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Questioned Document.pptx
- 2. WHAT IS A QUESTIONED DOCUMENT ? Any object that contains handwritten, typewritten markings, alphabets, letters, words, markings or combination of all whose source or authenticity is in doubt. Questioned Document Examination is a branch of forensic science that deals with documents having a suspicious authenticity. Also called as Forensic Document Examination, it involves the application of scientific methods and principals for document examination. This helps to produce evidence about a questioned document that is admissible in the court of law to prove its legitimacy.
- 3. Section-47 INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT When the Court has to form an opinion as to the person by whom any document was written or signed, the opinion of any person acquainted with the handwriting of the person by whom it is supposed to be written or signed that it was or was not written or signed by that person, is a relevant fact. Explanations A person is said to be acquainted with the handwriting of another person when he has seen that person write, or when he has received documents purporting to be written by that person in answer to documents written by himself or under his authority and addressed to that person, or when, in the ordinary course of business, documents purporting to be written by that person have been habitually submitted to him. Illustrations The question is, whether a given letter is in the underwriting of A, a merchant in London. B is a merchant in Calcutta, who has written letters addressed to A and received letters purporting to be written by him. C is B’s clerk, whose duty it was to examine and file B’s correspondence. D is B’s broker, to whom B habitually submitted the letters purporting to be written by A for the purpose of advising him thereon. The opinions of B, C and D on the question whether the letter is in the handwriting of A are relevant, though neither B, C nor D ever saw A write.
- 4. SECTION 29 INDIAN PENAL CODE The word “document” denotes any matter expressed or described upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks, or by more than one of those means, intended to be used, or which may be used, as evidence of that matter. Explanations It is immaterial by what means or upon what substance the letters, figures or marks are formed, or whether the evidence is intended for, or may be used in, a Court of Justice, or not. Illustrations A writing expressing the terms of a contract, which may be used as evidence of the contract, is a document. A cheque upon a banker is a document. A power-of-attorney is a document. A map or plan which is intended to be used or which may be used as evidence, is a document. A writing containing directions or instructions is a document. Explanations Whatever is expressed by means of letters, figures or marks as explained by mercantile or other usage, shall be deemed to be expressed by such letters, figures or marks within the meaning of this section, although the same may not be actually expressed. Illustrations A writes his name on the back of a bill of exchange payable to his order. The meaning of the endorsement as explained by mercantile usage, is that the bill is to be paid to the holder. The endorsement is a document and must
- 5. HANDWRITING IS UNIQUE Handwriting: A person’s individual style of writing with an implement (pen, pencil, etc.) • -Based on the premise that handwriting is unique to an individual • -Subconscious behavior • -As one become more proficient in writing, one will develop their own personal style This will present more distinguishable features & leads experts to believe that handwriting may be as individual as our fingerprint
- 7. Common Types of Questioned Documents Subjected to Forensic Document Examination At present, every other person is adept at using Adobe Photoshop, Acrobat and other visual editing software. This has made document forgery a cakewalk for individuals with corrupt intentions. The properties of a questioned document that are examined include handwriting, signatures, and typewriting. Sometimes even documents that do not bear any visible mark is subjected to forensic document examination. For example, documents kept below other documents while writing may contain impression evidence. Even burned or shredded documents can give significant leads to an investigation if they are reconstructed.
- 8. COMMON TYPES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS SUBJECTED TO FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION ARE • Wills • Cheques • Bank Drafts • Agreements • Receipts • Laminated Documents • Photocopied Documents • Stamp Papers • Passports • ID Cards • Licenses • Currency notes • Suicide notes
- 9. TYPES OF FORENSIC DOCUMENTS SPECIMEN WRITING – Specimen writing refers to any signature or handwriting taken by any suspect or deceased in presence of the investigating officer ADMITTED WRITING – Admitted writing refers to any writing or signature that the individual admits or writes during its daily course of time. EXAMPLE – Normal bank withdrawal slip, official document QUESTIONED DOCUMENT – Questioned writing refers to any handwriting or signature whose authenticity is under doubt.
- 10. CRIMES RELATED TO QUESTIONED DOCUMENT • Identity Theft • Forgeries • Counterfeiting • Suicides • Homicides • Fraud • Kidnappings • Bank Robberies • Contested Wills • Extortion • Medical Malpractices • Stalking • Title/Deed Lawsuits • Contested Contracts Handwriting examination enables document examiners to distinguish a forged handwriting from the genuine one. This helps them confirm or exclude suspects from the investigation.
- 11. RULES OF HANDWRITING RULES OF HANDWRITING WERE GIVEN BY ORDWAY HILTON 1) The handwriting of every mature writer is personal and individual to him alone. 2) It is impossible for a person to produce exactly same that has been written first. There must be a natural variation in the writing of the same person. 3) From the above principle, it is a fact that one cannot write two signatures precisely alike. 4) If two of signatures are alike then one of them is forged. 5) Every person’s writing undergoes gradual changes in the course of life, however, in most of the cases the changes are very slow and they may not be discernible. 6) Two different persons cannot write in similar style. 7) A writer cannot exceed his writing skill and ability unless he makes serious efforts and practice. 8) A person cannot adopt different styles of writing at different times, as to change one’s normal style of writing us an exceeding difficult task. 9) A disguise is always superficial. Disguise leads to an inferior quality of writing. 10) The attempt of disguise in most of the cases is simple in nature.
- 12. CLASS CHARACTERISTICS Class characteristics of natural genuine handwriting refers to those characteristics that are common among the writing of all the individuals who happened to learn the same system of writing forms every individual introduced some personal modifications but substantially the base form remains the same. Line Quality Size Consistency Shading Skills Connecting Strokes Alignment Slant Punctuation
- 13. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS These are created by individual consciously or unconsciously by modifying the copybook writing forms of letter digits etc. The problem arises only when the writer of question the document is unknown and more than one sample / standard are available for the purpose of comparison to narrow down the list of suspects. These specimens are also called examples every mature writer has its unique handwriting which has its own unique identifying characteristics these characteristics are different from most of the others . Skill Level Slant or inclination Form Movement Proportions/Symmetry Height Ratio The” i “dot The” t “ Crossing Pressure Alignment to Baseline Pen lifts Speed Embellishments Entry and exit strokes retracing
- 14. TYPES OF FORGERY
- 15. Questioned Document Analysis by Document Examiners Document examiners use scientific principles of handwriting and ink analysis for examining the different types of questioned documents. Questioned Document Analysis by document examiners includes handwriting examination and the analysis of several other features of the questioned document. SIGNATURE & HANDWRITING EXAMINATION Handwriting and signature are unique to a particular individual. This makes it possible for document examiners to identify forgery or alterations. Document examiners trained in handwriting and signature analysis are thus able to identify a forged handwriting/signature from a genuine one.
- 16. Examination of Printers, Fax Machines, Typewriters and Photocopy Machines In the case of typewritten questioned documents, Document Examiners go to the extent of examining the very machines that produced them. For instance, a typewriter output always has certain exclusive properties. Some of these properties are the same for a particular model of the machine – electric/manual, carbon film ribbon/fabric ribbon etc. Typewriters, printing or photocopy machines also produce unique properties on its output depending on its abuse, damage, wear and tear.
- 17. Ink Examination Document examiners sometimes use liquid chromatography to extract samples of ink from a questioned document for analysis. Other methods of ink examination include subjecting the questioned document to infrared radiation. This helps identify forged documents because different inks react differently when exposed to different frequencies of infrared light.
- 18. Detection of Indentation Documents recovered from a crime scene or a suspect may also give crucial leads from impression evidence or indented writing. Certain documents do not contain any distinguishing mark or note. However, when analyzed with an Electrostatic Detection Device (EDD), they reveal certain invisible impressions or indentations. These could help establish crucial links between a suspect and the crime.
- 19. Detection of Deletions, Erasures and Other Alterations Forensic Document Examination can reveal for evidence of alterations, obliterations, erasures and page substitutions. Such changes that are not visible to the naked eye can be detected using photography and UV/IR imaging devices. Imaging instruments such as a Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) use radiations of different wavelengths to identify additions, erasures or alternations. This is possible by the different reactions of different inks to varied wavelengths of light.
- 20. COUNTERFEITING Counterfeiting is a crime of making an unauthorized imitation of a genuine article, typically money, with the intent to deceive or defraud. Counterfeit money is currency that is produced without the legal sanction of the state or government. Counterfeit money is imitation currency produced without the legal sanction of the state or government, usually in a deliberate attempt to imitate that currency and so as to deceive its recipient. Producing or using counterfeit money is a form of fraud or forgery.
- 25. INDIAN PASSPORT Regular passport (Deep Blue) - Issued to regular citizens for ordinary travel, such as for vacation, study and business trips (36 or 60 pages). It is a Type "P" passport - P stands for personal. Official passport (White cover) - Issued to individuals representing the Indian government on official business. It is a Type "S" passport - S stands for Service. Diplomatic passport (Maroon cover) - Issued to Indian diplomats, top ranking government officials and diplomatic couriers. It is a Type "D" passport - D stands for Diplomat.
- 26. SECURITY FEATURES OF INDIAN PASSPORT There are a number of Security Features which are currently present in the Indian Passports. Both GIP (Genuine Indian Passport) and FIP(Fake Indian Passport) can be distinguished with each other on the basis of Security Features. In the current research work all the Security Features present in the passport is discussed below. All these Security Features can be viewed under different light source in UV Light [365nm (long-wave UV), 312 nm (medium wave UV) and 254 nm (shortwave UV)], Visible Normal Flood Light, and Infrared/Spot Light as well as in Transmitted Light & Oblique/Side Light.
- 27. Number of Security Features are Incorporated in an Indian Passport to make it Forgery Proof Paper Optical fibre Water mark Chemical sensitization Micro printing Embossing Photograph and signature Punched number Fluorescent features
- 30. CASE STUDY
- 31. Handwriting Examination Document Examiners involved in handwriting examination divide handwriting samples into two types – Collected Writing Specimens and Requested Writing Specimens. Collected Writing Specimens are handwriting samples of the subject, collected from the site or crime scene prior to the investigation. Requested Writing Specimens are writings that are dictated to the subject (writer) by the investigator. Such specimens are purposely created under controlled conditions for the purpose of handwriting examination. It involves a close monitoring of the writer by the investigator and/or document examiner. Documents such as letters, diaries, canceled cheques, medical records, business contracts or other legal documents containing a signature are good sources of writing samples. Handwriting Examination involves the analysis of several handwriting characteristics such as letter and word spacing, speed, the position of the pen, capitalization, slope/slant, legibility and many other attributes.
- 34. IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION Albert Sherman Osborn is considered the father of the science of questioned document examination in North America. His book Questioned Documents was first published in 1910 and later heavily revised as a second edition in 1929. Other publications, including The Problem of Proof (1922), The Mind of the Juror (1937), and Questioned Document Problems (1944) were widely acclaimed by both the legal profession and by public and private laboratories concerned with matters involving questioned documents. Osborn is also known for founding the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners (ASQDE) on September 2, 1942. In 1913 Osborn began inviting select practitioners to informal educational gatherings hosted in his home and those meetings eventually led to formation of the ASQDE. He became the society's first president and was involved intimately with the discipline and Society until his death four years later.