The document discusses various types of proposed nanocomputers including electronic, chemical, mechanical, and quantum nanocomputers. Electronic nanocomputers would operate similarly to microcomputers today but on a smaller physical scale using nanolithography. Chemical and mechanical nanocomputers would store and process information via chemical interactions or mechanical positioning of atoms. Quantum nanocomputers would use atomic quantum states like electron spin to store data. Realizing these proposed nanocomputers remains challenging but would allow computing at the molecular level.

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2. A nanocomputer is a computer whose physical
dimensions are microscopic.
The field of nanocomputing is part of the
emerging field of nanotechnology .
 Several types of nanocomputers have been
suggested or proposed by researchers and
futurists.
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3.  Nanotechnology is all about building things
atom by atom & molecule by molecule.
Goal of this technology is to make tiny devices
called ‘Nanomachines’.
When manufacturing products made from an
atom, the property of those products depends
on how those atoms are arranged.
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4. Electronic Nanocomputers
Chemical & Bio-Chemical Nanocomputers
Mechanical Nanocomputers
Quantum Nanocomputers
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5. Electronic nanocomputers would operate in a manner
similar to the way present-day microcomputers work.
The main difference is the physical scale.
To further decrease the size the concept,
“Nanolithography” will be needed.
 Nanolithography is the study and application of a
number of techniques for creating nanometer-scale
structures, meaning patterns with at least one lateral
dimension between the size of an individual atom.
(approximately 100 nm)
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6.  Chemical and biochemical computers would store and
process information in terms of chemical structures
and interactions.
 Biochemical Nanocomputers seems far off because
the mechanisms for animal brains are not properly
understood by human.
In general terms, chemical computer is one that
process information in terms of making and breaking
chemical bonds & store resulting information in terms
of chemical struture.
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7. Tiny Machines & computers would be assembled by the
Mechanical Positioning of atoms or molecular building
blocks, one atom or molecule at a time. This process is
known as “mechanosysthesis”.
 Mechanical Nanocomputers would use tiny moving
components called Nanogears to encode information.
 Once assembled, the nano computer would operate a
bit like the complex programmable version of mechanical
calculator.
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8.  A Quantum Nanocomputer would work by storing data in
the form of atomic quantum states or spin.
Technology of this kind is already under development in
the form of single-electron memory (SEM) and quantum
dots.
An electron can easily fall to a lower energy state, emitting
a photon; conversely, a photon striking an atom can cause
one of its electrons to jump to a higher energy state.
Instantaneous electron energy states are difficult to
predict and even more difficult to control.
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9.  To make ever smaller computing components.
 To understand computing under uncertainty and
with faults.
 To model and analyze non-deterministic assembly.
 To cope with faults.
 To communicate with physical nanotechnologists.
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10. In 1965, engineer Gordon Moore predicted that the
number of transistors on an integrated circuit would
double approximately every two years. Today, we call
this prediction Moore's Law, though it's not really a
scientific law at all.
Microprocessor manufacturers strive to meet the
prediction, because if they don't, their competitors
will.
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11. (No. of transistors)
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12. Depending on what it's made from, a nanowire can
have the properties of an insulator, a semiconductor or
a metal.
By arranging semiconductor wires in the proper
configuration, engineers can create transistors, which
either acts as a switch or an amplifier.
Some interesting and counterintuitive properties
nanowires possess are due to the small scale.
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13. normally an electron can't pass through an insulator. If
the insulator is thin enough, though, the electron can
pass from one side of the insulator to the other. It's
called electron tunneling.
Another interesting property is that some nanowires are
ballistic conductors. This means electrons can travel
through the conductor without collisions.
 So, nanowires can conduct electricity efficiently
without the byproduct of intense heat.
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14. There are two different approaches to building things in
the nanoscale. They are:


Although we can build Nanowires using either approach,
no one has found a way to make mass production
feasible.
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15. The small scales make it very difficult to build
transistors automatically right now, engineers usually
manipulate wires into place with tools while observing
everything through a powerful microscope.
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16. Top-down approach
In the way of scientists making fiber-optic nanowires,
they use this method. Fiber-optic wires carry
information in the form of light.
Bottom-up approach
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an example of a
bottom up method. In general, CVD refers to a group
of processes where solids form out of a gaseous
phase.
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17. Assembly of a nanoscale computing machine
encompasses all the key elements and
challenges required to implement the bottom
up paradigm.
Building blocks of nanocomputers are
Nanowires.
Nanowires can be synthesized predictably with
different chemical compositions and dopants.
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18. Nanowires serve a dual purpose. Both active
devices and interconnections.
For an example, crossed nanowires can be
configured as field effect transistors (FET’s)
which amplify signals and can perform logic.
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19.  As the gate voltage is changed, conductance
increases or decreases between source and
drain. Gate
Source
Drain
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20.  The crossed nanowire devices can serve as the basis
for universal nanococmputing system built from
nanowire arrays which provide memory and logic
function, that are interconnected to the outside
world using conventional metal lines.
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21. Fluidic or pressure directed assembly is combined
with chemical patterning of a substrate to organize
nanowire arrays in larger scale.
Nanowires in a monolayer of surfactant at the air-
water interface.
Fluidic Area
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22. These nanowires are transferred into centimeter
scale substrates and hierarchically patterend into
periodic arrays using photolithography.
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23.  In this way, dense crossed nanowire arrays can be
patterened with control of all key parameters in a
scalable manner over large areas.
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24. A universal architecture for nanoscale computing will
require large and dense arrays combining logic,
memory and decoding functions. These all can
achieveable using nanowires.
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25.  Programmable molecules (PMs)
at nanowire crosspoints.
 Nanowires form contacts
groups at ohmic contacts (OCs).
 Nanowire and Mesowire
junctions form FETs.
 Nanowires controlled by meso
scale wires (MWs).
 Dense memories (1011
bits/cm2) and circuits predicted.
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26. Crossbars can serve as a basis for both memories and
circuits.
 Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) can be stochastically
assembled into crossbars
 NW-based crossbars must interface with
lithographically produced technology.
 Decoders provide an efficient defect-tolerant
interface.
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27.  Electrostatic attraction used to make
contacts, repulsion breaks them.
 Permanently nonvolatile memory
 Speed comparable to DRAM/SRAM
 Density comparable to DRAM
 Unlimited lifetime
 Immune to soft errors
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28.  The company Apple has released an experimental
device called Nanocomputer iLens that aims to
facilitate and improve vision of the human being.
 This Bionic contact lens has photographic memory,
binoculars, night vision and augmented reality with a
heads up display.
 Running with the basic functions of a computer, this
is why Apple research team called it a
nanocomputer.
 There is still a lot to develop in this app.
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29.  Here is the type of vision you can get using these
lenses.
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