DNA lithography is a nanolithography technique that uses DNA as a structural material rather than just an information carrier. It has advantages over traditional lithography due to DNA's nanoscale size and binding specificity. DNA strands are designed to self-assemble into patterns on a substrate, which can then be coated with materials to create electronic components. This bottom-up approach allows for higher resolution and more efficient mass production than top-down photolithography. While promising, DNA lithography still requires more research before it can be used for large-scale commercial production.

1. LITHOGRAPHY
 Lithography (from Greek λίθος - lithos, 'stone'
+ γράφειν - graphein, 'to write') is a method
for printing using a stone (lithographic
limestone) or a metal plate with a completely
smooth surface.
•
Invented in 1796 by German author and
actor Alois Senefelder as a cheap method of
publishing theatrical works, lithography can
be used to print text or artwork onto paper or
other suitable material.

3. DNA LITHOGRAPHY
 As the name indicates, DNA lithography refers to lithography
using DNA.
 DNA strands of greater lengths are chosen for fabricating on to
suitable substratum for lithography.
 This technology is used for making DNA based electronic
chips for electronic equipments.
 This technology opens new angles and dimensions to the future
of electronic chips with nanoscale sizes and with better storage
capacity.

4. WHY DNA FOR LITHOGRAPHY?
 The first reason is because of its size. DNA exists in
the nanometer scale and using this, will help to make
nanoscale lithography.
 The second reason is because of its binding
specificity. DNA is made of nucleotides with four
types of bases namely Purines (Adenine and
Guanine) Pyramidines (Cytosine and Thymine).
Adenine binds or pairs only with Thymine and
Cytosine binds only with Guanine. This specificity
helps for precise nanoscale dna lithography.

5.  DNA nanotechnology uses the unique molecular
recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic
acids to create self-assembling branched DNA
complexes with useful properties.
 DNA from DNA origamy is used for DNA
lithography.
 DNA is thus used as a structural material rather
than as a carrier of biological information, to
make structures such as two-dimensional
periodic lattices .

6. How DNA lithography works:




Uses genetically engineered strands of DNA from
algae or other simple organisms.
These strands form very specific patterns by copying
themselves onto substrate, based on the genes
encoded in them.
Strands that attached to the substrate are then coated
with semiconductors or metals through a chemical
process.
A multitude of transistors is created in a step

7. THROUGH THE HISTORY
 40 years ago: double patterning photolithography.
 10 years ago: e beam lithography.
 Today
: dna litography.
Reasons
1. it requires lesser steps.
2. it need not require controlled steps.
3.usually organisms with lesser gene encoded
in to their dna is suitable for lithographical methods.

8. DNA LITHOGRAPHY
 DNA ORIGAMI
design of DNA molecules that readily fold
into arbitrary shapes — DNA origami —
holds promise for the bottom-up fabrication
of nanoscale devices, both through DNAdirected self-assembly and nanopatterning
processes. The patterning of inorganic
substrates with DNA templates usually
requires the deposition of intermediate .

9. Low concentrations of triangular DNA origami are binding to wide lines on a
lithographically patterned surface.

10. Procedure for making nano-scale electronic components
Using dna lithography
Specifically synthesized DNA strand
with tailed ends

11. Procedure for making dna lithographic
molecule
Proteins applied to the ends, different proteins
applied to the center

12. Using DNA Lithography, complex
structures can be created
DNA probe
DNA Resistor
dna transistor
DNA Inductor

14. Top down
lithography
Rock
Statue

15.  Building something by starting with a larger
component and carving away material (like a
sculpture) .
 In nanotechnology: patterning (using
photolithography) and etching away material, as in
building integrated circuits.
 Top-down lithography is a process by which electrical
circuit elements on a silicon wafer are constructed by
cutting and etching, and is currently used to make
semiconductor chips.

16. Bottom up lithography
Brick
Building

17.  Building something by assembling smaller
components (like building a car engine), atom by atom
assembly.
 In nanotechnology: self-assembly of atoms and
molecules, as in chemical and biological systems.
 Bottom-up self-assembly is a process in which
molecules and/or nanoscale materials are selfassembled into desired structures using chemical
bonds or various similar interactions.

18. DNA LITHOGRAPHY – CURRENT TRENDS
I.
DNA nanotechnology is an area of current research that uses the
bottom-up, self-assembly approach for nanotechnological goals.
II.
The specificity of the interactions between complementary base
pairs make DNA a useful construction material through design of
its base sequences) and three-dimensional structures in the shapes
of polyhedra.
III. These DNA structures have also been used to template the
assembly of other molecules such as gold nanoparticles and
streptavidin proteins (bacteria uses are the purification or
detection of various biomolecules.

19. DNA ORIGAMY
 DNA origami is the nanometer scale folding of DNA to
create arbitrary two and three dimensional shapes at
the nanometer scale.
 The specificity of the interactions between complementary
base pairs make DNA a useful construction material,
through design of its base sequences.
 Developed by Paul Rothemund at the California Institute of
Technology, the process involves the folding of a long single
strand of viral DNA aided by multiple smaller "staple"
strands.

22.  These shorter strands bind the longer in various places,
resulting in various shapes, including a smiley face and a
coarse map of China and the Americas, along with many
three-dimensional structures such as cubes.
 To produce a desired shape, images are drawn with a raster
fill of a single long DNA molecule.
 This design is then fed into a computer program that
calculates the placement of individual staple strands.

23.  Each staple binds to a specific region of the DNA template,
and thus due to Watson-Crick base pairing, the necessary
sequences of all staple strands are known and displayed.
 The DNA is mixed, then heated and cooled.
 As the DNA cools, the various staples pull the long strand
into the desired shape.

24.  Either electron beam or optical lithography are used to create
arrays of binding sites of the proper size and shape to match
those of individual origami structures.
 Designs are directly observable via several methods,
including Electron Microscopy, atomic force microscopy,
or fluorescence microscopy when DNA is coupled to
fluorescent materials.

25. The DNA structure at left will selfassemble into the structure visualized by
atomic force microscopy at right.

27. DNA ORIGAMI MEETS LOW-COST LITHOGRAPHY
 A study conducted in 2010 showed a new way for molecular
lithography using DNA.
 Chemists in the US have developed an easy way to integrate
the 'bottom up' assembly of DNA origami with the 'top down'
patterning of low cost lithography.
 The method, which involves sticking pieces of DNA to
prepositioned gold islands, might help researchers in their
bid to use DNA origami for nano-electronics.

28. .The patterning of inorganic substrates with DNA
templates usually requires the deposition of
intermediate mask layers as these molecules are
sensitive to common dry etching.
. The design of DNA molecules that readily fold into
arbitrary shapes — DNA origami — holds promise for
the bottom-up fabrication of nanometer scale devices,
both through DNA-directed self-assembly and nanopatterning processes.

29. ADVANTAGES
 The utility of this approach lies in the fact that the
positioned DNA nanostructures can serve as scaffolds,
or miniature circuit boards, for the precise assembly of
components – such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires
and nanoparticles – at dimensions significantly
smaller than possible with conventional
semiconductor fabrication techniques.
 This opens up the possibility of creating functional
devices that can be integrated into larger structures, as
well as enabling studies of arrays of nanostructures
with known coordinates.

30. : Advantages include: high resolution (6nm –
22nm), efficient production
(up to 10 timesmore cost-effective), ease of
integration and use in arrays of elements.
 it is more efficient. It will be up to 10 times more
cost-effective than current
 methods of mass production.
 Rapid manufacturing time

31. .Disadvantages of DNA Lithography
• Still a growing field, limited by current genetic
engineering techniques
• 10 years until large scale production is possible
• Long process to create new patterns
• High start-up/research costs