Document analysis examines questioned documents to determine authenticity by comparing them to known samples. Questioned documents include signatures, writing, or marks whose source is uncertain. Experts analyze characteristics like handwriting style, paper type, and added security features to detect alterations. Handwriting is unique to each individual and difficult to forge. Forensic document examiners follow scientific guidelines to compare questioned samples to known exemplars and determine authorship in court.

1. Forensic Science
Document Analysis
PALLAVI KUMARI

2. Document Analysis
• Document Analysis is the examination and
comparison of questioned documents with
known material.
– Questioned Documents- any signature, handwriting,
typewriting, or other written mark whose source or
authenticity is in dispute or uncertain
• Experts establish the authenticity of documents
and detect any changes, erasures, or obliterations
that may have occurred
– Obliteration- writing over top to smear or make
orginal writing unreadable

3. Common Questioned Documents
• Checks
• Certificates
• Wills
• Passports
• Licenses
• Money
• Letters
• Contracts
• Suicide Notes
• Receipts
• Even Lottery Tickets

4. Handwriting Analysis
• Like Fingerprints, every person’s handwriting
is unique and personalized
• Handwriting is difficult to disguise or forge
– Good tool for including or excluding persons when
determining a match with an exemplar
• Questioned documents are compared to
exemplars to determine matches
– Exemplars- prewritten handwriting samples from
a suspect(s)

5. History of Handwriting Analysis
• 1930s—handwriting analysis played a role in
the famous Lindbergh case.
• 1999—the US Court of Appeals determined
that handwriting analysis qualifies as a form of
expert testimony
• To be admissible in court, scientifically
accepted guidelines must be followed
• Scotland Yard, the FBI, and the Secret Service
use handwriting analysis

6. Introduction to Handwriting
• Everyone’s handwriting exhibits natural
variation
– Writing instruments- pen, pencil, marker ect…
– Mood, age, hurried
• Brain does writing- methods of writing
become subconscious
– Adults show little variation

7. 12 Characteristics of Handwriting
Line Quality
• Do the letters flow or are they erratic and
shaky?

8. 12 Characteristics of Handwriting
Spacing
• Are letters equally spaced or crowded?
• Are margins evenly spaced?

9. 12 Characteristics of Handwriting
Size Consistency
• Is the ratio of height to width consistent?

10. 12 Characteristics of Handwriting
Continuous
• Is the writing continuous or does the writer lift
the pen/pencil?

11. 12 Characteristics of Handwriting
Connecting Letters
• Are the capital and lowercase letters
connected and continuous?

12. 12 Characteristics of Handwriting
Letters Complete
• Are letters completely formed? Or, is part of a
letter missing?

13. 12 Characteristics of Handwriting
Cursive and Printed Letters
• Are there printed letters, cursive letters, or
both?

14. 12 Characteristics of Handwriting
Pen Pressure
• Is pressure equal when applied to upward and
downward strokes?

15. 12 Characteristics of Handwriting
Slant
• Left, right, or variable?

16. 12 Characteristics of Handwriting
Line Habits
• Is the text on the line, above the line, or below
the line?

17. 12 Characteristics of Handwriting
Fancy Curls or Loops
• Are there fancy loops?
• Any other distinguishing features?

18. 12 Characteristics of Handwriting
Places of Crosses on t’s & Dots on i’s
• Are t’s crossed?
– t’s crossed in middle, toward top, or toward
bottom
• Are i’s dotted?
– Dotted toward left, toward right, or centered

19. Handwriting Examination
1. Two writings came from one person if:
– their similarities are unique and
– no unexplainable difference(s) are found
2. Examine the questionable document for
detectable traits and record them
3. Obtain a known sample of the suspect’s writing
(an exemplar)
4. Compare and draw conclusions about the
authorship of the questionable document

20. Technology Used in Handwriting
Analysis
o Biometric Signature Pads
• “Learns” to recognize how a person signs
• Evaluates speed, pressure, and rhythm of the
signature
• Recognizes forgeries by the detection of even slight
differences
o Computerized Analysis
• Compares handwriting samples objectively
• Compared with samples stored in databases

21. Handwriting Analysis
o Evidence in the Courtroom
• Expert explains how comparisons were made
• Cross-examination by defense attorney may follow
• Must be able to justify and defense usually has their
own expert witness to try to refute
o Shortcomings in Analysis
• Are the base documents real or fake?
• Did mood, age, fatigue impact the handwriting?
• Did experts miss details any details?

22. Forgery and Fraudulence (Fraud)
• Forgery- making, altering, or falsifying a
person’s signature or any other aspect of a
document with the intent to deceive another
– Forged documents include:
• checks
• employment records
• legal agreements
• licenses
• wills
• Fraudulence—forgery for material gain

23. Check Forgery
• Check forgery can include:
– ordering another’s checks from a deposit slip
– altering a check
– intercepting another’s check, altering, and
cashing it
– creating a check from scratch

24. Preventing Check Forgery
• Chemically sensitive paper
• Large font size requires more ink and makes
alterations more difficult
• High resolution borders that are difficult to copy
• Multiple color patterns on paper
• Embed fibers that glow under different light
• Use chemical wash detection systems that
change color when a check is altered

25. Counterfeiting
o Counterfeiting- When false documents or other
items are copied for the purpose of deception
o A criminal activity existing since antiquity
o Items commonly forged today include:
• Currency
• Traveler’s checks
• Food stamps
• Certain bonds
• Postage stamps

26. Currency
• Security features are added to paper currency
that scanning cannot reproduce
• Regular printer paper contains starch.
• Paper currency contains rag fiber instead of
starch.
• People usually first suspect money as fake
because its texture does not feel right

27. Verifying Authentic Currency
1.Portrait stands out and appears raised off the paper
2.Contains clear red and blue fibers woven throughout the bill
3.Has clear, distinct border edges
4.Treasury seal is shown with clear, sharp saw-tooth points
5.Watermark appears on the right side of the bill in the light
6.The security thread is evident—a thin embedded vertical strip
with the denomination of the bill printed in it
7.There is minute printing on the security threads, as well as
around the portrait
8.When the bill is tilted, the number in the lower right-hand
corner makes a color shift from copper to green
New security features: