Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
This presentation deals with the beta blockers commonly used in day-to-day practice alongwith some interesting mnemonics to remember their names & site of action
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
This presentation deals with the beta blockers commonly used in day-to-day practice alongwith some interesting mnemonics to remember their names & site of action
This presentation was used as lecture for BNS 1st year students. For further details on the topic please refer to other presentations of the same topic uploaded by me (intended for MBBS students)
These slides present directly acting arteriolar dilators i.e.cardiovascular drugs, their mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, uses and precautions.
PH1.28 Describe the mechanisms of action, types, doses, side effects, indicat...Dr Pankaj Kumar Gupta
PH1.28 Describe the mechanisms of action, types, doses, side effects, indications and contraindications of the drugs used in ischemic heart disease (stable, unstable angina and myocardial infarction), peripheral vascular disease
Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease. It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked, also called ischemia.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. Drugs Used In Ischaemic
Heart Disease
Dr. Pravin Prasad
M.B.B.S, MD Clinical Pharmacology
Lecturer, Lumbini Medical College
24 June, 2018 (10 Asar, 2075), Sunday
2. By the end of the class, MBBS
Sem II students will be able to:
Classify anti-anginal drugs
Describe the pharmacology of nitrates and their
role in treatment of Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD)
Explain the pharmacological basis of beta blockers
in IHD
Explain the role of potassium channel blockers in
IHD
3. Lets revise some concepts
What is your understanding about:
? Blood supply of heart
? Preload
? Afterload
? Factors affecting Cardiac O2 consumption
? Smooth muscle contraction
? Ischaemic Heart Disease
• What are included in it?
9. Nitrates: Mechanism of Action
Rapidly denitrated to reactive free radical nitric
oxide (NO)
Activates guanylyl cyclase
Increased cGMP levels
Inhibits phosphorylation (activation) of MLCK
interaction between myosin and actin
prevented relaxation (vasodilatation)
Reduced Ca2+ entry inside cells
10. Nitrates: Effects
Preload reduction (venodilatation):
End diastolic size and pressure reduced
Decreased cardiac work
Sub endocardial crunch abolished
Laplace law:
T = P x R
Relief in classical angina
T= Wall tension
P= Intraventricular Pressure
R= Intraventricular Radius
12. Nitrates: Effects
Afterload reduction (arteriolar dilatation):
Large doses/ significant fall in mean BP
Reflex sympathetic stimulation
Tachycardia, increased cardiac work, angina
precipitated
• Fainting and cold sweat (cerebral ischemia)
• Rx: lying down and raising the foot end
13. Nitrates: Effects
Redistribution of coronary flow:
Dilates conducting vessels (larger coronary
arteries)
Ischaemic area resistance vessels (smaller
arterioles) already dilated
Increased blood flow to ischaemic area
Relief in variant angina
14. Nitrates: Effects
Heart and peripheral blood flow:
No direct effect on heart
Dilate cutaneous vessels: Flushing
Dilate meningeal vessels: Headache
Splanchnic and renal blood flow:
Shifting of blood from lungs to systemic
circulation: decongestion of lungs
16. Nitrates: Pharmacokinetics
Absorption:
Lipid soluble: well absorbed from buccal
mucosa, intestines and skin
Oral administration: extensive and variable
first pass metabolism in liver
• Not seen with Isosorbide mononitrate
(IMN))
17. Nitrates: Pharmacokinetics
Metabolism:
Rapidly denitrated (glutathione reductase,
mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase)
Partly denitrated metabolites: less active, longer t½
Duration of action depends on the site of
administration:
• Sub-lingual GTN, IDN- short acting
• Oral GTN, IDN- long acting
18. Nitrates: Adverse effects
Due to Vasodilation:
Fullness in head, throbbing headache
Flushing, weakness, sweating, palpitation,
dizziness, fainting
Methaemoglobinemia
Significant in severe anaemia
Tolerance
Dependence
Rashes: pentaerythritol tetranitrate
19. Nitrates: Tolerance
Dose/Duration dependent; weans off rapidly
Significant: continuous intra-venous infusion, oral &
transdermal administration
Cross tolerance seen
Possible mechanism:
Depleted SH radicals
Compensatory mechanism, oxidative stress
Rx: Provide nitrate free interval everyday
20. Nitrates: Dependence
Prolonged exposure sudden withdrawal
spasm of coronary and peripheral blood vessels
Lowering of angina threshold seen
Can lead to MI, sudden deaths
Rx:
Gradual withdrawal
Use another class of drug
21. Nitrates: GTN
Volatile liquid
Should be stored in a tightly closed glass container
Sublingual tablet/spray:
To terminate attack
Crush the tablet under the teeth spread over
buccal mucosa
Acts within 1-2 mins
Anginal pain relieved spit or swallow the
remaining tablet
22. Nitrates: GTN
Sustained release capsules
For chronic prophylaxis
Cutaneous application:
Ointment: effects in 4-6 hrs
Transdermal patch:
• Effects seen in 60 mins
• Tolerance, Dependence seen
Transmucosal dosage (Gum):
• Acts in 5 mins, for 4-6 hrs
23. Nitrates: GTN
Intravenous infusion
Rapid, steady, titratable plasma concentration
Begin with 5mcg/min, titrate as required
Unstable angina, coronary vasospasm, LVF with
MI, hypertension during cardiac surgery
24. Nitrates: Isosorbides
Dinitrate:
Solid form
Available for oral as well as sub lingual
administration
• Variable and high first pass metabolism on
oral administration
• t½ 40 mins; sustained release formulation
effective for 6-10 hrs
Last dose before 6 pm
28. Nitrates: Uses
Acute Coronary Syndrome
GTN, sublingually, 1 tablet, repeat in 5 mins if not
improved up to 3 tablets
• Start i.v. infusion of GTN
Other drugs/modalities:
• Antiplatelet drugs
• Beta blockers
• CCBs
• Revascularization (pharmacological or surgical)
29. Nitrates: Uses
Myocardial Infarction:
GTN, i.v. infusion, titrated according to response
Avoid hypotension and tachycardia
DO NOT ADMINISTER IF:
• Systolic BP < 90 mmHg
• HR <50 or >100 bpm
• RV infarction suspected
• Patient has taken sildenafil in the past 24 hrs
31. Beta Blockers
Improves blood supply by:
Decreased heart rate, inotropic state and mean
BP
• Reduced cardiac work and O2 consumption
Cardio-selective agents preferred
Atenolol, Acebutolol, Bisoprolol, Metoprolol,
Nebivolol
32. Beta Blockers
More effective in exercise, emotion related angina
(classical angina)
High dose may precipitate angina
To be taken on a regular schedule
Dose has to be individualised
Do not discontinue abruptly
• May precipitate angina, MI
Long term therapy: reduced cardiac deaths in IHD
Not suitable for variant angina
33. Beta Blockers
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Routinely used
• If coronary vasospasm- After administering
nitrates +/- CCBs
Benefits by:
• Reducing O2 demand
• Reducing risk of impending MI/ sudden
cardiac death
34. Potassium Channel Openers
Minoxidil, Diazoxide
Marked compensatory reflexes activated
Diazoxide: reduced insulin secretion
Nicorandil, Pinacidil, Cromakalim
Beneficial for both classical and vasospastic
angina
35. Potassium Channel Openers
Mechanism of action:
Opens K+
ATP channels (smooth muscles)
• Hyperpolarization of cells and relaxation of
vessels
Also acts as NO donor
• cGMP mediated activity
Increased coronary flow
38. Conclusion
Nitrates acts by donating nitric oxide and
increasing cGMP
Always be alert for tolerance and dependence on
nitrates
Beta blockers are has better prognosis in classical
angina
Not suitable for variant angina
Nicorandil benefits by dual mechanism in IHD