Dr. Leonardo Deiss - Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends after 60 years of No-till
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Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends after 60 years of No-till - Dr. Leonardo Deiss, OSU, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
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Dr. Leonardo Deiss - Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends after 60 years of No-till
- 1. Christine Sprunger, OSU – SENR Steve Culman, SENR – SENR Leonardo Deiss, OSU Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends after 60 years of No-till Miamian Soil series Madison County OH Image: nrcs.usda.gov
- 2. Upper Coastal Plain, The Fuquay soil series Image: USDA-NRCS Forest Prairie Oxygen Water Nutrients = Plant Roots = Soil organisms Image: aqmlab.com Cropping systems 8 to 16 inches
- 3. Soil stratification has allowed nature to thrive
- 4. How to maintain/develop soil stratification in agricultural systems? 0 10 20 30 40 0 50 100 150 200 Soil Test P, ppm Soildepth,inches No manure 40 lb P/a/yr 90 lb P/a/yr 110 lb P/a/yr • Reducing tillage • Organic matter inputs –above and below ground • Fertilizer placement –shallow vs. deep
- 6. Research questions on soil stratification • How long-term tillage systems affect stratification of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties? • Does the crop-rotation diversity affect stratification of soil properties in tillage systems?
- 7. • Northwest Research Station (est. 1963) • Hoytville clay loam • Fine, illitic, mesic Mollic Epiaqualfs • Wooster OARDC (est. 1962) • Wooster silt loam • Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs TRIPLETT AND VAN-DOREN LONG-TERM NO-TILL EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS Northwest Wooster
- 8. Experimental Design Moldboard No-tillage Chisel Tillage • No-till • Chisel • Moldboard Crop Rotations • Corn monoculture (CC) • Corn-Soybean (CS) • Corn-Forage-Forage (CFF) • Alfalfa, red clover, oats Intensity increases Diversity increases Randomized complete block design
- 9. Soil physical properties Burgos Hernández et al. (2019) Soil & Tillage Res. 186: 270–279. Adjusted Penetration Resistance (Mpa) Hoytville Clay loam Adjusted Penetration Resistance (Mpa) Wooster Silt loam Differences were minimized during summer Differences were maintained during summer Soildepth(cm) Soildepth(cm)
- 10. Does Stratification Matter – Soil C? Locate Wooster Hoytville Depth Organic Matter (%) 0-2.5 in 2.7 3.9 0-5 in 2.3 3.5 0-10 in 2.0 3.0
- 11. Tillage and crop rotations: SOM stratification Hoytville OH (clay loam) Soildepth(cm) Deiss et al. in prep. Moldboard No-tillage Soil organic matter (%) Chisel CC CS CFF
- 12. Soildepth(cm) Deiss et al. in prep. Moldboard No-tillage Soil organic matter (%) Chisel Wooster OH (silt loam) Tillage and crop rotations: SOM stratification CC CS CFF
- 13. Soil chemical properties: potassium Hoytville OH (clay loam) Moldboard No-tillage Potassium (ppm) Chisel Soildepth(cm) CC CS CFF
- 14. Overview • No-tillage allows greater SOM and nutrient accumulation in the uppermost soil layers • Nutrient cycling and use efficiency = Soil organisms activity and root placement • Crop diversity has greater effect in no-tillage systems
Editor's Notes
- Bt horizon below an E horizon (illuviation of clay but also some organic matter)
- The Fuquay series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy marine sediments of the upper Coastal Plain. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the subsoil and slow in the lower part. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent. Near the type location, mean annual precipitation is 49 inches and mean annual temperature is 59 to 60 degrees F. Taxonomic class: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/tx/home/?cid=nrcs142p2_047969 Examples of Mollisols (grassland soils) formed from loess. Figure 9: Examples of Mollisols (grassland soils) formed from loess. Both soils have mean annual precipitation of 450 mm. The Ustoll (a) has an ustic soil moisture regime and the Xeroll (b) has a xeric soil moisture regime. Note the presence of calcium carbonate filaments and masses throughout the Bk horizon of the Ustoll (a). https://www.nature.com/scitable/content/examples-of-mollisols-grassland-soils-formed-from-59720176/
- A strategy that plants developed NOT to lose important nutrients is to absorb, utilize, and deposit the residues so it can use it latter (or provide resources to the next generation)
- put RCBD somewhere there, talk about the fertilization, talk about the functionality of the rotations – talk about the benefits of the soy and forages (N fixing, etc…)
- Fig. 1. The adjusted penetration resistance (APR) for no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) at different soil depths at Wooster (left) and Hoytville (right). Both tillage hardpans and traffic hardpans can lead to decreased crop growth. Compacted soil restricts the movement of water and air, resulting in limited water storage below the hardpan, and potentially waterlogged conditions above (Hamza and Anderson, 2005). The re- lationship between soil strength and root growth has been studied, showing that crop yields and root penetration are negatively affected by resistance higher than 2 MPa (Bengough and Mullins, 1990). Silva et al. (2000) observed that 2 MPa is the critical value that restricts root pe- netration in a NT system.
- Is the SOM stratification a good thing for plants and soil organisms? From the ecological perspective, soil stratification is ideal because: Air, water and nutrients are generally more available in the top few inches of soil in most ecosystems. That’s where most soil organisms and roots are living in the soil and where they co-evolved with soils during millions of years Benefits associated with SOM water holding capacity, nutrient availability
- Crop diversity vs. more simpler crop rotations. Biodiversity is increasing deeper deposition of SOC and that can make the agro-ecosystem more RESILIENT in the case of water and nutrient shortages! Climate change vs. water.