistency check and adequacy of number of stations. Simple statistical analysis was conducted on the data such as maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation. 27 years of annual rainfall data were simulated with the Fourier Series equation using spreadsheet. Hence, the result was compared with the Fitting N-term Harmonic Series. The model result reveals that the Fourier Series has the ability to simulate the observed data by being able to describe the rainfall pattern and there is a reasonable relationship between the simulation and observed data with p-value of 0.93. Keywords: Fourier series, Mathematical
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Similar to ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW RESPONSE (20)
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ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW RESPONSE
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
DOI:10.5121/civej.2016.3216 175
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL
INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE
STREAMFLOW RESPONSE
Sreedevi.S1
and Eldho T.I2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Mumbai, 400076, India
ABSTRACT
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like Nash-
Sutcliffe Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
.
KEYWORDS
Rainfall-runoff simulation, Hydrologic model, Inverse distance weighted method, Ordinary Kriging,
SHETRAN, Streamflow
1. INTRODUCTION
Hydrologic models can be used to predict the future performance of a catchment or region of
interest. Performing hydrologic modeling at a watershed scale is particularly important for
efficient management of water resources within the river basin. Physically based models use
parameters with physical significance and have the ability to improve calibrations on the basis of
physical reasoning [1]. SHETRAN is a physically based spatially distributed modeling system for
runoff estimation, sediment transport and contaminant migration capable of application on a river
basin scale [2] [3]. The quality of model simulation is highly dependent on the accuracy of input
parameters. Rainfall varies spatially and temporally across a basin. The spatial heterogeneity of
rainfall in the model is accounted by using various spatial interpolation methods. The impact of
different spatiotemporal resolution of rainfall input on simulated runoff, using hydrological
models other than SHETRAN, was examined by many studies [4, 5, 6, 7]. Dirks et al., compared
four interpolation methods namely the Inverse distance weighted method, Theissen polygon,
Kriging and Areal mean method using rainfall data from a network of thirteen rain gauges in
Norfolk Island[8]. Kriging method could not provide any significant improvements over other
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
176
methods. For a dense observation network, the authors recommended the application of IDW
method. Buytaert et.al [9] compared Theissen polygon(THI) and Kriging methods for the spatial
and temporal variability of precipitation in the south Ecuadorian Andes. It was found that spatial
interpolation based on the Kriging gives better results than that based on THI. However, the
accuracy of both methods was improved due to the account of external trends. Theissen polygon
method for daily rainfall data provided better forecast of streamflow from Wetspa model
compared to IDW and Universal kriging for the Gharesou Basin, Iran [10].
The literature highlights the need to represent precipitation in a better way as input in hydrologic
modelling. In the present study, the performance of different spatial interpolation methods on
simulated streamflow from Vamanapuram river in Kerala, India were assessed based on the Mean
Annual flow and statistical parameters like Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency, coefficient of
determination. The parameterization of the model for manual calibration has been carried out.
SHETRAN model is calibrated and validated using five year daily time series data and the
performance of different spatial interpolation methods were compared.
2. Materials and Methodology
2.1. STUDY AREA AND THE DATA USED
The Vamanapuram river basin with a catchment area of 787 sq. km. is located mainly in
Thiruvananthapuram district with a small part falling in Kollam district of Kerala state, India. The
basin is bounded by latitudes of 8° 35’ 24’’ N and 8° 49’ 13’’ N and longitudes of 76°44’ 24’’ E
and 77°12’ 45’’ E with Nedumangad Taluk of Thiruvananthapuram district in the South,
Kottarakkara Taluk of Kollam districts in the North, Tamil Nadu in the East and Arabian Sea in
the West. Figure 1 shows the location of the basin. The basin receives an annual average rainfall
of 3200mm. The area receives rainfall mainly during Southwest (June-September) and Northeast
monsoons (October-November).The digital elevation model for the study area was obtained from
earth explorer (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/). ASTER DEM of 30m resolution was aggregated to
1km mesh in Arc Map 10.1, to be used in the SHETRAN Model. Resourcesat-1 AWiFS, of
0.00045 Degree spatial resolution (February 2009) prepared by National Remote Sensing Centre
(http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in) was downloaded for processing in ArcMap 10.1. The maximum
likelihood method using the supervised classification technique was used to prepare the landuse
map. The resulting image was aggregated to 1km by 1km mesh to be used in SHETRAN model.
Soil data in the form of soil texture and soil depth map were procured from the Directorate of Soil
survey and conservation, Trivandrum. The rainfall data of five raingauge stations installed within
the river basin was procured from the Hydrology Project-II, Thiruvananthapuram and National
Data Centre, Pune. The discharge data of Vamanapuram river at Ayilam station was obtained
from the Water Resources Information system (http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wris.html). The
gauging station is monitored by Central Water Commission. The Metereological variables for
calculating Potential Evapotranspiration using Penman-Monteith equation were collected from
National data Centre. The methodology adopted for the present study is shown in Figure 2. The
location of raingauge stations are shown in
Figure 3.
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Figure 1 Location of Vamanapuram basin
Figure 2 Flowchart showing methodology
2.2. RAINFALL INTERPOLATION PROCEDURES
A brief description of the interpolation methods used in this paper is presented here. Theissen
polygon and IDW are deterministic methods whereas Ordinary Kriging is a geostatistical method.
In the Theissen polygon method, the catchment area is divided into polygons so that each polygon
contains a single point of sampling [14]. Each interpolated point (centre of each grid) takes the
value of the closest sampled point. Theissen polygons were generated using ArcMap 10.1. The
inverse distance weight (IDW) method [15] was employed to spatially distribute the daily rainfall.
The rainfall at 5 rain gauge stations were distributed spatially to 5Km by 5Km grids for IDW. In
Kriging method, the value of the interest variable is estimated for a particular point using a
weighted sum of the available point observations. The weights of the data are chosen so that the
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interpolation is unbiased and the variance is minimized. Kriging method takes into account the
spatial dependence structure of the data. There are several types of Kriging, which differ
according to the form applied to the mean of the interest variable. In Ordinary Kriging, the mean
is constant but unknown. For the present study, an unbounded stable variogram model was
chosen for Kriging. IDW and Kriging where carried out using MATLAB R2012b.
Figure 4 represents the spatial variation of rainfall by annual means for the period from 2006 to
2010 obtained by using different interpolation methods.
2.3. OVERVIEW OF SHETRAN MODEL
SHETRAN (SHE-Transport) model was developed from the SHE system [13], a physically based
spatially distributed system for modeling coupled surface and subsurface water flow in river
basins. SHETRAN model has many improvements and additions compared to the SHE Model.
The three dimensional variably saturated sub-surface water flow model [14] and the sediment and
contaminant transport components [15, 2] are some of the major additions to the model. The
model was developed within the Water Resources Systems Research laboratory, School of Civil
engineering and Geosciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Inorder to solve the partial
differential equations for flow and transport, SHETRAN uses finite difference method. The
catchment area is discretized into rectangular computational elements and the underlying soil
zone and aquifer are represented by columns of cells that extend downwards from each of the
surface grid squares. River network, represented by links is assumed to run along the boundaries
of grid squares. The spatial variability in catchment properties, soil, landuse, topography and
metereological inputs are incorporated explicitly into the catchment model by the grid and
column structure of the model.
3. Model Calibration and Validation
In this study, parameter ranges for calibration of the model were fixed based on literature values.
The parameters like Strickler overland flow resistance coefficient, Actual
Evapotranspiration/Potential Evapotranspiration ratio and soil parameters namely soil depth,
saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions were
identified as key parameters required to be specified using field or calibrated data for flow
simulations from studies conducted by Parkin [14], Bathurst et al. [5,6] and Birkinshaw et al.
[18]. A sensitivity analysis of the above six parameters is performed to arrive at the final values.
The data collected was split into two parts- calibration and validation, with calibration being
performed for the period from year 2006 to 2009 and validation for the period from January 2010
to December 2010. The model predictive power was assessed based on Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency
[19].
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Figure 3 Location of raingauge and streamgauge stations within the Vamanapuram basin
Figure 4 Mean Annual precipitation from 2006 to 2010 using different interpolation methods
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Performance of the different rainfall interpolation methods on streamflow simulated by
SHETRAN was assessed based on various statistical parameters like Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency
(NSE), RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), coefficient of determination (R2
) and also the mean
annual flow (Table 1).
Streamflow is converted in units of millimeter by dividing streamflow in cumecs by the
watershed area. Mean annual daily flow is obtained by dividing the sum of all the individual daily
flows by the number of daily flows recorded for the year. Mean annual flow for the period of
record was calculated by taking sum of mean annual flows available for each year of the record,
divided by the number of years of record to obtain the long-term mean annual flow for the period
of record [20]. Streamflow simulated using Theissen polygon method showed a large difference
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in mean annual daily flow during calibration and validation phase although the statistical
parameters showed a satisfactory performance. Inverse distance method showed very less
difference in mean annual daily flow from the observed during calibration. Statistical parameters
for IDW also indicate the high performance of this method. The mean annual flow simulated
using Ordinary Kriging method showed least difference from the observed in comparison to the
other two methods. The simulated discharge hydrographs for the calibration and validation phase,
obtained by different rainfall interpolation methods employed in the study are presented in Figure
5 and
Figure 6. It can be observed from the Figure 5 that there is significant difference in the simulated
streamflow using rainfall from IDW, Theissen and Kriging methods. Streamflow simulated using
IDW interpolated rainfall showed good match with the observed streamflow, in comparison to the
other methods for the calibration and validation phase.
Figure 5 Comparison of discharge simulated using different rainfall spatial interpolation methods for the
period 2006 to 2009(calibration phase)
Figure 6 Comparison of discharge simulated using different rainfall spatial interpolation methods for
2010(validation phase)
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Table 1 Comparison of Model simulation for different interpolation methods
Method Year NSE R2
RMSE Mean
Annual
daily
flow(mm)
Difference in
flow (%)
IDW 2006 to
2009
0.671 0.698 3.261 3.403
0.147
2010 0.616 0.700 5.362 5.835 -8.760
Theissen
polygon
2006 to
2009
0.512 0.535 3.976 2.930
14.026
2010 0.681 0.691 4.886 4.898
8.705
Ordinary
Kriging
2006 to
2009
0.4118 0.502 4.336 3.398
0.293
2010 0.6562 0.711 5.078 5.379 -0.261
Observed 2006 to
2009
3.408
2010 5.365
5. CONCLUSION
The present study showed that IDW and Ordinary Kriging method outperformed the Theissen
polygon method in terms of the mean annual streamflow simulated using SHETRAN model for
the Vamanapuram river basin. The visual comparison of simulated streamflows clearly indicated
the capability of IDW method in providing more accurate rainfall estimates. In regions with
sparse rain gauge stations, it is very essential to incorporate spatial rainfall interpolation methods
which can yield good streamflow simulations form distributed models like SHETRAN.
The Ordinary Kriging method used a stable variogram model for the present study and showed
satisfactory performance in terms of streamflow simulation. The capability of other variogram
models in Ordinary Kriging for rainfall interpolation needs to be explored further. The present
study highlights the need to explore different interpolation techniques for streamflow simulation
using hydrologic models especially for regions with sparse raingauge networks.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank Dr. Birkinshaw, School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences; Newcastle
University, UK for the great assistance in clearing all SHETRAN related queries. The authors are
grateful to the various departments, - NDC, Pune, Hydrology division Project-II,
Thiruvananthapuram and the Directorate of Soil survey and conservation for providing all
necessary data required for the present study.
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Authors
1. Sreedevi.S, Research Scholar in Department of civil engineering, Indian Institute of technology
Bombay
2. Prof. T. I Eldho is a Chair professor in Water Resources Engineering, Department of civil
engineering, Indian Institute of technology Bombay. He works in the area of watershed
management, groundwater, climate change, computational fluid dynamics and application of
simulation-optimisation methods in water resources and environmental engineering.