1. Soil organic carbon management for global benefits involves balancing strategies like sparing land for carbon storage versus sharing land for food production, with careful consideration of socioeconomic factors.
2. Even modest increases in soil organic carbon inputs and reductions in losses could lead to storing 500 million tonnes of carbon annually through improved land management practices.
3. Scientific progress is still needed, particularly regarding concepts like soil carbon saturation levels and how climate change will impact soil organic carbon stocks.
1) The study examined the effects of grazing and fire on soil carbon in dry African savannas.
2) Results showed that there was no significant difference in soil carbon between burned and unburned plots, or between closed and open grazing lands of different ages.
3) Exclosures were found to be effective in restoring degraded lands and reducing soil erosion, though they did not significantly increase soil carbon storage.
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Miguel Taboada, from INTA - Argentina, in FAO Hq, Rome
Land productivity is key to feed the world - grasslands as “protein pools”
Land degradation remains a global challenge and reducing/reversing land degradation is a development/research priority
Soil comes to the global agenda: sustainable intensification
Global Environmental Benefits - land degradation and soils are among the priority global benefits (GEF/UNCCD)
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
Protection of soil from the loss of organic carbon by taking into account ero...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Sergio Saia, from CREA – Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Land management impact on soil organic carbon stocks – what do we really know?ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Axel Don, from Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture -Germany, in FAO Hq, Rome
Effect of global warming on soil organic CarbonP.K. Mani
Global temperatures are projected to increase 1.5-5.8°C by 2100 due to greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Soil contains over twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and warming could cause soils to release large amounts of carbon, creating a positive feedback loop. The response of soil carbon to warming depends on factors like changes in inputs from plant growth and increases in decomposition rates from higher temperatures. High latitude regions with carbon-rich permafrost soils may be particularly vulnerable to carbon release under warming. Strategies to sequester carbon in soils through practices like reduced tillage, cover cropping, and biochar addition could help mitigate climate change.
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Luca Montanarella from EU Commission’s Joint Research Centre, in FAO Hq, Rome
1) The study examined the effects of grazing and fire on soil carbon in dry African savannas.
2) Results showed that there was no significant difference in soil carbon between burned and unburned plots, or between closed and open grazing lands of different ages.
3) Exclosures were found to be effective in restoring degraded lands and reducing soil erosion, though they did not significantly increase soil carbon storage.
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Miguel Taboada, from INTA - Argentina, in FAO Hq, Rome
Land productivity is key to feed the world - grasslands as “protein pools”
Land degradation remains a global challenge and reducing/reversing land degradation is a development/research priority
Soil comes to the global agenda: sustainable intensification
Global Environmental Benefits - land degradation and soils are among the priority global benefits (GEF/UNCCD)
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
Protection of soil from the loss of organic carbon by taking into account ero...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Sergio Saia, from CREA – Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Land management impact on soil organic carbon stocks – what do we really know?ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Axel Don, from Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture -Germany, in FAO Hq, Rome
Effect of global warming on soil organic CarbonP.K. Mani
Global temperatures are projected to increase 1.5-5.8°C by 2100 due to greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Soil contains over twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and warming could cause soils to release large amounts of carbon, creating a positive feedback loop. The response of soil carbon to warming depends on factors like changes in inputs from plant growth and increases in decomposition rates from higher temperatures. High latitude regions with carbon-rich permafrost soils may be particularly vulnerable to carbon release under warming. Strategies to sequester carbon in soils through practices like reduced tillage, cover cropping, and biochar addition could help mitigate climate change.
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Luca Montanarella from EU Commission’s Joint Research Centre, in FAO Hq, Rome
C sequestration of a grazed permanent grasslands: uses of complementary metho...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.2, Managing SOC in: Grasslands and livestock production systems, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Katja Klumpp, from INRA – France, in FAO Hq, Rome
Dr. John Grove - Fifty Years Of No-till Research In KentuckyJohn Blue
Long-term no-till research can provide valuable insights into crop production over many seasons. This research found that no-till soils generally had higher yields than tilled soils over time. No-till soils had cooler temperatures, held more water after rain, and had different soil biological properties and nutrient stratification compared to tilled soils. The impacts of no-till and fertilizer nitrogen on soil organic carbon and crop yields changed over the 50 years of the study.
What Practices are Reducing Environmental and Economic Risks on Wisconsin Farms?LPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67592
This workshop will focus on how dairy farmers in Wisconsin evaluate the risk of nutrient and sediment loss on their operations and what best management practices are adopted to reduce these risks. Dennis will describe how farm families evaluate all the risk factors facing their operation (weather, production, marketing, labor, safety and environmental risks) and discuss how a farmer has to balance the risk and rewards for each of these challenges. It is helpful to gain an appreciation for the numerous challenges farmers face on a daily basis and the amount of time committed to the evaluation and implementation of soil and water best management practices on each farm. Conservation practices are often applied in a "one size fits all" approach and are not developed and implemented to fit the needs of each farming operation. The large diversity of both farming systems and physical settings require a collaborative evaluation and implementation process between producers and conservation technicians to develop economic, effective, and practical conservation practices to fit the specific circumstances of individual farming operations.
Climate change is causing rising global temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events. Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere have increased significantly since the pre-industrial era due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Soil properties and processes are affected by climate change factors like increased CO2, temperature changes, and altered precipitation patterns. This can impact soil aggregation, porosity, moisture, and microbial activity in both positive and negative ways depending on the specific conditions. Monitoring soil indicators is important for understanding and adapting to climate change impacts on soils and agricultural systems.
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of ScienceExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, GSOC17 – Setting the scientific scene for GSOC17 of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rattan Lal from Carbon Management and Sequestration Center – USA , in FAO Hq, Rome
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on soil carbon dynamics. It begins with definitions of key terms like climate change and climatic extremes. It then outlines the different global carbon pools, with soils containing the third largest pool. The document discusses how climate change can impact the quantity and quality of soil organic carbon through changes in temperature, CO2, precipitation patterns, and climate extremes. It also examines potential carbon losses from soils under different climate change scenarios and considers approaches to mitigate these impacts through improved agricultural and land management practices.
Shrinkage and carbon stock in wetlands of fogera plain, north west ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on wetland shrinkage and carbon sequestration in wetlands in Fogera Plain, North West Ethiopia. Satellite images from 1973, 1994, and 2011 showed that the area of wetlands decreased from 25.73% to 19.59% of the total area over this period. Soil samples from different wetland types showed lower carbon content in sedimented wetlands compared to undisturbed wetlands, indicating sediment deposition reduces carbon sequestration. Interviews found local farmers draining wetlands for agriculture is a key cause of shrinkage. Overall, the study found wetland shrinkage and sediment deposition have weakened these ecosystems' ability to store carbon compared to less disturbed wet
Dr. Warren Dick - Pioneering No-till Research Since 1962John Blue
Pioneering No-till Research Since 1962 - Dr. Warren Dick, OSU-OARDC (retired), from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Range Science and Range Management: Finding Common Ground ~ John Wick, Jeff C...Andrew Fynn
The document discusses the Marin Carbon Project, which aims to enhance carbon sequestration in soils through research and implementation. The project conducted studies that showed applying compost can significantly increase soil carbon and forage production. This demonstrates that land management practices like organic amendments can effectively sequester carbon. The project aims to further explore using grazing management to initiate positive feedback loops that promote soil carbon increases on rangelands globally, with the goal of reversing the rise in atmospheric CO2 levels.
Carbon Management and Sequestration in Drylands soils of Morocco: Nexus Appro...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Dr. Leonardo Deiss - Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends afte...John Blue
Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends after 60 years of No-till - Dr. Leonardo Deiss, OSU, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Christine Sprunger - The role that roots play in building soil organic ma...John Blue
The role that roots play in building soil organic matter and soil health - Dr. Christine Sprunger, OSU - SENR, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
The document assesses the environmental impacts of a proposed snow halfpipe construction project. It estimates that 29,308 tons of biomass would need to be cleared for the halfpipe, lodge, parking lot, and access roads. Soil quality and watershed function would decrease due to increased runoff, erosion, and sediment deposition. Based on analyses of soil compaction and infiltration rates between the proposed construction sites, the document recommends against building the halfpipe due to the negative environmental impacts.
Alan Sundermeier and Dr. Vinayak Shedekar - Soil biological Response to BMPs John Blue
This document summarizes the results of soil health tests conducted on five fields with different tillage and cover cropping histories. Biological, chemical, and physical soil health indicators such as microbial biomass, soil organic matter, active carbon, and bulk density showed improved soil health in fields that were no-tilled or had cover crops for longer durations compared to conventionally tilled fields or fields with shorter cover cropping histories. Long-term no-till and cover cropping practices increased soil organic matter, microbial activity, and nutrient availability and decreased bulk density compared to conventional tillage systems.
This study examined how different rain basin designs influence soil microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in a semi-arid environment. Specifically, it compared basins covered with gravel mulch or a compost and gravel mulch. The addition of compost and gravel increased soil moisture and organic matter content before monsoon season when the soil was dry, likely due to increased water retention. Higher soil moisture led to greater microbial activity and biomass. After rainfall, nitrogen mineralization rates correlated most strongly with microbial activity levels. The basin design that added compost and gravel to the mulch layer had the greatest impact on abiotic and biotic drivers of nitrogen cycling processes in rain basins.
This document discusses healthy soils and soil quality. It covers topics like soil pollution, soil quality monitoring, soil health cards, remote sensing, GIS, soil-based plant nutrient information systems, and quality of irrigation water. Soil pollution from excessive fertilizer and pesticide use, solid waste disposal, mining, and other sources is discussed. The effects of soil pollution include reduced fertility and nutrition imbalances. Remote sensing and GIS are important tools for soil surveys, agriculture monitoring, forestry, and land use mapping. Maintaining soil quality through sustainable practices is key to a healthy life.
This document discusses using GIS to evaluate and map soil erosion. It describes several GIS-based models used to estimate soil loss, including the Distributed soil erosion model, Modified USLE, Gully Surface Growth, and Gully Head Advance models. It also discusses how the RUSLE model has been integrated with GIS for soil loss estimation by using input raster files for rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topographic factors, crop management factors, and practice factors. Case studies are presented on evaluating soil erosion in Taita Hills, Kenya and mapping erosion risk in dam watersheds in Turkey, with findings that erosion risk decreased over time in some areas due to increased vegetation cover or conservation measures.
Challenges of soil organic carbon sequestration in drylandsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Long-term litter manipulation treatments in a temperate forest showed that:
1) Plots with added litter (REF, DL, DLF) had significantly higher soil CO2 efflux rates compared to the control, indicating litter additions increased decomposition.
2) The δ13C values of soil CO2 in litter addition plots were more depleted compared to the control, suggesting litter carbon contributed more to respiration.
3) Neither temperature nor respiration rates explained the δ13C values, implying the isotope signatures of soil organic matter pools did not change with decomposition rates across treatments.
Soils play a crucial role in global health by supporting crop production, storing carbon and water, and facilitating nutrient cycling. However, soils face significant threats from processes like erosion, compaction, and loss of structure. While agricultural productivity has increased in recent decades, pressures on soils remain high. Conservation agriculture techniques can significantly reduce erosion risks. Careful monitoring of soil health is needed using indicators like soil organic carbon and water availability. Improving yields through sustainable soil management can both boost food production and protect soils.
The document provides an overview of what is known about carbon storage and sequestration in various UK terrestrial habitats. It notes that the evidence base is still developing and varies in certainty between habitat types. Key points made include:
- Woodlands and peatlands store the most carbon, primarily in soils. New woodland creation and restoration of degraded habitats can sequester carbon.
- Grasslands are also significant carbon stores, though intensive management may reduce soil carbon. Reducing grazing and soil disturbance helps sequestration.
- Heathlands store carbon in soils, especially wet heathlands. Management practices should minimize soil disturbance to avoid carbon emissions.
- Further research is still needed to better quantify carbon metrics
C sequestration of a grazed permanent grasslands: uses of complementary metho...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.2, Managing SOC in: Grasslands and livestock production systems, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Katja Klumpp, from INRA – France, in FAO Hq, Rome
Dr. John Grove - Fifty Years Of No-till Research In KentuckyJohn Blue
Long-term no-till research can provide valuable insights into crop production over many seasons. This research found that no-till soils generally had higher yields than tilled soils over time. No-till soils had cooler temperatures, held more water after rain, and had different soil biological properties and nutrient stratification compared to tilled soils. The impacts of no-till and fertilizer nitrogen on soil organic carbon and crop yields changed over the 50 years of the study.
What Practices are Reducing Environmental and Economic Risks on Wisconsin Farms?LPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67592
This workshop will focus on how dairy farmers in Wisconsin evaluate the risk of nutrient and sediment loss on their operations and what best management practices are adopted to reduce these risks. Dennis will describe how farm families evaluate all the risk factors facing their operation (weather, production, marketing, labor, safety and environmental risks) and discuss how a farmer has to balance the risk and rewards for each of these challenges. It is helpful to gain an appreciation for the numerous challenges farmers face on a daily basis and the amount of time committed to the evaluation and implementation of soil and water best management practices on each farm. Conservation practices are often applied in a "one size fits all" approach and are not developed and implemented to fit the needs of each farming operation. The large diversity of both farming systems and physical settings require a collaborative evaluation and implementation process between producers and conservation technicians to develop economic, effective, and practical conservation practices to fit the specific circumstances of individual farming operations.
Climate change is causing rising global temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events. Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere have increased significantly since the pre-industrial era due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Soil properties and processes are affected by climate change factors like increased CO2, temperature changes, and altered precipitation patterns. This can impact soil aggregation, porosity, moisture, and microbial activity in both positive and negative ways depending on the specific conditions. Monitoring soil indicators is important for understanding and adapting to climate change impacts on soils and agricultural systems.
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of ScienceExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, GSOC17 – Setting the scientific scene for GSOC17 of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rattan Lal from Carbon Management and Sequestration Center – USA , in FAO Hq, Rome
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on soil carbon dynamics. It begins with definitions of key terms like climate change and climatic extremes. It then outlines the different global carbon pools, with soils containing the third largest pool. The document discusses how climate change can impact the quantity and quality of soil organic carbon through changes in temperature, CO2, precipitation patterns, and climate extremes. It also examines potential carbon losses from soils under different climate change scenarios and considers approaches to mitigate these impacts through improved agricultural and land management practices.
Shrinkage and carbon stock in wetlands of fogera plain, north west ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on wetland shrinkage and carbon sequestration in wetlands in Fogera Plain, North West Ethiopia. Satellite images from 1973, 1994, and 2011 showed that the area of wetlands decreased from 25.73% to 19.59% of the total area over this period. Soil samples from different wetland types showed lower carbon content in sedimented wetlands compared to undisturbed wetlands, indicating sediment deposition reduces carbon sequestration. Interviews found local farmers draining wetlands for agriculture is a key cause of shrinkage. Overall, the study found wetland shrinkage and sediment deposition have weakened these ecosystems' ability to store carbon compared to less disturbed wet
Dr. Warren Dick - Pioneering No-till Research Since 1962John Blue
Pioneering No-till Research Since 1962 - Dr. Warren Dick, OSU-OARDC (retired), from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Range Science and Range Management: Finding Common Ground ~ John Wick, Jeff C...Andrew Fynn
The document discusses the Marin Carbon Project, which aims to enhance carbon sequestration in soils through research and implementation. The project conducted studies that showed applying compost can significantly increase soil carbon and forage production. This demonstrates that land management practices like organic amendments can effectively sequester carbon. The project aims to further explore using grazing management to initiate positive feedback loops that promote soil carbon increases on rangelands globally, with the goal of reversing the rise in atmospheric CO2 levels.
Carbon Management and Sequestration in Drylands soils of Morocco: Nexus Appro...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Dr. Leonardo Deiss - Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends afte...John Blue
Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends after 60 years of No-till - Dr. Leonardo Deiss, OSU, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Christine Sprunger - The role that roots play in building soil organic ma...John Blue
The role that roots play in building soil organic matter and soil health - Dr. Christine Sprunger, OSU - SENR, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
The document assesses the environmental impacts of a proposed snow halfpipe construction project. It estimates that 29,308 tons of biomass would need to be cleared for the halfpipe, lodge, parking lot, and access roads. Soil quality and watershed function would decrease due to increased runoff, erosion, and sediment deposition. Based on analyses of soil compaction and infiltration rates between the proposed construction sites, the document recommends against building the halfpipe due to the negative environmental impacts.
Alan Sundermeier and Dr. Vinayak Shedekar - Soil biological Response to BMPs John Blue
This document summarizes the results of soil health tests conducted on five fields with different tillage and cover cropping histories. Biological, chemical, and physical soil health indicators such as microbial biomass, soil organic matter, active carbon, and bulk density showed improved soil health in fields that were no-tilled or had cover crops for longer durations compared to conventionally tilled fields or fields with shorter cover cropping histories. Long-term no-till and cover cropping practices increased soil organic matter, microbial activity, and nutrient availability and decreased bulk density compared to conventional tillage systems.
This study examined how different rain basin designs influence soil microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in a semi-arid environment. Specifically, it compared basins covered with gravel mulch or a compost and gravel mulch. The addition of compost and gravel increased soil moisture and organic matter content before monsoon season when the soil was dry, likely due to increased water retention. Higher soil moisture led to greater microbial activity and biomass. After rainfall, nitrogen mineralization rates correlated most strongly with microbial activity levels. The basin design that added compost and gravel to the mulch layer had the greatest impact on abiotic and biotic drivers of nitrogen cycling processes in rain basins.
This document discusses healthy soils and soil quality. It covers topics like soil pollution, soil quality monitoring, soil health cards, remote sensing, GIS, soil-based plant nutrient information systems, and quality of irrigation water. Soil pollution from excessive fertilizer and pesticide use, solid waste disposal, mining, and other sources is discussed. The effects of soil pollution include reduced fertility and nutrition imbalances. Remote sensing and GIS are important tools for soil surveys, agriculture monitoring, forestry, and land use mapping. Maintaining soil quality through sustainable practices is key to a healthy life.
This document discusses using GIS to evaluate and map soil erosion. It describes several GIS-based models used to estimate soil loss, including the Distributed soil erosion model, Modified USLE, Gully Surface Growth, and Gully Head Advance models. It also discusses how the RUSLE model has been integrated with GIS for soil loss estimation by using input raster files for rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topographic factors, crop management factors, and practice factors. Case studies are presented on evaluating soil erosion in Taita Hills, Kenya and mapping erosion risk in dam watersheds in Turkey, with findings that erosion risk decreased over time in some areas due to increased vegetation cover or conservation measures.
Challenges of soil organic carbon sequestration in drylandsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Long-term litter manipulation treatments in a temperate forest showed that:
1) Plots with added litter (REF, DL, DLF) had significantly higher soil CO2 efflux rates compared to the control, indicating litter additions increased decomposition.
2) The δ13C values of soil CO2 in litter addition plots were more depleted compared to the control, suggesting litter carbon contributed more to respiration.
3) Neither temperature nor respiration rates explained the δ13C values, implying the isotope signatures of soil organic matter pools did not change with decomposition rates across treatments.
Soils play a crucial role in global health by supporting crop production, storing carbon and water, and facilitating nutrient cycling. However, soils face significant threats from processes like erosion, compaction, and loss of structure. While agricultural productivity has increased in recent decades, pressures on soils remain high. Conservation agriculture techniques can significantly reduce erosion risks. Careful monitoring of soil health is needed using indicators like soil organic carbon and water availability. Improving yields through sustainable soil management can both boost food production and protect soils.
The document provides an overview of what is known about carbon storage and sequestration in various UK terrestrial habitats. It notes that the evidence base is still developing and varies in certainty between habitat types. Key points made include:
- Woodlands and peatlands store the most carbon, primarily in soils. New woodland creation and restoration of degraded habitats can sequester carbon.
- Grasslands are also significant carbon stores, though intensive management may reduce soil carbon. Reducing grazing and soil disturbance helps sequestration.
- Heathlands store carbon in soils, especially wet heathlands. Management practices should minimize soil disturbance to avoid carbon emissions.
- Further research is still needed to better quantify carbon metrics
This document discusses soil carbon sequestration as a strategy for addressing food security, climate resilience, and low-emission agriculture. It notes that soil carbon levels have declined significantly in many agricultural soils. Improving land management practices, such as no-till farming and use of cover crops, offers large potential to sequester carbon in soil. Soil carbon sequestration can provide benefits like increased crop yields as well as incentives for adoption. The document proposes developing an open-source geospatial database to monitor soil carbon levels under different land uses and management practices worldwide.
soil organic carbon- a key for sustainable soil quality under scenario of cli...Bornali Borah
The global soil resource is already showing a sign of serious degradation (Banwart et al. 2014) which has ultimately negative impact on sustained crop yield and environmental quality. Due to intense rainfall and concurrent rise in temperature with changing climate, the fertile top soil is prone to severe degradation with depletion of SOC. Most soils in agricultural ecosystems have lost soil C ranging from 30 to 60 t C ha-1 with the magnitude of 50 to 75% loss (Lal, 2004). Hence, restoration of soil quality through different carbon management options will enhance soil health, mitigate climate change and provide sustained agricultural production.
This document summarizes the impacts of climate change on pasture and rangeland production. It finds that elevated carbon dioxide concentrations will generally have a positive impact on forage production, especially for C3 species, by increasing photosynthesis and plant growth. However, changes in temperature and precipitation patterns may offset these benefits, as they can negatively impact soil moisture availability. The impacts will also vary depending on pasture and rangeland type. The document concludes that climate change will alter both pasture and rangeland ecosystems through changes in primary production, plant communities, and forage quality, with both positive and negative potential impacts that depend on local precipitation patterns. Adaptive management, such as adjusting stocking rates and plant species, will
Effect of Global Warming on Soil Organic CarbonAmruta Raut
Global warming is causing soils to release carbon into the atmosphere, exacerbating climate change. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important carbon pool that is sensitive to climate factors like temperature and precipitation. As temperatures rise due to global warming, it increases microbial decomposition of SOC, releasing more carbon dioxide. However, implementing strategies to sequester carbon in soils, like cover cropping, adding amendments, and reducing tillage, could help mitigate climate change by storing carbon long-term in SOC pools. Careful management of SOC is vital for protecting this important carbon sink and regulating greenhouse gas levels.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
The document discusses the role of soils in storing global carbon and the impacts of land use changes like deforestation and agriculture on depleting soil organic carbon. It focuses on soils in African rangelands, noting that biological soil crusts play a key role in carbon storage by photosynthesizing carbon that becomes soil organic carbon. Light grazing can increase soil organic carbon by improving soil structure, but intense grazing reduces crusts and carbon storage, increasing carbon dioxide emissions. While optimized grazing management could reduce emissions and maximize carbon storage, achieving this involves cultural and environmental challenges in communal grazing systems.
Impact of soil properties on carbon sequestrationyoginimahadule
1) The document presented on the impact of soil properties on carbon sequestration. It discussed topics like carbon pools in soil, ways carbon can be sequestered, role of soil properties like texture and biological activity, and management practices to enhance sequestration.
2) Case studies were presented showing higher carbon levels under no-till and residue retention practices compared to conventional tillage. Planting of shrub species also led to higher soil organic carbon and carbon sequestration rates.
3) Proper soil management through practices like reduced tillage, cover cropping, and organic matter addition can help boost carbon sequestration and mitigate climate change by storing atmospheric carbon in soil.
Environmental and operational issues of integrated constructed wetlandsNUST (IESE)
Constructed wetlands can help reduce pollution and maintain healthy ecosystems. This document discusses the environmental and operational issues of integrated constructed wetlands. Regarding environmental issues, studies have shown that constructed wetlands have lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional wastewater treatment systems. Operational issues include the need to properly monitor wetlands and determine optimal harvesting frequencies to maximize nutrient removal while maintaining plant health. Overall, constructed wetlands provide sustainability, pollution removal efficiency, and economic benefits compared to other wastewater treatment options.
Land plays an important role in climate change mitigation efforts, but has limitations. There are multiple pathways to limit warming to 1.5 or 2 degrees Celsius through reducing emissions and increasing carbon removal, but these pathways involve tradeoffs between using land for bioenergy crops or afforestation. Afforestation potential ranges from -200 to 7200 million hectares but carbon dioxide removal through bioenergy with carbon capture and storage could require converting up to 750 million hectares, similar in size to India, to bioenergy crops. While land-based mitigation options offer co-benefits, large-scale deployment could increase competition for land and water resources, so an integrated approach is needed to balance mitigation and sustainable development.
1. Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, with the top meter of soil storing over 1500 petagrams of carbon.
2. SOC exists in different pools that cycle carbon between the soil, vegetation, oceans and atmosphere at varying rates, from 1-2 years for the fast pool to over 1000 years for the slow pool.
3. The document discusses concepts like SOC saturation and different models for SOC stabilization in soils. It also presents two case studies, one on SOC saturation thresholds and one comparing saturation levels in soils with different mineral compositions.
CLIMATIC CHANGE IMPACT ON SOILS,Anuradha patil.pptxTanmayGaikwad25
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on soils and strategies for adaptation and mitigation. It begins by defining climate change and examining its causes, including both natural factors and human activities that release greenhouse gases. It then explores how climate change affects soils through increased erosion, impacts on soil organic carbon, nutrients, and pH. The document outlines approaches for agricultural adaptation, such as changed management practices, and mitigation, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing carbon sequestration in soils and vegetation. It concludes that climate change poses risks to Indian agriculture but that adaptation and mitigation efforts can help offset negative impacts.
- The document evaluates the benefits of biochar on soil quality and its effects on soil carbon sequestration as a pathway to sustainability. It discusses how tillage reduces soil carbon and biochar can increase carbon storage. Experiments were conducted on volcanic soils in Guam comparing no-tillage, reduced tillage, conventional tillage, and conventional tillage with biochar application. Results showed biochar can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and increase crop yields compared to other tillage methods. Further research on using biochar and other conservation practices can help sequester carbon and mitigate climate change.
On soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change: potentials and drawb...SIANI
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www.bio4climate.org
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1. Soil organic carbon management for
global benefits : a review for STAP
Gerard Govers, Roel Merckx, Kristof
Van Oost, Bas van Wesemael
2. This presentation
• Some important principles and numbers
• Some ideas/visions on SOC management and
SOC research
– Maybe somewhat provocative from time to time
– Open for discussion
3. How much SOC is there ?
A lot: about three times as much C in
the soil than in the atmosphere
Source 0-1 m 0-2 m
Batjes (1996) 1462- 2376-2456
1548
Kasting (1998) 1580
Robert (2001) 1500 2456
Jobbagy and Jackson (2000) 1502 1993
Post et al. (1982) 1395
Hiederer and Köchyl (2012) 1417
• Topsoils contain 1400-1500 Pg (or Gt, billions of tonnes) of SOC
• There is an additional 1000 Pg stored in deeper soil layers
4. What determines the amount of SOC
in a soil : the kitchen sink analogy
http://hotfile.wordpress.com/2008/10/09/mccain-and-palin-launch-kitchen-sink-strategy/
5. What happens if we vary (i) water input through
the tap and/or water evacuation (by opening or
closing the drain) ?
a b c
6. Soil organic carbon is basically the same thing: just
think of the tap discharge by C input rate and think of
the drain discharge as the respiration rate i.e the rate at
which it is consumed and converted to CO2
a b c
I I I
R R R
7. How realistic is it to expect benefits
from SOC management ?
• SOC reservoir is quite responsive to
perturbance /management over timescales of
decennia
8. Disturbances may be natural of
human-induced
• Climate change:
– warming increases respiration rates: SOC
– Warming and atmosphering CO2 stimulate plant
growth : SOC
• Disturbance by tillage: increases respiration
rates: SOC
• Harvesting: reduces input: SOC
• Land use change: SOC or SOC
9. What would happen if we would be
able to increase inputs by 1 % ?
• We would be able to store 0.5 Pg/y for a
period of 30 yrs
• Human emissions: 9 Pg/yr
10. GEF focal areas
• Biodiversity
• Climate change
• Land degradation
• (International waters)
• (Persistent organic pollutants)
11. Climate change
• Human impact = undeniable
• Historical release of SOC due to land use
change has strongly contributed to warming
• Future of SOC stocks is unclear
– Increased productivity of the biosphere may
increase them: tap discharge increases
– Increased temperature and reduction of soil
moisture may decrease them: drain discharge
increases
14. Can management, within a given land
use, make a difference ?
• Initial estimates: up to 1Pg C/y may be stored
by implementing adequate land management
15. Is this a lot ?
• Yes, it is : if you would like to store that on
cropland alone you can calculate the
equivalent C sequestration rate.
– We have about 15 million km² or 1.5 billion ha of
cropland globally
– Thus, you would need to sequester ca. 0.6 Mg
C/(ha y)
16. What do numbers tell us ?
• Conversion to no-tillage
• Agroforestry
• Grassland
• Forests
• Organic agriculture
17. No-tillage
•Temperate arable land: 0-1 Mg C/(ha yr), generally < 0.3
Mg C/(ha yr) but recent regional study found no
significant effects
•Tropical arable land: less data, 0.3-0.8 Mg C/(ha yr)
18. Agroforestry
0-1 Mg C/(ha yr), but many studies did not find significant
effects, effects sometimes overstated in literature, no
accounting for land use effects
21. Organic agriculture
•Reduces, on average yields (and therefore inputs)
•Significant gains in SOC are therefore unlikely, unless
respiration rates are decreased
22. What do numbers tell us ?
• Conversion to no-tillage
– Temperate arable land: 0-1 Mg C/(ha yr), generally < 0.3 Mg C/(ha yr)
– Tropical arable land: less data, 0.3-0.8 Mg C/(ha yr)
• Agroforestry
– 0-1 Mg C/(ha yr), but many studies did not find significant effects,
effects sometimes overstated in literature, no accounting for land use
effects
• Grassland
– Ca. 0.3 Mg C/(ha yr), but very variable
• Forests
– Management may make a difference: potential effect is largely
unknown
• Organic agriculture
– Reduces, on average yields (and therefore inputs)
– Significant gains in SOC are therefore unlikely, unless respiration rates
are decreased
23. Also, we should be cautious with the
data we have
response ratio vs depth
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
Response ratio (depth integrated SOC stock in alternatively managed or
converted grassland vs. tradionally managed grassland) vs. sampling depth as
calculated from the data compiled by (Conant et al., 2001). Note that the
response ratio generally decreases with increasing sampling depth, an
observation also made by (Manley et al., 2005)
24. Land degradation
• Consists of a complex interplay of different
processes
– Wind and water erosion
– Compaction
– Salinisation
• What will happen with SOC stocks when we
reduce land degradation
25. Erosion : 4 subprocesses
What happens with exported C ?
What happens at depositional sites ?
What happens at eroding sites ?
What happens during mobilisation and transport ?
26. Erosion is a small source of C for the soil
(sink for the atmosphere, Van Oost et
al., Science, 2007): why is that ?
• SOC is dynamically replaced at eroding sites
• Most of the SOC that is eroded is stored for
longer time spans in depositional
environments
• Erosion is not a major cause of SOC loss
27. Erosion also causes detrimental nutrient
losses, especially in low input agricultural areas
Quinton et al., 2010
28. Other soil degradation processes
• General principle: if degration decreases
primary productivity (plant growth) it will lead
to a SOC loss
29. However, reclamation of degraded
land is still (very) beneficial
• On degraded land, dynamic replacement is
less important or even non-existing
• In strongly degraded environments erosion
may therefore indeed be a source of C to the
atmosphere, not a sink
33. What is the impact on SOC ?
• Sparing may be advantageous:
– Non-disturbed biomes are high in SOC
– Intensive agriculture can provide more C input into
the soil, thereby maintaining SOC stocks (if properly
managed)
– Benefits of sparing will depend on species dynamics
and type of wildlife-friendly farming adapted
– Care should be taken in evaluating low-input
agricultural systems: effects on yields should be
accounted for
34. Are there other benefits ? SOC and soil
health
• Biodiversity: not discussed here
• Soil quality
• Soil productivity
38. Crop yields: often a positive
relationship betweeen SOC and yield is
found
Lal, 2010
39. However….
• Relationship is not always causal: increased
yield is often due to co-variation in nutrients
available to plants
Chemical fertilizers
Manure
Reference
Edmeades, 2003
41. Overall
• Conclusive evidence regarding positive causal
effect of SOC on soil structure, soil life, soil
erodibility
• Effects on yields is inconclusive: reported
relationships are often to a large extent
explainable by co-variations and causal effect
may even be inverse
42. Where does all this this leave us ?
Towards a vision on SOC
management within the GEF
context
43. SOC management requires an
integrated, landscape scale approach
• Opting for low-intensity land use should
account for disturbance of ‘virgin’ SOC stocks
over larger areas (that does not mean that it
always has to be negative !)
• Same holds for FYM-based systems: manure
has to come from somewhere
• Other landscape functions (water
provision, tourism, biodiversity) need to be
accounted for
44. It is easier (and probably cheaper) to
preserve than to restore.
• Preserving a stock has immediate benefits
• Managed systems only rarely meet SOC stocks
found under undisturbed natural vegetation
(exception: specific cases of grassland
afforestation)
• Simple estimates: stopping deforestation is
much cheaper than increasing stocks on
arable land
45. Improving crop yields and restoring
soil fertility is a key component of SOC
management
• Higher yields means that less land is necessary
(although true sparing may demand further
encouragement)
• Higher yields have a positive effect on SOC
stocks on cropland
53. Set goals realistically
• The response time of SOC=decades
• The sequestration rates possible under
alternative management systems may be
lower than initially proposed
• Account for negative externalities when they
are likely to occur (water yield, land
use, biodiversity…)
54. Generate co-benefits
• SOC sequestration is not a commercially viable
operation at present (one would need prices
of ca. $ 100 USD/(ton C) for the conversion of
cropland in developing countries to see
significant effects.
• Co-benefits may be reduced labour, increased
yields, biodiversity preservation, increased soil
quality
55. Assess socio-economic conditions that
may affect potential success of SOC
management projects
• Do the farmers-land managers have access to
all relevant information ?
• Are the relevant skills present ?
56. Assess the socio-economic implications
(see also Stringer et al., 2012)
• What is the effect of pine forests on local
communities in the Paramo ?
– Where does the income generated by the wood go ?
– Are they able to deal with reduced water yields ?
– What is replacing their traditional activities in the
Paramo ?
– What will be the effect on the gender distribution of
the workload ?
– How will the arrival of the Iphone 12 in 2020 affect
these results ?
57. Provide sufficient support
• SOC projects are long-term !
• Benefits are not immediately visible to the
local population
61. We often work with SOC pools
• SOC pools are reservoirs of SOC that have
distinct physico-chemical characteristics
• Literature has convincingly shown that
understanding and describing SOC dynamics is
far more efficient when different SOC pools
are considered
62. In some cases: clear implications for
management
Chivenge et al., 2007, long-term study
on sandy and clayey soils
- management should try to
increase SOC input on sandy soils
(coarse sand SOC most responsive and
important pool)
- management should try to
reduce soil disturbance on clayey soils
to preserve fine sand (fine sand SOC in
aggregates is most important pool)
63. However, in general…
• Yet, while scientifically extremely rewarding, it
remains unlikely that increased understanding
will in the short run lead to a drastically
improved predictive capacity or improved
policy guidelines, reaching beyond what
already can be achieved with the
semi-empirical approach taken based on size
and density separates in combination with
SOM models en vogue. (R. Merckx, 2012)
64. Why is that ?
• The curse of environmental sciences:
– Systems that are studied are intrinsically
complicated, controlled by many factors and
coupling is often non-linear and affected by
feedbacks
– Such systems may be better described with more
complex models, but that does not lead to better
predictions
65. Where do we need scientific progress
the most ?
• Concept of SOC saturation appears critical
• How do we monitor SOC stocks ?
• What will be the effect of climate change on
SOC stocks ?
66. Concept of soil saturation appears to
be critical
Angers et al., 2011
67. Climatic effects on SOC stocks are still very
uncertain
• Makes it very difficult to assess future stocks
• Correctly understanding climate effects is also
important if we want to disentangle effects of
different drivers (climate
(temperature, moisture, CO2) from
management effects
68. The land is at present a
strong sink (Le Quéré et
al., 2009): 30% of emissions
absorbed on land
72. Conclusions
• SOC management for global benefits is
important.
• SOC management needs careful
considerations (spare or share…)
• SOC management could benefit tremendously
from scientific progress in a number of key
areas