The document compares the use of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to model and estimate electricity distribution patterns using land use and demographic data. OLS regression provided moderately good results with an R2 value of 31.9% but showed spatial autocorrelation. GWR accounted for spatial non-stationarity and provided better results with an R2 of 51.65%. GWR also had a lower Akaike information criterion score, indicating it was a better model. The study area of Manali, India was classified into land use types from satellite imagery and population growth was also considered. GWR was found to provide a more effective model for estimating patterns of low tension electricity distribution networks
USING THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS AND GIS FOR DECISION MAKING IN RURAL HIG...IAEME Publication
Rural highway route location is a very complex case, requiring significant time and effort from the planners. This study presented the route location method by applying Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographical Information System (GIS). The location of the study is confined to south Mosul city in Iraq of the area (198km2). The researcher is behind defining the route which connects Baghdad-Mosul and Mosul-Kirkuk roadways. This route is considered the suggested turn to Mosul city. A variety of data set from different sources and at different scales are managed.
Application of mathematical modelling in rainfall forcast a csae study in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Malaysia receives rainfall from 2000 mm to 4000 mm annually where it is greatly influenced by two monsoon periods in November to March and May to September. The state of Sarawak is well known for its long and wide rivers. Numerous activities such as commercial, industrial and residential can always be found in the vicinity of the rivers. The activities have started since decades ago and still continue to grow and spatially expanding through times providing incomes ranging from small farmers to the largest corporations. Unfortunately, these areas are expected to experience frequent flood events as well as possible receding water level in rivers based on the findings of previous studies. If the projections are accurate, the productivity of these activities will be reduced, hence, in a longer term may affect the economy of the state as whole as well. Therefore, there is an urgent need for existing knowledge on rainfall behavior to be revised as effects of climate change with the intention that the state can fully utilize the favorable conditions and make scientific based decisions in the future. Recent study reveals that the Fourier series (FS), has the ability to simulate long-term rainfall up to 300 years is viewed as an important finding in the study of rainfall forecast. Long-term rainfall forecasting is viewed to be beneficial to the state of Sarawak in its future planning in various sectors such as water supply, flood mitigation, river transportation as well as agriculture. The main goal of the study is to apply a mathematical modeling in rainfall forecasting for the Sungai Sarawak basin. Data from eight rain gauge stations was analyzed and prepared for missing data, consistency check and adequacy of number of stations. Simple statistical analysis was conducted on the data such as maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation. 27 years of annual rainfall data were simulated with the Fourier Series equation using spreadsheet. Hence, the result was compared with the Fitting N-term Harmonic Series. The model result reveals that the Fourier Series has the ability to simulate the observed data by being able to describe the rainfall pattern and there is a reasonable relationship between the simulation and observed data with p-value of 0.93. Keywords: Fourier series, Mathematical
Suitability Analysis of Waste Disposal Site of Kathmandu DistrictAshmita Dhakal
# The main objectives of the project is:
To determine suitable sites for waste disposal within the 15 km buffer distance from Kathmandu district.
# Following are the sub-objectives of the project:
1.To identify the important criteria for locating a solid waste disposal site.
2. To map suitable disposal site along with suitability and restriction model.
Risk governance for traffic accidents by Geostatistical Analyst methodsIJRES Journal
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are indispensable tool for administrating big datasets based on location of measured point. The values related to space may vary with both time and location. GIS-supported Geostatistical Analyst (GA) can evaluate datasets by analysing the locations of points. Maps produced using probability and prediction methods must be the base products for city planning. This study develops methods to obtain maps to determine traffic hot zones in Konya, Turkey, by applying GA supported by GIS. By applying GA, this study differs from previous studies which have determined the hot spots using linear analysis. In this study, unlike preceding studies, the aim is to determine new safe routes and zones with the help of GA.
Another, different aim is to map and determine graduated hot or safe zones using number of mortalities criterion (AC1), number of injured people criterion (AC2), number of accidents with damage only criterion (AC3), and total number of accidents criterion (AC4).
Gis based multi criteria suitability analysis of community hospitalSourav Bhadra
Site selection for sitting of urban activities/facilities is one of the crucial policy-related decisions taken by urban planners and policy makers. The process of site selection is inherently complicated. A careless site imposes exorb itant costs on city budget and damages the environment inevitably. Nowadays, mu lti -attributes decision making approaches are suggested to use to improve precision of decision making and reduce surplus side effects. To find out a suitable location for Community Hospitals in an urban area, GIS based multicriteria analysis is very helpful and accurate. In this project Ward No-22 in Dhaka City is taken as a study area to do a Suitability Analysis for Community Hospitals.
USING THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS AND GIS FOR DECISION MAKING IN RURAL HIG...IAEME Publication
Rural highway route location is a very complex case, requiring significant time and effort from the planners. This study presented the route location method by applying Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographical Information System (GIS). The location of the study is confined to south Mosul city in Iraq of the area (198km2). The researcher is behind defining the route which connects Baghdad-Mosul and Mosul-Kirkuk roadways. This route is considered the suggested turn to Mosul city. A variety of data set from different sources and at different scales are managed.
Application of mathematical modelling in rainfall forcast a csae study in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Malaysia receives rainfall from 2000 mm to 4000 mm annually where it is greatly influenced by two monsoon periods in November to March and May to September. The state of Sarawak is well known for its long and wide rivers. Numerous activities such as commercial, industrial and residential can always be found in the vicinity of the rivers. The activities have started since decades ago and still continue to grow and spatially expanding through times providing incomes ranging from small farmers to the largest corporations. Unfortunately, these areas are expected to experience frequent flood events as well as possible receding water level in rivers based on the findings of previous studies. If the projections are accurate, the productivity of these activities will be reduced, hence, in a longer term may affect the economy of the state as whole as well. Therefore, there is an urgent need for existing knowledge on rainfall behavior to be revised as effects of climate change with the intention that the state can fully utilize the favorable conditions and make scientific based decisions in the future. Recent study reveals that the Fourier series (FS), has the ability to simulate long-term rainfall up to 300 years is viewed as an important finding in the study of rainfall forecast. Long-term rainfall forecasting is viewed to be beneficial to the state of Sarawak in its future planning in various sectors such as water supply, flood mitigation, river transportation as well as agriculture. The main goal of the study is to apply a mathematical modeling in rainfall forecasting for the Sungai Sarawak basin. Data from eight rain gauge stations was analyzed and prepared for missing data, consistency check and adequacy of number of stations. Simple statistical analysis was conducted on the data such as maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation. 27 years of annual rainfall data were simulated with the Fourier Series equation using spreadsheet. Hence, the result was compared with the Fitting N-term Harmonic Series. The model result reveals that the Fourier Series has the ability to simulate the observed data by being able to describe the rainfall pattern and there is a reasonable relationship between the simulation and observed data with p-value of 0.93. Keywords: Fourier series, Mathematical
Suitability Analysis of Waste Disposal Site of Kathmandu DistrictAshmita Dhakal
# The main objectives of the project is:
To determine suitable sites for waste disposal within the 15 km buffer distance from Kathmandu district.
# Following are the sub-objectives of the project:
1.To identify the important criteria for locating a solid waste disposal site.
2. To map suitable disposal site along with suitability and restriction model.
Risk governance for traffic accidents by Geostatistical Analyst methodsIJRES Journal
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are indispensable tool for administrating big datasets based on location of measured point. The values related to space may vary with both time and location. GIS-supported Geostatistical Analyst (GA) can evaluate datasets by analysing the locations of points. Maps produced using probability and prediction methods must be the base products for city planning. This study develops methods to obtain maps to determine traffic hot zones in Konya, Turkey, by applying GA supported by GIS. By applying GA, this study differs from previous studies which have determined the hot spots using linear analysis. In this study, unlike preceding studies, the aim is to determine new safe routes and zones with the help of GA.
Another, different aim is to map and determine graduated hot or safe zones using number of mortalities criterion (AC1), number of injured people criterion (AC2), number of accidents with damage only criterion (AC3), and total number of accidents criterion (AC4).
Gis based multi criteria suitability analysis of community hospitalSourav Bhadra
Site selection for sitting of urban activities/facilities is one of the crucial policy-related decisions taken by urban planners and policy makers. The process of site selection is inherently complicated. A careless site imposes exorb itant costs on city budget and damages the environment inevitably. Nowadays, mu lti -attributes decision making approaches are suggested to use to improve precision of decision making and reduce surplus side effects. To find out a suitable location for Community Hospitals in an urban area, GIS based multicriteria analysis is very helpful and accurate. In this project Ward No-22 in Dhaka City is taken as a study area to do a Suitability Analysis for Community Hospitals.
Assessment of two Methods to study Precipitation PredictionAI Publications
Presipitation analysis plays an important role in hydrological studies. In this study, using 50 years of rainfall data and ARIMA model, critical areas of Iran were determined. For this purpose, annual rainfall data of 112 different synoptic stations in Iran were gathered. To summarize, it could be concluded that: ARIMA model was an appropriate tool to forecast annual rainfall. According to obtained results from relative error, five stations were in critical condition. At 45 stations accrued rainfalls with amounts of less than half of average in the 50-year period. Therefore, in these 45 areas, chance of drought is more than other areas of Iran.
An Attempt To Use Interpolation to Predict Rainfall Intensities tor Crash Ana...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study uses different interpolation techniques to predict rainfall intensity at locationsthat are not directly located near a rainfall gauges. The goal of being able to interpolate the rainfall intensity is to study its impact on traffic crashes. To perform the study, a collection of rainfall gauges in Alabama were used as subject locations where rainfall intensity was predicted from surrounding gauges, while also providing validation data to compare the predictions. Essentially, the actual rainfall intensities at existing gauges were interpolated using nearby gauges and the results were analyzed.The interpolation techniques used in the study included proximal, averaging and a distance weighted average. The results of the study indicated that none of the interpolation methodologies were sufficient to accurately predict the rainfall intensity values any significant distance from the actual gauges.
Determination of homogenous regions in the Tensift basin (Morocco).IJERA Editor
The aim of this study is to determine homogenous region in the Tensift basin within which the hydrological behavior is similar. In order to do this we used two methods: The Principal components analysis on the monthly precipitation registered at the 23 rainfall stations. This resulted in setting apart 4 groups of stations. The second method is analysis of land use map, geological map, pedagogical map, vegetation map and slope map of the studied area. This method allowed us to delineate 4 homogenous areas. The two methods yielded complementary results and the superposition of groups and regions obtained allowed us to retain 4 homogenous regions corresponding to 3 groups of stations.
Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Hotel Site Selection inventionjournals
In the Multi Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) context, the selection is facilitated by evaluating each choice on the set of criteria. The criteria must be measurable and their outcomes must be measured for every decision alternative. In This Paper the decision making process frame work was developed to provide Hotel site suitability map. Road, river , built up areas n and the Available area were prepared as layers in ArcGIS 10.2 to create suitability model for development area. The results of this analysis indicated that 41% of the study area is considered as the most suitable place for hotel site selection, 33% of the area as moderately suitable and 21% percent as marginally suitable. A portion of 5% was found to be not suitable areas for hotel site selection
Rainfall-Runoff Modelling using Modified NRCS-CN,RS and GIS -A Case StudyIJERA Editor
Study of rainfall and runoff for any area and modeling it, is one of the important aspects for planning and
development of water resources. The development of water resources and its effective management plays a vital
role in development of any country more particularly in India, which is an agricultural based economy. Hence it
is intended to develop a model of Rainfall and runoff to a river basin and also apply the methodology to Sarada
River Basin which has drainage area of 1252.99 Sq.km. The basin is situated in Vishakhapatnam district of
Andhra Pradesh, India. The rainfall and runoff data has been collected from the gauging stations of the basin
apart from rainfall data from nearby stations. MNRCS-CN method has been adopted to calculate runoff. Various
hydrological parameters like soil information, rainfall, land use and land cover (LU/LC) were considered to use
in MNRCS-CN method. The depth of runoff has been computed for different land use patterns using, IRS-P4-
LISS IV data for the study area. Based on the analysis, land use/land cover pattern of Sarada River Basin has
been prepared. The land use/land cover patterns were also visually interpreted and digitized using ERDAS
IMAGINE software. The raster data was processed in ERDAS and geo-referenced and various maps viz. LU/LC
maps, drainage map, contour map, DEM (Digital elevation model) have been generated apart from rainfall
potential map using GIS tool. The estimated runoff using MNRCS-CN model has been simulated and compared
with that of actual runoff. The performance of the model is found to be good for the data considered. The
coefficient of determination R2
value for the observed runoff and that of the computed runoff is found to be
more than 0.72 for the selected watershed basin.
Analysis of crop yield prediction using data mining techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Agrarian sector in India is facing rigorous problem to maximize the crop productivity. More than 60 percent of the crop still depends on monsoon rainfall. Recent developments in Information Technology for agriculture field has become an interesting research area to predict the crop yield. The problem of yield prediction is a major problem that remains to be solved based on available data. Data Mining techniques are the better choices for this purpose. Different Data Mining techniques are used and evaluated in agriculture for estimating the future year's crop production. This paper presents a brief analysis of crop yield prediction using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) technique and Density based clustering technique for the selected region i.e. East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh in India.
Keywords: Agrarian Sector, Crop Production, Data Mining, Density based clustering, Information Technology, Multiple Linear Regression, Yield Prediction.
Power Plant Infrastructures Route SelectionQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Currently the assets of the electric power and gas industries consist of large and complex facilities. During the design phase of these facilities, low risks and cost are the goals. Usually, more than a route for the pipeline and transmission line are studied. Technicians are always concerned with choosing the best connect solution with a power plant. The route selection process get more importance due to the changes currently underway in Brazil. Such changes include the recent disclosure of Petrobras efforts in gas natural assets divestments according to your Business and Management Plan. It is an opportunity to explore new frontiers. Brazil is a very big country. Some states of the federation, such as Santa Catarina, although it appears as one of the ten largest consumers of electricity in Brazil, does not have natural gas consumption for the purpose of electricity generation. This scenario could serve as a motivation for further studies about gas-fired power plants. This paper it will discuss optimization practices in order to get the best routes of pipelines and transmission lines interconnected in gas-fired Thermal Power Plants (TPP) in Santa Catarina state, Brazil.
Predicting Agricultural Products Volume With APC ERP DataQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study is to predict agricultural product volumes using Agricultural product processing center (APC) enterprise resource planning (ERP) data from Korea. So far, great attention by the government has been shown to predict agricultural product volumes to stabilize price, especially high volatility products such as cabbage. In the past, it was hard to predict volumes precisely due to the lack of useful data. Recently, useful data has been accumulated from various sources such as sensors in greenhouses, information systems and public areas. This makes it possible to predict agricultural product volumes more precisely. For this study, we employ the support vector machine (SVM) to predict cabbage volumes. SVM is a semiparametric technique with origins in the machine-learning literature of computer science and its prediction performance is well known. We explore results using SVM against three other methods: ordinary least square (OLS), auto regression (AR), and vector auto regression (VAR). The results show that the prediction performance of SVM is better than that of the other three methods. We expect that the results can be applied to predict domestic cabbage volumes and ERP dashboard for top management at the APC.
Improved grey clustering method in risk zonation of mountain flash flood disa...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Flash floods are considered one of the worst weather-related natural disasters. Flash floods are dangerous because they are sudden and highly unpredictable. Identification of the locations of high-risk areas has a major effect on the improvement of flash flood disaster control and prevention. Earlier work conducted on flood disaster risk zonation was commonly based on Digital Elevation Mode (DEM) data and statistical yearbook data and used an index, such as rainfall, topography, slope, or river distribution, with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to determine the weighting. In this method, the final regional risk map was created by using ArcGIS map algebra superposition. In the present study, an improved gray clustering method is put forward to improve the comprehensive evaluation of the risk of mountain flash flood disasters by constructing the exponential whitening function and by using the information entropy weight method, which produces results that are more accurate and more reliable than those of the traditional method. This improved method can make full use of the limited information available, improving not only the resolution but also the influence of the subjective method, and produces more objective and accurate evaluation results. We obtain the risk degree by combining the information entropy weight and improved whitening function approaches in a gray clustering methodology. Additionally, a method is applied to develop models for mapping the risk grade in zones of 1436 towns and counties in Hubei Province with remotely sensed (RS) data and the ArcGIS platform. The results show that the improved approach is useful for rapidly assessing flash flood hazard and vulnerability and for completing risk assessments in mountain areas.
Accessibility Analysis and Modeling in Public Transport Networks - A Raster b...Beniamino Murgante
Accessibility Analysis and Modeling in Public Transport Networks - A
Raster based Approach
Morten Fuglsang, - National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus
University and Aalborg University Copenhagen
Henning Sten Hansen - Aalborg University Copenhagen
Bernd Münier - National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University
A review of advanced linear repetitive scheduling methods and techniquesAsadullah Malik
ABSTRACT
Over the past two decades, significant attention has been focused on the development of advanced scheduling methods for repetitive/linear construction projects. Several approaches have been proposed by various research groups in order to solve specific problems in the scheduling of repetitive/linear construction projects such as high-rise buildings, bridges, pipelines, and highways. Some of these approaches represent milestones in the authors’ researches, and others provide a thorough solution implemented in computer software. This paper is a review of several articles related to this topic, which have been published in specialized journals since 1998. The solution methods for repetitive/linear scheduling problems are various, extending from simple graphical techniques to complex computational and optimization methods, such as genetic algorithms. The methods underlying the different solutions can be divided into three groups: exact, heuristic and metaheuristic. This paper presents an introduction into the different repetitive/linear scheduling problems, outlines the optimization methods proposed, classifies the different approach methods utilized and, finally, areas for future research are suggested.
Keywords: linear scheduling, construction management, repetitive units, optimization, genetic algorithms.
Models for predicting body dimensions needed for furniture design of junior s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Assessment of two Methods to study Precipitation PredictionAI Publications
Presipitation analysis plays an important role in hydrological studies. In this study, using 50 years of rainfall data and ARIMA model, critical areas of Iran were determined. For this purpose, annual rainfall data of 112 different synoptic stations in Iran were gathered. To summarize, it could be concluded that: ARIMA model was an appropriate tool to forecast annual rainfall. According to obtained results from relative error, five stations were in critical condition. At 45 stations accrued rainfalls with amounts of less than half of average in the 50-year period. Therefore, in these 45 areas, chance of drought is more than other areas of Iran.
An Attempt To Use Interpolation to Predict Rainfall Intensities tor Crash Ana...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study uses different interpolation techniques to predict rainfall intensity at locationsthat are not directly located near a rainfall gauges. The goal of being able to interpolate the rainfall intensity is to study its impact on traffic crashes. To perform the study, a collection of rainfall gauges in Alabama were used as subject locations where rainfall intensity was predicted from surrounding gauges, while also providing validation data to compare the predictions. Essentially, the actual rainfall intensities at existing gauges were interpolated using nearby gauges and the results were analyzed.The interpolation techniques used in the study included proximal, averaging and a distance weighted average. The results of the study indicated that none of the interpolation methodologies were sufficient to accurately predict the rainfall intensity values any significant distance from the actual gauges.
Determination of homogenous regions in the Tensift basin (Morocco).IJERA Editor
The aim of this study is to determine homogenous region in the Tensift basin within which the hydrological behavior is similar. In order to do this we used two methods: The Principal components analysis on the monthly precipitation registered at the 23 rainfall stations. This resulted in setting apart 4 groups of stations. The second method is analysis of land use map, geological map, pedagogical map, vegetation map and slope map of the studied area. This method allowed us to delineate 4 homogenous areas. The two methods yielded complementary results and the superposition of groups and regions obtained allowed us to retain 4 homogenous regions corresponding to 3 groups of stations.
Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Hotel Site Selection inventionjournals
In the Multi Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) context, the selection is facilitated by evaluating each choice on the set of criteria. The criteria must be measurable and their outcomes must be measured for every decision alternative. In This Paper the decision making process frame work was developed to provide Hotel site suitability map. Road, river , built up areas n and the Available area were prepared as layers in ArcGIS 10.2 to create suitability model for development area. The results of this analysis indicated that 41% of the study area is considered as the most suitable place for hotel site selection, 33% of the area as moderately suitable and 21% percent as marginally suitable. A portion of 5% was found to be not suitable areas for hotel site selection
Rainfall-Runoff Modelling using Modified NRCS-CN,RS and GIS -A Case StudyIJERA Editor
Study of rainfall and runoff for any area and modeling it, is one of the important aspects for planning and
development of water resources. The development of water resources and its effective management plays a vital
role in development of any country more particularly in India, which is an agricultural based economy. Hence it
is intended to develop a model of Rainfall and runoff to a river basin and also apply the methodology to Sarada
River Basin which has drainage area of 1252.99 Sq.km. The basin is situated in Vishakhapatnam district of
Andhra Pradesh, India. The rainfall and runoff data has been collected from the gauging stations of the basin
apart from rainfall data from nearby stations. MNRCS-CN method has been adopted to calculate runoff. Various
hydrological parameters like soil information, rainfall, land use and land cover (LU/LC) were considered to use
in MNRCS-CN method. The depth of runoff has been computed for different land use patterns using, IRS-P4-
LISS IV data for the study area. Based on the analysis, land use/land cover pattern of Sarada River Basin has
been prepared. The land use/land cover patterns were also visually interpreted and digitized using ERDAS
IMAGINE software. The raster data was processed in ERDAS and geo-referenced and various maps viz. LU/LC
maps, drainage map, contour map, DEM (Digital elevation model) have been generated apart from rainfall
potential map using GIS tool. The estimated runoff using MNRCS-CN model has been simulated and compared
with that of actual runoff. The performance of the model is found to be good for the data considered. The
coefficient of determination R2
value for the observed runoff and that of the computed runoff is found to be
more than 0.72 for the selected watershed basin.
Analysis of crop yield prediction using data mining techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Agrarian sector in India is facing rigorous problem to maximize the crop productivity. More than 60 percent of the crop still depends on monsoon rainfall. Recent developments in Information Technology for agriculture field has become an interesting research area to predict the crop yield. The problem of yield prediction is a major problem that remains to be solved based on available data. Data Mining techniques are the better choices for this purpose. Different Data Mining techniques are used and evaluated in agriculture for estimating the future year's crop production. This paper presents a brief analysis of crop yield prediction using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) technique and Density based clustering technique for the selected region i.e. East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh in India.
Keywords: Agrarian Sector, Crop Production, Data Mining, Density based clustering, Information Technology, Multiple Linear Regression, Yield Prediction.
Power Plant Infrastructures Route SelectionQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Currently the assets of the electric power and gas industries consist of large and complex facilities. During the design phase of these facilities, low risks and cost are the goals. Usually, more than a route for the pipeline and transmission line are studied. Technicians are always concerned with choosing the best connect solution with a power plant. The route selection process get more importance due to the changes currently underway in Brazil. Such changes include the recent disclosure of Petrobras efforts in gas natural assets divestments according to your Business and Management Plan. It is an opportunity to explore new frontiers. Brazil is a very big country. Some states of the federation, such as Santa Catarina, although it appears as one of the ten largest consumers of electricity in Brazil, does not have natural gas consumption for the purpose of electricity generation. This scenario could serve as a motivation for further studies about gas-fired power plants. This paper it will discuss optimization practices in order to get the best routes of pipelines and transmission lines interconnected in gas-fired Thermal Power Plants (TPP) in Santa Catarina state, Brazil.
Predicting Agricultural Products Volume With APC ERP DataQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study is to predict agricultural product volumes using Agricultural product processing center (APC) enterprise resource planning (ERP) data from Korea. So far, great attention by the government has been shown to predict agricultural product volumes to stabilize price, especially high volatility products such as cabbage. In the past, it was hard to predict volumes precisely due to the lack of useful data. Recently, useful data has been accumulated from various sources such as sensors in greenhouses, information systems and public areas. This makes it possible to predict agricultural product volumes more precisely. For this study, we employ the support vector machine (SVM) to predict cabbage volumes. SVM is a semiparametric technique with origins in the machine-learning literature of computer science and its prediction performance is well known. We explore results using SVM against three other methods: ordinary least square (OLS), auto regression (AR), and vector auto regression (VAR). The results show that the prediction performance of SVM is better than that of the other three methods. We expect that the results can be applied to predict domestic cabbage volumes and ERP dashboard for top management at the APC.
Improved grey clustering method in risk zonation of mountain flash flood disa...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Flash floods are considered one of the worst weather-related natural disasters. Flash floods are dangerous because they are sudden and highly unpredictable. Identification of the locations of high-risk areas has a major effect on the improvement of flash flood disaster control and prevention. Earlier work conducted on flood disaster risk zonation was commonly based on Digital Elevation Mode (DEM) data and statistical yearbook data and used an index, such as rainfall, topography, slope, or river distribution, with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to determine the weighting. In this method, the final regional risk map was created by using ArcGIS map algebra superposition. In the present study, an improved gray clustering method is put forward to improve the comprehensive evaluation of the risk of mountain flash flood disasters by constructing the exponential whitening function and by using the information entropy weight method, which produces results that are more accurate and more reliable than those of the traditional method. This improved method can make full use of the limited information available, improving not only the resolution but also the influence of the subjective method, and produces more objective and accurate evaluation results. We obtain the risk degree by combining the information entropy weight and improved whitening function approaches in a gray clustering methodology. Additionally, a method is applied to develop models for mapping the risk grade in zones of 1436 towns and counties in Hubei Province with remotely sensed (RS) data and the ArcGIS platform. The results show that the improved approach is useful for rapidly assessing flash flood hazard and vulnerability and for completing risk assessments in mountain areas.
Accessibility Analysis and Modeling in Public Transport Networks - A Raster b...Beniamino Murgante
Accessibility Analysis and Modeling in Public Transport Networks - A
Raster based Approach
Morten Fuglsang, - National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus
University and Aalborg University Copenhagen
Henning Sten Hansen - Aalborg University Copenhagen
Bernd Münier - National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University
A review of advanced linear repetitive scheduling methods and techniquesAsadullah Malik
ABSTRACT
Over the past two decades, significant attention has been focused on the development of advanced scheduling methods for repetitive/linear construction projects. Several approaches have been proposed by various research groups in order to solve specific problems in the scheduling of repetitive/linear construction projects such as high-rise buildings, bridges, pipelines, and highways. Some of these approaches represent milestones in the authors’ researches, and others provide a thorough solution implemented in computer software. This paper is a review of several articles related to this topic, which have been published in specialized journals since 1998. The solution methods for repetitive/linear scheduling problems are various, extending from simple graphical techniques to complex computational and optimization methods, such as genetic algorithms. The methods underlying the different solutions can be divided into three groups: exact, heuristic and metaheuristic. This paper presents an introduction into the different repetitive/linear scheduling problems, outlines the optimization methods proposed, classifies the different approach methods utilized and, finally, areas for future research are suggested.
Keywords: linear scheduling, construction management, repetitive units, optimization, genetic algorithms.
Models for predicting body dimensions needed for furniture design of junior s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Identification of Some of Low Temperature Waste Heat Utilization Potentials i...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Natural radiation levels and health hazard indices of soil in Owerri Nigeriatheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
First mitotic division: criterion for selection of potential IVF embryo – A ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Morphometric analysis of a Semi Urban Watershed, trans Yamuna, draining at Al...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The Effects of Population Growth on Economic Growth in Nigeriatheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
A Model for Assessment of Power System Outages on Nigerian Transmission Networktheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Data Mining Applied To Construct Risk Factors For Building Claim on Fire Insu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Mathematical Calculation toFindtheBest Chamber andDetector Radii Used for Mea...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Biocoagulation Activity of Moringa oleifera Seeds for Water Treatmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Determination of Erodibility Index (K) Of Soil in Michael Okpara University o...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Experimental Study of Load Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Different Ver...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Techno-Economic and Environmental Impact Analysis of A Passive Solar Cooker f...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Real Time Monitoring And Controlling Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
As basic data, the reliability of precipitation data makes a significant impact on many results of environmental applications. In order to obtain spatially distributed precipitation data, measured points are interpolated. There are many spatial interpolation schemes, but none of them can perform best in all cases. So criteria of precision evaluation are established. This study aims to find an optimal interpolation scheme for rainfall in Ningxia. The study area is located in northwest China. Meteorological stations distribute at a low density here. Six interpolation methods have been tested after exploring data. Cross-validation was used as the criterion to evaluate the accuracy of various methods. The best results were obtained by cokriging with elevation as the second variable, while the inverse distance weighting (IDW) preform worst. Three types of model in cokriging were compared, and Gaussian model is the best.
Gensol collected Actual Global Tilted Irradiation (AGTI) of 57 sites from operational projects spread across in India. It was then correlated with Expected Global Tilted Irradiation (EGTI) from the following meteo-databases namely:
1) Meteonorm-7.2
2) SolarGIS,
3) NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration),
4) NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
In our report, we find most representative meteo-data set for each site.
Calculation of solar radiation by using regression methodsmehmet şahin
Abstract. In this study, solar radiation was estimated at 53 location over Turkey with
varying climatic conditions using the Linear, Ridge, Lasso, Smoother, Partial least, KNN
and Gaussian process regression methods. The data of 2002 and 2003 years were used to
obtain regression coefficients of relevant methods. The coefficients were obtained based on
the input parameters. Input parameters were month, altitude, latitude, longitude and landsurface
temperature (LST).The values for LST were obtained from the data of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
(NOAA-AVHRR) satellite. Solar radiation was calculated using obtained coefficients in
regression methods for 2004 year. The results were compared statistically. The most
successful method was Gaussian process regression method. The most unsuccessful method
was lasso regression method. While means bias error (MBE) value of Gaussian process
regression method was 0,274 MJ/m2, root mean square error (RMSE) value of method was
calculated as 2,260 MJ/m2. The correlation coefficient of related method was calculated as
0,941. Statistical results are consistent with the literature. Used the Gaussian process
regression method is recommended for other studies.
Smart City Energy Planning Integrating Data and Tools .docxpbilly1
Smart City Energy Planning: Integrating Data and Tools
João Pedro Gouveia
Center for Environmental and
Sustainability Research, Department
of Science and Environmental
Engineering, Faculty of Science and
Technology, Universidade NOVA de
Lisboa
2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
Tel.: +351 21 294 83 74
[email protected]nl.pt
Júlia Seixas
Center for Environmental and
Sustainability Research, Department
of Science and Environmental
Engineering, Faculty of Science and
Technology, Universidade NOVA de
Lisboa
2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
Tel.: +351 21 294 83 74
[email protected]
George Giannakidis
Energy Systems Analysis Lab.
Center for Renewable Energy
Sources and Saving
19th km Marathonos Ave.
19009 Pikermi, Attiki, Greece
Tel: +302106603324
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an innovative analytical framework to
address incomplete interpretations and dispersed data of the
energy system in cities, which usually generate multiple
inefficiencies. Integrative city planning takes the city energy
system from the supply to the demand while considering its
spatial representativeness, and drives optimal cost-efficient
assessment towards future sustainable energy targets. This
holistic approach delivers more adequate policies and measures
towards higher energy use efficiency.
The proposed analytical framework has been developed within
the INSMART EU funded project and focuses on data gathering
procedures and data processing tools and models, covering a
wide range of city’s energy consumers, as residential buildings,
transport and utilities. The results, mapped into a GIS, can be
further exploited either for awareness increase of citizens and
for decision support of city energy planners.
Keywords
Integrative Energy Planning; GIS; Buildings; Transports and
Mobility; Smart Meters
1. INTRODUCTION
Cities are vital for engaging with environmental issues since its
activities affect the environment locally, regionally and globally
in both negative and positive ways [5]. Climate change and the
reduction of energy consumption are challenging topics for
cities and their territorial organization. A number of initiatives
(e.g. [1, 2]) have been set up to engage cities in efforts towards a
low carbon future and an improved quality of life through
sustainable economic development.
Smart cities appeal for a coordinated energy, water,
transportation, public health and safety services towards an
efficient management of the critical infrastructure to assure end-
use services for all citizens. There is a critical need for
integrated comprehensive city planning [12], focused on ex-ante
cost-benefit assessment and using energy systems models
towards urban sustainable energy use.
This allows moving from a reactive urban management to a
proactive approach based on knowledge and supported by the
increasing availability of the IoT (Internet of Things) and
information and communicati.
Short-Term Forecasting of Electricity Consumption in Palestine Using Artifici...ijaia
Nowadays, planning the process of electricity consumption demand is one of the keys success factors for
the development of countries. Due to the importance of electricity, countries have greatly paid attention to
the prediction of electricity consumption. Electricity consumption prediction is a major problem for the
power sector; an efficient prediction will help electrical companies to take the right decisions and to
optimize their supply strategies for their work. In this paper, we proposed a model that is used to predict
the future electricity consumption depending on the previous consumption. This model provides companies
and authorities to know the future information about the electricity consumption, so they can organize their
distribution and make suitable plans to maintain the stability in the delivery and distribution of electricity.
We aim to create a model that will be able to study the previous electricity consumption patterns and use
this data to predict the future electricity consumption. The system analyzes the collected data of electricity
consumption of the previous years, then byusing the mean value for each day and the use of Multilayer
Feed-Forward with Backpropagation Neural Networks (MFFNNBP) as a tool to predict the future
electricity consumption in Palestine. The data used in this paper depends on data collection of months and
years. Finally, this proposed model conducts a systematic process with the aim of determining the future
electricity consumption in Palestine. The proposed application and the result in this paper are developed in
order to contribute to the improvement of the current energy planning tools in Palestine. The experimental
results show that the model performs good results of prediction, with low Mean Square Error (MSE).
Overview about GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for micro hydropower plant...journalBEEI
Morphology in South OKU District is the potential of a micro hydropower plant (MHPP) as an alternative power source. This potential has not been fully utilized, although many un-electrified villages are in several remote areas. Identification planning for MHPP is one of the most critical planning tasks and requires excellent multi-criteria spatial analysis. GIS and multi-criteria analysis have played an essential role in analyzing suitable locations for MHPP development. GIS and multi-criteria spatial analysis consist of detailed investigations of ongoing sites and suitability for specific planning. This research aims to overview GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for MHPP site suitability based on electricity South OKU demands. The most critical data and criteria to decide the best site suitability are un-electrified villages, rivers, land use, slope, landslide vulnerability, and elevation. All of the data were generated into the raster data format. Quantitative modeling used AHP as a multi-criteria analysis method, and a weighted score is determined by considering the comparison of each criterion. Finally, the criterion layer was calculated by open-source QGIS to create a site suitability map. The field study verified the resulting map, and there is a match between the preferred locations and the field survey. The research results preferred Sungai Are, Sindang Danau, and Kisam Tinggi Sub-district as the best suitability for MHPP development.
Cds based energy efficient topology control algorithm in wireless sensor net...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a self organized network which consists of large number of sensor nodes that collects the data in a various environment [1, 2]. The sensors work on battery that have limited lifetime so it is a challenge to create an energy efficient network that can reduce the energy consumption and interference in the network graph and thereby extend the network lifetime [2]. For saving energy and extending network lifetime the topology is a well-known technique in WSNs and the widely used topology control strategy is the construction of Connected Dominating Set (CDS) [3, 4]. In this paper, we construct a CDS based energy efficient topology control algorithm i.e. GCDSTC for WSNs. The performance analysis includes the study of GCDSTC algorithm in terms of complexity and compares it with EBTC (Energy Balanced Topology Control) algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the GCDSTC algorithm reduce the energy consumption and interference in the network graph, in order to enhance the network lifetime. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Connected Dominating Set (CDS), Topology Control (TC), etc.
Analysis of green’s function and surface current density for rectangular micr...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, Green’s function and surface current density for planar structure has been calculated. The approach makes use of the popular and rigorously used spectral domain full wave analysis method in conjunction with method of moment as numerical analysis tool. In present approach, boundary conditions are applied at patch metallization, which leads to integral equation with the involvement of green’s function in spectral domain, which includes the effect of dielectric, conductor loss, surface wave modes and space wave radiation. By applying Galerkin’s moment method integral equation are transformed to linear set of equations. Entire domain basis function is used to improve the efficiency of the solution. Keywords: Spectral domain full wave analysis, Green function, Galerkin’s moment method, Entire domain basis function, Surface current density.
Analysis of green’s function and surface current density for rectangular micr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Classification of aurangabad city using high resolution remote sensing dataeSAT Journals
Abstract
The current study highlights the advantages of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) in the field urban planning and management. IRS-P6 Resourcesat-1 LISS-IV high spatial resolution (5.8m) data with three spectral bands were used for urban classification. The study area Aurangabad is the capital metro city of Maharashtra State, India. ENVI 4.4 image processing tool was used for classification of satellite data on the basis of supervised approach. Two statistical algorithms were used for urban classification such as Minimum distance and Mahalanobis distance classifier. Lastly the accuracy of the classification was performed through ground truth. The result indicates that the Minimum distance classifier gives the better results than Mahalanobis classifier which are 80.2817% and 70.4225% respectively. Hence it is identified minimum distance is best for urban classification.
Keywords: Supervised classification, Multispectral, Confusion matrix, Producer’s accuracy, Users accuracy.
Classification of aurangabad city using high resolution remote sensing data
A0311020109
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 11 || Pages || PP -01-09|| 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 1
Comparison of Ordinary Least Square Regression and
Geographically Weighted Regression for Estimating and
Modeling the Electricity Distribution Using Geographical
Information System (GIS)/Remote Sensing (RS)
1
Kalai Selvi.J, Research Scholar, 2
Vidhya .R , Professor,
3
Manonmani.R,Research Scholar
1
Institute of Remote Sensing,Anna University,Chennai,Tamil Nadu
2
Institute of Remote Sensing,Anna University,Chennai,Tamil Nadu
3
Institute of Remote Sesning, Anna University,Chennai,Tamil Nadu
-------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT -----------------------------------------------------
Electricity is a key energy source in each country and an important condition for economic development
especially in industrial area. The current energy situation in the region is characterized by a rapid increase in
energy demand due to urbanization, rapid population growth and economic growth all add to rising energy
demand . So it is very important to know the present spatial distribution of network. Understanding the
relationship between the spatial distribution of electricity network and different land use types accounting for
the spatial non stationarity can help electricity planers to better evaluate the assessment of network distribution.
A relatively new technique, geographically weighted regression (GWR) has the ability to account for spatial non
stationarity with space. While its application is growing in other scientific disciplines, the application of this
new technique in electricity distribution has not been used elsewhere. The geographic information system (GIS)
, along with the two different empirical techniques( GWR and Ordinary least square regression) was used to
analyze the relationship between low tension (LT) distribution and various land use classes derived from recent
high resolution satellite image quick bird for Manali (Industrial region) in Chennai. Low tension was spatially
interpolated in ArcGIS using interpolation techniques with zonal statistics. The explanatory variables used are
the Land use parameters like built-up area, scrub, agricultural land, industry etc and the socio economic factor
population growth. The OLS model performed moderately well (AIC=31.665, R2=31.9% and Adjusted
R2=31.8%), the Moran’s I =0.66 for the residuals from the OLS model. The best results were obtained with the
GWR model (AIC=19.08, R2=51.65% and Adjusted R2=50.42%) The results suggest that GWR provides an
effective estimation for modeling the LT consumer’s distribution network pattern.
KEYWORDS: Remote Sensing, Geographical Information System, Geographically Weighted Regression,
Ordinary least square component;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 27 October 2014 Date of Accepted: 15 November 2014
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy has come to be known as a `strategic commodity’ and any uncertainty about its supply can
threaten the functioning of the economy, particularly in developing country like India. As demands for the
electricity energy have increases in urban area due to tremdeous population growth as a result in change in land
use patterns and industry establishment. Energy is critical, directly or indirectly, in the complete process of
evolution, growth and survival of all living beings and it plays an important role in the socio-economic
development and human welfare of a country . Hence, to offer high-quality service to the end user considering
the urbanization growth an adequate planning for energy or demand estimation is very much essential.
In recent years Geographic information system has been an important development in the field of
electricity network [1][2] and it is used for the spatial data management and manipulation. With the advent of
remote sensing and GIS technologies, the mapping of electricity distribution network with considering socio
economic and land use variable have been widely used[3]. There are many studies on electricity related to trend
analysis[4] and many these studies applied regression method as non spatial[5] .
Recent new technology known as Geographically weighted regression is applied to study the spatial
relationship between more than two variable. One of the nonparametric modeling method is the geographically
weighted regression (GWR) technique[6]. GWR is among the new developments of local spatial analytical
2. Comparison of Ordinary Least Square Regression and Geographically Weighted Regression ….
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 2
techniques. It is a local spatial statistical technique that relies on a form of kernel regression within a multiple
linear regression framework to develop local relationships between the dependent and independent
variables[7][8][9]. GWR was used to examine the spatially varying relationships between several urbanization
indicators based on LULC changes. Geographically weighted regression is an exploratory technique mainly
intended to indicate where non-stationarity is taking place on the map, that is where locally weighted regression
coefficients move away from their global values. In another research[10] the relationship between precipitation
verse irrigated and rain fed crop was carried out. Another research [11] is about analysis the relationship
between agricultural landscape pattern and urban.
Numerous studies have described the application of the Geographical weighted regression method for
land use change. In addition, the geographical weighted regression method has been applied to urban heat
estimation [12], urban growth [13], crime mapping [14], Fisheries [15], population [16], Electricity
consumption[17] and Groundwater subsidence [18]. Further GWR was used to investigated relationship
between electricity consumption and household income. The results reveal that electricity consumption is useful
for characterizing household income, a frequently used proxy for purchasing power. Stochastic model to
estimate the efficiency analysis of electricity distribution[19] network using sample of about 500 electricity
distribution utilities from seven European countries. Although Geographical regression method has been applied
to crime mapping, fisheries, land use mapping, heat island, this approach have not yet been used in analysis
relationship between distribution of low tension and land use type.
At present, energy modeling is a subject of widespread interest among engineers and scientists
concerned with the problems of energy production and consumption. Modeling in some areas of application is
now capable of making useful contributions to planning and policy formulation. GWR and OLS have the
ability to predict the locations where the network expansion will occur is useful not only for proper utilization of
the power , but also for policy makers who need to plan and manage the outcomes of spatial processes at
regional or local levels. Spatially estimating the future demand is very important for the economical future
expansion and safe operation of a distribution network
This study compares the accuracy in predicting energy consumption in the study area using OLS and
GWR and also examines the relationship between energy consumption and diverse independent variables. The
energy consumption estimation is calculated based on Land use parameters and also based on population.
Results are compared and this study provides important reference materials for the utility companies in
assessing energy consumption.
This will be helpful for a successful electricity planner.
II. AREA AND METHODS FOR RESEARCH
a. Objective
The main objective of this study includes
• Applying OLS and GWR to estimate the distribution pattern of LT Network for planning future expansion
based on the independent variables.
• Evaluating the performance of OLS and GWR models.
• Validation of the results.
b. Area of research
The study area selected is situated in the city Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu.The Chennai
Metropolitan Area (CMA) comprises the city of Chennai, 16 Municipalities, 20 Town Panchayats and 214
Village Panchayats in 10 Panchayat Unions. Manali is an Industrial town and Municipality in Thiruvallur
district in the state of Tamil Nadu. It is located in north of Chennai City . Manali is further divided into six
wards and Manali had a population of 58,174 as per the census data. Manali is located in the Northern Suburb
of Chennai city. Since this area consist both industrial as well as domestic loads this has been taken for case
study and it’s the one of the fast developing areas in Chennai whereas the load growth is in the rate of around
8% per year. Manali area is fed by the Manali 230/110KV Substation which in turn connected with the thermal
generators located in north chennai. The study area Manali is shown in Figure[1].
3. Comparison of Ordinary Least Square Regression and Geographically Weighted Regression ….
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 3
Fig.:1 Study area
III. OVERVIEW OF MODELS
A. Ordinary least squares (OLS) method
Various interpolation techniques are available to predict and interpolate information or variables within
predetermined boundaries. The ordinary linear regression model the estimation of the coefficients by using
Ordinary Least Squares. The residuals are assumed to be independently and identically distributed around a
mean of zero. The errors are also assumed to be homoscedastic, i.e with constant variance. A regression model
is expressed as inn equation(1).
iii
xy 10
-----------(1)
for i=1....n
Where Y is the dependent variable. The independent variables are known as predictor variables. The i
is the
error term, and 0
and 1
are parameters which are to be estimated. The OLS estimator can be written in the
form shown in equation(2)
yXXX
TT 1
)(ˆ
---------------- (2)
where ˆ is the vector of estimated parameters, X is the design matrix which contains the values of the
independent variables and a column of 1s, y is the vector of observed values, and
1
)(
XX
T
is the inverse of
the variance-covariance matrix. Weights can also be included in the OLS estimator and they are placed in the
leading diagonal of a square matrix W , the estimator with weights are shown in equation(3).
WyXWXX
TT 1
)(ˆ
---------- (3)
The ability of the model to replicate the observed y values is measured by the goodness of fit. This is expressed
by the r2
value which runs from 0 to 1 and measures the proportion of variation in the observed y.
B. Spatial Autocorrelation
Autocorrelation means that a variable is correlated with itself . The simplest definition of
autocorrelation states that pairs of subjects that are close to each other are more likely to have more similar
values , and pairs of subjects far apart from each other are more likely to have less similar values . Gradients or
clusters are examples of spatial structures that are positively correlated, whereas negative
correlation may be exhibited in a checkerboard pattern where subjects appear to repulse each other. When data
are spatially auto correlated, it is possible to predict the value at one location based on the value sampled from a
nearby location when data using interpolation methods. The absence of autocorrelation implies data are
independent. Moran's I is a measure of spatial autocorrelation.
C. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR)
GWR is the analysis of spatially varying relationship .GWR is to explore how the relationship between
a dependent variable (Y) and one or more independent variables (the Xs) might vary geographically.
Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is a recent contribution to modeling spatially heterogeneous
processes. Using GWR the parameters may be estimated anywhere in the study area by the given dependent
variable and a set of one or more independent variables which have been measured at places whose location
coordinates are known. GWR model considers the differences of spatial location and the spatial correlation,
which allows local rather than global parameter estimation, the estimated parameters are different with the
spatial location varies. It can be regarded as a local model .
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The GWR model equation would be:
mimiiiiiii
xxxy )(...)()()()( 22110
uuuuu ---------------- (4)
A prediction/estimation may be made for the dependent variable if measurements for the independent
variables are also available at the same location u. In general the GWR works by moving a search window from
one point in a data set to the other, working through them all in a ordered list or sequence. The distance from
one point to another can be defined by actual geographic distance or by its sequence of position i.e first nearest
point or second and so on. The goodness of fit measured in GWR is the corrected Akaike Information Criterion.
)(2
)(
)2(log)ˆ(log2
S
S
trn
trn
nnnAIC eec
------------------(5)
In AIC method, the user can choose a fixed bandwidth or a variable bandwidth that expands in areas of
sparse observations and shrinks in areas of dense observations (Charlton et al., no date). Because the regression
equation is calibrated independently for each observation, a separate parameter estimate, t-value, and goodness-
of-fit is calculated for each observation. These values can thus be mapped, allowing the analyst to visually
interpret the spatial distribution of the nature and strength of the relationships among explanatory and dependent
variables.
IV. MODEL PARAMETER
A. Dependent variable
The feeder emanating from the substation has been mapped in GIS along with all roads and buildings.
A very high resolution map taken from satellite is used us to map network elements in GIS and the spatial co-
ordinates of poles ,transformers, individual service lines from the pole etc has been acquired. Further, the
attribute data like make of distribution transformer, capacity of each DT, source feeder details, year of
commissioning etc are also recorded along with each object which is given in Figure[3&4].
B. Independent variable
Further, land-uses of Manali area has been classified into nine categories. Viz. built up, canal, crop,
Cooling pond, Industry, Plantation, Scrub, River and Tank. In this study supervised classification techniques
were adopted. A supervised classification method was carried out using training sets and test data for accuracy
assessment. Classified land use / land cover maps for the year 2006 and 2012 . After classified thematic maps
were developed, accuracy was tested by different methods of accuracy assessment, and the post-classification
process was the last process in classification. This was considered as input for the model.
C. Demographic profile
Population growth in the study area
Tamilnadu has emerged as the third largest economy in India.
Fig.: 2 Chennai Population till 2014.
In the recent past, liberalization, rapidly growing IT sector, an educated, hardworking and disciplined
work force etc, accelerating economic development also contributed to the growth of urban areas in Tamilnadu.
The extent of the State is130,058 sq.km. of which the urban area accounts for 12,525 sq.km. Tamilnadu is the
most urbanized state in India. Chennai was established in 1639 and it has grown to the fourth largest Metro City
in India.Fig.2 shows the population growth is Chennai. According to India Census , the study area Manali had a
population of 58,174. Manali has an average literacy rate of 72 %, higher than the national average of 59.5 %
.The population growth will also play an important role in energy consumption. Hence this also been considered
in the analysis.
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Fig.:3&4 Mapping of Distribution Network
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The relationship between the electricity consumption pattern with the independent factors viz. Land use
parameters and population growth the socio- economic factor are estimated using OLS regression model, auto
correlation and GWR model. The land use map and the corresponding estimation results observed using OLS
Regression model is shown in Fig(5) and (6). It is observed from the result that the spatial estimate result of LT
Consumers using OLS model falls maximum under the built-up area and it is very minimum in scrub land.
Table 1.
R² Values from OLS MODEL
Fig.: 5. Land use and Land cover
Object
Id
Diag_Name Diag_Value
1 AIC 31665.68
2 R² 0.319
3 AdjR² 0.318
4 F-Stat 674.759
5 Wald 305.241
6 K(BP) 1587.229
7 JB 259669.648
8 Sigma² 14.076
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Fig.:6.OLS Model Regression
Under the built-up area and it is very minimum in scrub land. The R² values obtained from OLS is
displayed in Table [1]. The t-statistics values observed from the coefficient table are shown in Table[2].
Table-2.
Coefficient Table
Id Coef StdError t_Stat Prob
1 0.021042 0.068954 0.305164 0.760262
2 0.102445 0.002004 51.11694 0
3 0.003086 0.001363 2.264861 0.023542
4 0.014374 0.011825 1.215536 0.224214
5 -0.00157 0.038385 -0.04089 0.967373
The t-statistics test the hypothesis that the value of an individual coefficient estimate is not significantly
different from zero. Here for the variable Built-up area, t-statistics values are more statistically significant.
Fig.:7 t-statistics Graph
The report from the OLS advised that we should carry out a test to determine whether there is spatial
autocorrelation in the residuals. If the residuals are sufficiently auto correlated, then the results of the OLS
regression analysis are unreliable. An appropriate test statistic is Moran’s I, this is a measure of the level of
spatial autocorrelation in the residuals. Auto correlation measures spatial autocorrelation based on both feature
locations and feature values simultaneously. It should be between -1.0 to 1.0 . The results of auto correlation
estimates are shown in Table.[3]
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Table : 3 Auto correlation result
Moran’s Index : 0.66
Z score : 53.61 standard Deviation
Significance Level Critical Value
0.01 -2.58
0.05 -1.96
0.10 -1.65
Random -1.65 to 1.65
0.10 1.65
0.05 1.96
0.01 2.58
With the given a set of features and an associated attribute, it evaluates whether the pattern expressed is
clustered, dispersed, or random. The calculated the Moran's I Index value and both a z-score and p-value to
evaluate the significance of that Index. P-values are numerical approximations of the area under the curve for a
known distribution, limited by the test statistic. To estimate the location of LT consumers after auto correlation
the GWR model was used to identify the hotspots and the local results R² is shown in Fig.[8].
The hotspots in red colored squares Fig.[9] indicate the hotspot areas where the electricity consumers
are more and their total consumption is also high compared with the other regions. Even the area around this
hotspot is also built up area the reason for this estimation is, this area contains multi-storey buildings with more
than one connection for an individual building. The Resultant table obtained from GWR is given as Fig.[4].
Table 4 : GWR Resultant Table.
Name Value Description
Bandwidth 895.430243
Dependent variable-
LT Consumer
Residual squares 55865.531082
Effective Number 80.742341
Sigma 4.129999
AIC 19084.301630
R² 0.516006
R² Adjusted 0.504222
The GWR table is for measuring the goodness of fit. It contains Residual squares , r2
, adjusted r2
and
the sigma values. The r2
measures the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable which is accounted
for by the variation in the model, and the possible values range from 0 to 1. Values closer to 1 indicate that the
model has a better predictive performance. However, its values can be influenced by the number of the variables
which are in the model – increasing the number of variables will never decrease the r2
. The adjusted r2
is a
preferable measure since it contains some adjustment for the number of variables in the model. Goodness of fit
measurements : the r2
is 0.516 and the adjusted r2
is 0.504. The comparative table is given as Table[5].
TABLE 5: VALIDATION OF MODELS
NAME VALUES FROM
GWR
VALUES FROM
OLS
AIC 19084.301630 31665.680
R² 0.516006 0.319
R²
ADJUSTED
0.504222 0.318
SIGMA 4.12999 _
SIGMA ⁴ 14.076 _
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Fig. 8: GWR Local R²
Fig. [9] Geographically weighted Regression predicted results
It is inferred from the above the results that the R² values close to the value 1 indicates better
estimation results and the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) value which is the relative measure of
goodness-of-fit indicates better results. From the result the OLS model performed moderately well
(AIC=31.665, R2=31.9% and
Adjusted R2=31.8%), the Moran’s I =0.66 for the residuals from the OLS model. The best results were
obtained with the GWR model (AIC=19.08, R2=51.65% and Adjusted R2=50.42%) Wherein in GWR model
gives better results of estimation than OLS model. The estimated values are compared with the actual physical
distribution of network.
VI. CONCLUSION
This study explored the use of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, spatial autocorrelation and
geographically weighted regression (GWR) for modeling and analyzing the spatial varying relationships between
LT Consumers and land use pattern in the study area. Results lead to the conclusion that GWR was more
powerful and effective in interpreting relationships between LT consumer and land use pattern, particularly in
relation to urbanization. Characters and strength of the relationships identified by GWR showed great spatial
estimates. Given that impacts of different urbanization indictors of landscape patterns operated at different spatial
scales, the OLS and GWR estimated the dependent variables distribution pattern from other independent variables
or drivers. This study can be preceded further by using both the regression models for two different type of study
areas and results can be analyzed based on its urbanization growth rate.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank TamilNadu Transmission Corporation Ltd., Chennai for providing data for this
research work.
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