Drugs used in git system (GIT - Laxatives /purgatives , drugs used to treat peptic ulcer / antaacid drugs/ PPI drugs. antimotility drugs & antispasmodic drugs .
CLASS FOR OPHTHALMIC ASSISTANT STUDENTS ( O.A. STUDENTS 2nd year .
educational purpose
short description regarding GIT SYSTEM & drugs used to treat diarrhoea , peptic ulcer diseases , irritable bowel syndrome , IBS, antimotility drugs & laxatives /purgatives etc..
coagulants in detail with all drugs, mechanism of action, advantages, adverse effect, contraindication with example and pictures.
in simplified manner , easy to understand
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) block the gastric H,K-ATPase, inhibiting gastric acid secretion. This effect enables healing of peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, as well as the eradication of Helicobacter pylori as part of combination regimens.Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that cause a profound and prolonged reduction of stomach acid production. They do so by irreversibly inhibiting the stomach's H+/K+ ATPase proton pump.[1]
They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available.[2] Proton-pump inhibitors have largely superseded the H2-receptor antagonists, a group of medications with similar effects but a different mode of action, and antacids.[3]
PPIs are among the most widely sold medications in the world. The class of proton-pump inhibitor medications is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[4][5] Omeprazole is the specific listed example.[4][5]
Mechanism of action
The activation of PPIs
Proton pump inhibitors act by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (the H+/K+ ATPase, or, more commonly, the gastric proton pump) of the gastric parietal cells.[71] The proton pump is the terminal stage in gastric acid secretion, being directly responsible for secreting H+ ions into the gastric lumen, making it an ideal target for inhibiting acid secretion.[citation needed]Because the H,K-ATPase is the final step of acid secretion, an inhibitor of this enzyme is more effective than receptor antagonists in suppressing gastric acid secretion.[72] All of these drugs inhibit the gastric H,K-ATPase by covalent binding, so the duration of their effect is longer than expected from their levels in the blood.[73]
Targeting the terminal step in acid production, as well as the irreversible nature of the inhibition, results in a class of medications that are significantly more effective than H2 antagonists and reduce gastric acid secretion by up to 99%.[2
Hypolipidemic agents, also known as cholesterol-lowering drugs or antihyperlipidemic agents, are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used in the treatment of high levels of fats (lipids), such as cholesterol, in the blood (hyperlipidemia). They are also called lipid-lowering drugs.
Diuretics | Definition | Mechanism of Action | Classes of DrugsChetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Diuretics,Role of sodium, types of urine output, General mechanism of action, Normal Physiolofy of urine formation, GFR Formation, Classes of Diuretics, diuretics abuse and recent discovery. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Presentation on Antacids and antiulcer drugs. Introduction to ulcers, classification of antiulcer drugs, their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects.
Omeprazole, sold under the brand names Prilosec and Losec, among others, is a medication used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.It is also used to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people who are at high risk. Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) and its effectiveness is similar to other PPIs. It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headaches, abdominal pain, and increased intestinal gas.[1][9] Serious side effects may include Clostridium difficile colitis, an increased risk of pneumonia, an increased risk of bone fractures, and the potential of masking stomach cancer.[1] It is unclear if it is safe for use in pregnancy.[1] It works by blocking the release of stomach acid.[1]
coagulants in detail with all drugs, mechanism of action, advantages, adverse effect, contraindication with example and pictures.
in simplified manner , easy to understand
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) block the gastric H,K-ATPase, inhibiting gastric acid secretion. This effect enables healing of peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, as well as the eradication of Helicobacter pylori as part of combination regimens.Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that cause a profound and prolonged reduction of stomach acid production. They do so by irreversibly inhibiting the stomach's H+/K+ ATPase proton pump.[1]
They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available.[2] Proton-pump inhibitors have largely superseded the H2-receptor antagonists, a group of medications with similar effects but a different mode of action, and antacids.[3]
PPIs are among the most widely sold medications in the world. The class of proton-pump inhibitor medications is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[4][5] Omeprazole is the specific listed example.[4][5]
Mechanism of action
The activation of PPIs
Proton pump inhibitors act by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (the H+/K+ ATPase, or, more commonly, the gastric proton pump) of the gastric parietal cells.[71] The proton pump is the terminal stage in gastric acid secretion, being directly responsible for secreting H+ ions into the gastric lumen, making it an ideal target for inhibiting acid secretion.[citation needed]Because the H,K-ATPase is the final step of acid secretion, an inhibitor of this enzyme is more effective than receptor antagonists in suppressing gastric acid secretion.[72] All of these drugs inhibit the gastric H,K-ATPase by covalent binding, so the duration of their effect is longer than expected from their levels in the blood.[73]
Targeting the terminal step in acid production, as well as the irreversible nature of the inhibition, results in a class of medications that are significantly more effective than H2 antagonists and reduce gastric acid secretion by up to 99%.[2
Hypolipidemic agents, also known as cholesterol-lowering drugs or antihyperlipidemic agents, are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used in the treatment of high levels of fats (lipids), such as cholesterol, in the blood (hyperlipidemia). They are also called lipid-lowering drugs.
Diuretics | Definition | Mechanism of Action | Classes of DrugsChetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Diuretics,Role of sodium, types of urine output, General mechanism of action, Normal Physiolofy of urine formation, GFR Formation, Classes of Diuretics, diuretics abuse and recent discovery. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Presentation on Antacids and antiulcer drugs. Introduction to ulcers, classification of antiulcer drugs, their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects.
Omeprazole, sold under the brand names Prilosec and Losec, among others, is a medication used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.It is also used to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people who are at high risk. Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) and its effectiveness is similar to other PPIs. It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headaches, abdominal pain, and increased intestinal gas.[1][9] Serious side effects may include Clostridium difficile colitis, an increased risk of pneumonia, an increased risk of bone fractures, and the potential of masking stomach cancer.[1] It is unclear if it is safe for use in pregnancy.[1] It works by blocking the release of stomach acid.[1]
Similar to Drugs used in git system (GIT - Laxatives /purgatives , drugs used to treat peptic ulcer / antaacid drugs/ PPI drugs. antimotility drugs & antispasmodic drugs .
Antiemetics, Anti-Diarrheals and Drugs for Constipation and irritable bowel s...KuldeepKumar56017
antiemetics, anti-diarrheals and drugs for constipation and
irritable bowel syndrome
Similar to Drugs used in git system (GIT - Laxatives /purgatives , drugs used to treat peptic ulcer / antaacid drugs/ PPI drugs. antimotility drugs & antispasmodic drugs . (20)
strabismus , gaze , ocular movements , classification etc
presented by senior optometrist & orthoptician at Sagarmatha Choudhary Eye Hospital, SCEH, LAHAN (NEPAL )
He explain details about the binocular gaze , EOMs, etc & work up of a patient of squint etc.
visual acuity testing in children is challenging
VEP, OKN,PLT etc
CARDIFF, BOEK CANDY, WORTH IVORY BAAL, STYCAR
HOTV , MINIACTURE TOY TEST
SHEREDN GARED
SNELLEN CHART
ETDRS CHART
LOGMAR CHART
these are charts used in ophthalmology in pediatric age group
cover test
uncover test
alternate cover
hirschburg corneal light reflex test
10 D verticle prism bar test
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Drugs used in git system (GIT - Laxatives /purgatives , drugs used to treat peptic ulcer / antaacid drugs/ PPI drugs. antimotility drugs & antispasmodic drugs .
1. DRUGS USED IN GIT SYSTEM : PEPTIC ULCER /ANTISPASMODICS/
ANTIMOTILITY/ LAXATIVES & PURGATIVES
Dr. Vinit Kumar
Pharmacology for O.A 2nd year students
3. What is basically peptic ulcer ?
• Peptic ulcers are sores that develop in the lining of the stomach,
lower esophagus, or small intestine. They're usually formed as a
result of inflammation caused by the bacteria H. pylori, as well as
from erosion from stomach acids. Peptic ulcers are a fairly common
health problem.
8. PEPTIC ULCER : Definition :
• A lesion in the lining (mucosa) of the digestive tract, or GIT / gastro
intestinal tract typically in the stomach or duodenum, caused by the
digestive action of pepsin and stomach acid.
9. Causes of peptic ulcer :
• The most common causes of peptic ulcers are infection with the
bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of aspirin
and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) .
• Stress and spicy foods do not cause peptic ulcers.
• Smoke , alcohol
• Family history of peptic ulcer
10. m/c sign & symptoms of peptic ulcer
• dull pain in the stomach.
• weight loss.
• not wanting to eat because of pain.
• nausea or vomiting.
• bloating.
• feeling easily full.
• burping or acid reflux.
• heartburn, which is a burning sensation in the chest)
11. What is the difference between peptic ulcer & gastric ulcer
• Gastric and duodenal ulcers are open sores in the lining of the digestive tract. ...
Gastric ulcers form in the lining of the stomach. Duodenal ulcers develop in the
lining of the duodenum, which is the upper part or first part of the small intestine
20. Antacids
• Most OTC drugs are combinations
– DiGel®
– Amphojel®
– Maalox®
– Milk of Magnesia®
– Mylanta®
21. Antispasmodic drugs used in GIT
• An antispasmodic is a pharmaceutical drug or other agent that
suppresses muscle spasms
22. what are the side effects of antispasmodic drugs ?
• Side Effects. Dizziness, drowsiness, weakness, blurred vision, dry
eyes, dry mouth, nausea, constipation, and abdominal bloating may
occur.
23. What is IBS ?
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the large intestine.
Signs and symptoms include cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea
or constipation, or both. ... Some people can control their symptoms by managing
diet, lifestyle and stress. Alternating Constipation and Diarrhea. ...
• Changes in Bowel Movements. ...
• Gas and Bloating. ...
• Food Intolerance. ...
• Fatigue and Difficulty Sleeping
24. WHAT IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF IBS
• The cause of irritable bowel syndrome is currently unknown. It is
thought to result from a combination of abnormal gastrointestinal
(GI) tract movements, increased awareness of bodily functions, and a
disruption in the communication between the brain and the GI tract.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. what is Laxatives or purgatives ? & its uses ?
• Laxatives or purgatives are substances that loosen stools and increase
bowel movements.
• They are used to treat and prevent constipation.
31. • The active ingredients in saline laxatives are mostly magnesium,
sulfate, citrate, and phosphate ions. These ions draw water into the
intestines.
• The additional water softens the stool, increases pressure within the
intestines, and increases intestinal contractions resulting in the
discharge of softer stool.
32. what ingredients are laxatives ?
• Stool softener Active ingredients: docusate sodium and docusate
calcium. ...
• Bulk-forming laxative. Active ingredients: psyllium, methylcellulose,
and calcium polycarbophil. ...
• Lubricant laxative. ...
• Hyperosmotic laxative. ...
• Saline laxative. ...
• Stimulant laxative
33. Stool Formation
Water absorbed in colon (~90%)
– Excessive absorption
• Constipation: hard, dehydrated stool
• Increases strain on defecation
• Harmful for subset of patients
– Recent episiotomy, colostomy, hemorrhoids,
cardiovascular disease
– Inadequate absorption
• Diarrhea: soft, non-formed, liquid stool
34. Terms
Laxative Production of soft, formed
stool over 1 or more days
Cathartic Rapid, intense fluid evacuation
of bowel.
40. Stimulant Laxatives
• Stimulate peristalsis
• Increases water and
electrolytes secretion
into intestinal lumen
• Decreases water and
electrolyte
reabsorption
• Phenylolpthalein
– (Ex-Lax®, Feen-a-
Mint®, Correctol®)
• bisacodyl (Ducolax®)
41. Osmotic Laxatives
• Poorly absorbed salts
remain in fecal matter
• Pull water into lumen
• Magnesium hydroxid
(Milk of Magnesia®)
42. Does laxatives help in weight loss ?
• It is true that laxatives may help increase weight loss, but the results
are only temporary.
• Several types of laxatives work by pulling water from your body into
the intestines, allowing stool to absorb more water for an easier
passage.
43. what are the side effects of laxatives ?
• rectal bleeding.
• bloody stools.
• severe cramps or pain.
• weakness or unusual tiredness.
• dizziness.
• confusion.
• skin rash or itching.
44. Antimotility drugs
• Antimotility agents are drugs used to decrease the symptoms of diarrhea.
• These include loperamide , diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil), and opiates /
opium, codeine, and morphine.
45. what is the meaning of antimotility ?
• inhibiting or slowing gastrointestinal motility
• An antimotility agent that relieves the symptoms of diarrhea by
slowing intestinal movement.
46.
47.
48.
49. Most common side effects of antimotility drugs
• Side effects. Adverse drug reactions most commonly associated with
loperamide are constipation
• dizziness
• nausea
• abdominal cramps.
50.
51. HOME WORK ?
1. What are the parts of human gastro intestinal system / GIT ?
2. What is peptic ulcer ? What are the causes ? What is difference
between – peptic ulcer & gastric ulcer ?
3. Classify the the drugs used to treat peptic ulcer diseases ?
4. Enumerate names of some antacids Or H2 receptor blocker drugs &
PPI ( proton pump inhibitors ) /
5. What is antispasmodic ? What are the side effects of antispasmodic
drugs ?
6. What is IBS ( irritable bowel syndrome) ? What are the causes of IBS ?
7. Classify some antispasmodic drugs ?
8. What are the uses of antispasmodic drugs ?
52. • 9. What is laxative or purgatives ? What are the ingredients in that ?
• 10. what are the types of laxatives ? Classify that & name some drugs ?
• 11. what are the uses of laxatives / purgatives ? & what are side effects
of laxatives ?
. 12. Name some antimotility drugs ? What is the definition of diarrhea?
. 13. what are the uses & side effects of antimotility drugs ?
. 14. what is the meaning of antimotility ?