Attracting And Protecting Pollinators - Dr. Curtis Young, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), F...Vinodkumar Patil
Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Female Moths Respond to Herbivore-Induced Corn Volatiles.
In response to herbivore attack, plants release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that represent important chemical cues for herbivore natural enemies. Additionally, HIPVs have been shown to mediate other ecological interactions with herbivores. Differently from natural enemies that are generally attracted to HIPVs, herbivores can be either attracted or repelled depending on several biological and ecological parameters. Our study aimed to assess the olfactory response of fall armyworm-mated female moths toward odors released by mechanically and herbivore induced corn at different time intervals. Results showed that female moths strongly respond to corn volatiles, although fresh damaged corn odors (0–1 h) are not recognized by moths. Moreover, females preferred volatiles released by undamaged plant over herbivore-induced plants at 5–6 h. This preference for undamaged plants may reflect an adaptive strategy of moths to avoid competitors and natural enemies for their offspring. We discussed our results based on knowledge about corn volatile release pattern and raise possible explanations for fall armyworm moth behavior.
Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), F...Vinodkumar Patil
Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Female Moths Respond to Herbivore-Induced Corn Volatiles.
In response to herbivore attack, plants release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that represent important chemical cues for herbivore natural enemies. Additionally, HIPVs have been shown to mediate other ecological interactions with herbivores. Differently from natural enemies that are generally attracted to HIPVs, herbivores can be either attracted or repelled depending on several biological and ecological parameters. Our study aimed to assess the olfactory response of fall armyworm-mated female moths toward odors released by mechanically and herbivore induced corn at different time intervals. Results showed that female moths strongly respond to corn volatiles, although fresh damaged corn odors (0–1 h) are not recognized by moths. Moreover, females preferred volatiles released by undamaged plant over herbivore-induced plants at 5–6 h. This preference for undamaged plants may reflect an adaptive strategy of moths to avoid competitors and natural enemies for their offspring. We discussed our results based on knowledge about corn volatile release pattern and raise possible explanations for fall armyworm moth behavior.
Presentation on the relevance of self-incompatibility, methods to overcome self-incompatibility, advantages and disadvantages, utilization in crop improvement
This presentation was delivered at the Georgia Organics Annual Conference in Atlanta on February 23, 2013. Provides basic information on IPM approaches in sustainable vegetable production systems.
Farming for Beneficial Insects - Conservation on Native Pollinators, Predators & Parasitoids; Gardening Guidebook for South Carolina www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Xerces Society, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Colorado Potato Beetle Pest Control in Massachusetts; Gardening Guidebook for Massachusetts www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ The UMass Research Farm, University of Massachusetts ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This presentation, discussing some concepts of ecological based pest management and vegetable entomology research findings, was given by Dr. Ayanava Majumdar at the Alabama Food and Farm Forum, 2010, in Selma, AL (USA). Please acknowledge the author and Alabama Cooperative Extension System when using the data for education and training. The research data is preliminary and should be interpreted with caution. For further information about this or other slideshows contact Dr. A at 251-331-8416.
Seeds begin to germinate as soils begin to warm up in early spring and continue to germinate throughout the growing season. Annual weeds complete their entire life cycle in a single growing season. However, some of these weeds can also be perennials or biennials.
Presentation on the relevance of self-incompatibility, methods to overcome self-incompatibility, advantages and disadvantages, utilization in crop improvement
This presentation was delivered at the Georgia Organics Annual Conference in Atlanta on February 23, 2013. Provides basic information on IPM approaches in sustainable vegetable production systems.
Farming for Beneficial Insects - Conservation on Native Pollinators, Predators & Parasitoids; Gardening Guidebook for South Carolina www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Xerces Society, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Colorado Potato Beetle Pest Control in Massachusetts; Gardening Guidebook for Massachusetts www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ The UMass Research Farm, University of Massachusetts ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This presentation, discussing some concepts of ecological based pest management and vegetable entomology research findings, was given by Dr. Ayanava Majumdar at the Alabama Food and Farm Forum, 2010, in Selma, AL (USA). Please acknowledge the author and Alabama Cooperative Extension System when using the data for education and training. The research data is preliminary and should be interpreted with caution. For further information about this or other slideshows contact Dr. A at 251-331-8416.
Seeds begin to germinate as soils begin to warm up in early spring and continue to germinate throughout the growing season. Annual weeds complete their entire life cycle in a single growing season. However, some of these weeds can also be perennials or biennials.
cotton crop needs highest pesticide application for pest management, So we came with ipm practices for reducing insecticide spray, to manage the resistance development and secondary outbreak of sucking pest
In nature, insects use organic compounds called pheromones to communicate with each other, sending signals to help them attract a mate, send alarm signals or otherwise affect behaviour.
Insect Science's focus is on developing responsible pest-management solutions for the monitoring and control of insects that cause damage to commercial crops, stored food such as grains, and pests found in the home and garden.
We have spent over two decades researching insects and their behaviour in order to develop innovative products that imitate natural processes. As such, we are a leader in the development and manufacture of semiochemical* based products – an important building block of sustainable responsible pest management (RPM) strategies that form part of a broader integrated pest management (IPM) strategy.
With the help of our targeted pest-management solutions, farmers and homeowners can produce environmentally safe crops and plants with zero harmful residues.
Who is Insect Science?
Insect Science® is a semiochemical company in South Africa where a young innovative team pursues responsible solutions to pest management.
Plant Biodiversity Enhances Bees and Other Pollinators in Agro Ecosystems.pptxacademickushal83
In summary, exploring entomology aspects related to plant biodiversity and its impact on pollinators in agro ecosystems highlights several key points. Entomologists study pollinator diversity and foraging behavior influenced by plant diversity. They also assess habitat preferences and health, examining how access to diverse floral resources impacts pollinator populations. Moreover, entomologists investigate pesticide impacts, quantify pollinator contributions to crop pollination, and explore plant diversity's role in supporting natural pest control and climate change resilience. Entomology contributes to conservation by promoting pollinator-friendly practices and educating stakeholders. Overall, these aspects provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between plant biodiversity and pollinators, informing sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation efforts.
Information may be time-sensitive. Subscribers should use the information contained at their own risk. Please check latest information with Dr. A by emailing bugdoctor@auburn.edu.
Jordan Hoewischer - OACI Farmer Certification ProgramJohn Blue
OACI Farmer Certification Program - Jordan Hoewischer, Ohio Farm Bureau, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Fred Yoder - No-till and Climate Change: Fact, Fiction, and IgnoranceJohn Blue
No-till and Climate Change: Fact, Fiction, and Ignorance - Fred Yoder, Former President, National Corn Growers Association, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. John Grove - Fifty Years Of No-till Research In KentuckyJohn Blue
Fifty Years Of No-till Research In Kentucky - Dr. John Grove, Univerity of Kentucky, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Warren Dick - Pioneering No-till Research Since 1962John Blue
Pioneering No-till Research Since 1962 - Dr. Warren Dick, OSU-OARDC (retired), from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Christine Sprunger - The role that roots play in building soil organic ma...John Blue
The role that roots play in building soil organic matter and soil health - Dr. Christine Sprunger, OSU - SENR, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Leonardo Deiss - Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends afte...John Blue
Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends after 60 years of No-till - Dr. Leonardo Deiss, OSU, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Steve Culman - No-Till Yield Data AnalysisJohn Blue
No-Till Yield Data Analysis - Dr. Steve Culman, OSU Soil Fertility Extension Specialist, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Alan Sundermeier and Dr. Vinayak Shedekar - Soil biological Response to BMPs John Blue
Soil biological Response to BMPs - Alan Sundermeier, OSU Extension, and Dr. Vinayak Shedekar, USDA-ARS, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Sarah Noggle - Cover Crop Decision Tool SelectorJohn Blue
Cover Crop Decision Tool Selector - Sarah Noggle, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Hemp Regulations - Jim Belt, ODA, Head of Hemp for Ohio, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
John Barker - UAVs: Where Are We And What's NextJohn Blue
UAVs: Where Are We And What's Next - John Barker, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Rajbir Bajwa - Medical uses of MarijuanaJohn Blue
Medical uses of Marijuana - Dr. Rajbir Bajwa, Coordinator of legal medical marijuana sales, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Jeff Stachler - Setting up a Corn and Soybean Herbicide Program with Cove...John Blue
Setting up a Corn and Soybean Herbicide Program with Cover Crops - Dr. Jeff Stachler, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Chad Penn - Developing A New Approach To Soil Phosphorus Testing And Reco...John Blue
Developing A New Approach To Soil Phosphorus Testing And Recommendations - Dr. Chad Penn, USDA-ARS, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Jim Hoorman - Dealing with Cover Crops after Preventative PlantingJohn Blue
Dealing with Cover Crops after Preventative Planting - Jim Hoorman, Hoorman Soil Health Services, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Sjoerd Duiker - Dealing with Poor Soil Structure and Soil Compaction John Blue
Dealing with Poor Soil Structure and Soil Compaction - Dr. Sjoerd Duiker, Extension Agronomist, Penn State University, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Christine Brown - Canadian Livestock Producers Efforts to Improve Water QualityJohn Blue
Canadian Livestock Producers Efforts to Improve Water Quality - Christine Brown, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Lee Briese - Details Matter (includes details about soil, equipment, cove...John Blue
Details Matter (includes details about soil, equipment, cover crops...) - Dr. Lee Briese, North Dakota, 2017 International Crop Adviser of the Year, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Lance Conway - Using Sensor Metrics to Guide Agronomic DecisionsJohn Blue
Using Sensor Metrics to Guide Agronomic Decisions - Lance Conway, University of Missouri, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. Why Pollinators Matter
• Annual value of insect pollinated crops according to a Cornell study: $29 billion per year.
Roughly 80% of flowering plants need pollinators.
• Some pollinators are in decline worldwide. For honey bees: 30% loss of hives each year
between 2006-2011 in the United States. Beekeepers say 15% loss is acceptable.
• "Colony Collapse Disorder" (CCD), appears to be due to multiple stressors (Varroa mites,
Nosema and virus infection, nutrition, migratory beekeeping, pesticide exposure).
3. Honey production =
$5 billion
Pollination value =
$200-500 billion worldwide
Lautenbach, 2012, PLoS ONE
USAID CIAFS, 2012
4. Consequences of Poor Pollination
In Ohio insect-pollinated
crops were valued at $216
million (2009)
7. Order Hymenoptera
• Honey Bees
• Bumble Bees
• Digger Bees
• Orchard Bees
• Metallic Bees (Sweat Bees)
• Leafcutter Bees
• Carpenter Bees
• Common Characteristics
– Skinny waists
– Long Antennae
– Ovipositor modified as a
stinger
• Rare Characteristics
– Social Behavior
– Honey Production
8.
9.
10. Three Broad Groups of Native Bees
Photos: Steve Javorek (Ag Candada), Eric Mader, Elaine Evans
Bumble Bees (social)
Cavity-Nesting Bees (solitary)
Ground-Nesting Bees (solitary)
11. Are there other Pollinators?
• Order Coleoptera
– Beetles
• Order Diptera
– Flies
• Order Lepidoptera
– Moths and Butterflies
12. Attracting Pollinators
Honey bees forage four (plus)
miles from home.
Bumble bees can forage 6
miles or more.
Smaller bees have a more
narrow range.
13. Cover Crops and Pollinators
• Grasses (Cereal Rye, Winter Wheat, Barley, Oats, Teff,
etc.)
– Of little or no attractiveness to pollinators
• Legumes (Alfalfa, Birdsfoot Trefoil, Clovers, Vetch,
Cowpea, etc.)
– Low to High attractiveness to pollinators
• Forbs/Broadleaves (Buckwheat, Brassicas, Canola,
Sunflowers, etc.)
– Low to High attractiveness to pollinators
20. Problems with Cover Crops for Pollinators
• Many do not mature fast enough to be available to
pollinators
• Many only bloom for a short period of time – there
would be a need for alternative sources of pollen and
nectar
• Grasses do next to nothing for pollinators
• Cover crops for pollinators are better in long term
crops – orchards, vineyards, field edges, lanes, berry
patches, etc.
22. BMPs to Protect Pollinators
Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
23. Observing Pollinators and Pollinator Plants
Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Know which pollinators are
foraging, the plants they’re
working (including weeds), and
active times of day.
26. Seed Planting Dust Issues
Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
• Modern planters use a vacuum system to move seeds.
• Treated seeds require talc in planter to ensure uniform planting.
• Used talc is exhausted with air during and after planting, often
contaminating weeds, trees and shrubs in flower.
• Talc replacements: wax and graphite substitutes
27. Soil, dust + dandelions + honey bees = Bee
Kills
Contaminated dust can kill
individual bees outright or be
taken back to the colony.
28. Formulation
Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Dusts and microencapsulated
formulations can pose high risk
to pollinators.
Granular formulations are best for bees!
29. Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
If a pesticide does not have
extended residual toxicity
(ERT <8 hours), it can be
applied after evening
foraging is complete without
harming pollinators that visit
the next day.
Time of Day
30. Avoiding Drift
Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
• Establish buffers
• Watch weather
• Calibrate
• Shut off sprayer or
nozzles for gaps, turns
or near water.
35. Ohio Pesticide Law
No person shall:
• Apply pesticides which are hazardous to honey bees
when pollinating insects are actively working;
• Application of calyx sprays on fruits & similar
applications may be made.
Ohio Apiary Law
• Register all apiaries annually by June 1.
36. IPM First
Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Carefully diagnose the pest
problem, consider all options
and select the best
combination of options to
minimize risk to pollinators.
37. Avoiding Drift
Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Be mindful of drift onto
surrounding plants
attractive to pollinators.
38. Choose the Least Toxic Chemical
• Toxicity Category I, “highly toxic to bees”
• Acute Contact LD50 is less than or equal to 2 micrograms per bee.
• Toxicity Category II, “toxic to bees”
• LD50 is less than 11 but greater than 2 micrograms per bee.
• Toxicity Category III, ”relatively nontoxic”
• the LD50 of the pesticide is greater than 11 micrograms per bee.
• No bee caution statement is required on the label.