This document discusses DNA-based nanobioelectronics. It begins by introducing DNA and its potential use in nanoelectronics. It then discusses using DNA to template the assembly of metal nanoparticles, as well as using sequence-specific molecular lithography to pattern nanoparticles on DNA. It also discusses using metal nanoparticles for DNA detection and field-effect transistors for label-free electronic DNA detection. The document outlines applications in areas like medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and more. It concludes by discussing using DNA derivatives that may have better intrinsic conductivity than DNA.
Use of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment of CancerAnas Indabawa
The document discusses how nanotechnology can be used for cancer diagnosis and treatment. It describes several nanoscale devices such as nanopores, nanotubes, quantum dots, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoshells, and nanorobots that can help detect genetic mutations associated with cancer, target delivery of drugs to cancer cells, and enable non-invasive cancer diagnosis and treatment with localized heat therapy. The manipulation of matter at the nanoscale allows more precise cancer detection and targeted therapy with fewer side effects than traditional approaches.
A part of nanotechnology. Nanosensors is very hot topic for research. As nanosensor has immense applications in the fields like medical, analysis, research etc. Nanosensor recude the cost and also the time require for analysis.
DNA Nanotechnology: Concept and its Applications
DNA Nanotechnology # Various 2 and 3 dimensional shapes of DNA nanotechnology # DNA Origami # with their application and Future scope
Nanobiotechnology shows promise for a variety of applications in medicine, energy, and other fields. Specifically:
- It could enable early disease detection through new diagnostic tests and imaging technologies using nanoparticles, quantum dots, and DNA/protein analysis.
- Therapeutic applications include more targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, and biomolecular engineering.
- In agriculture, nanotechnology may allow for improved crop varieties, precision farming, pest management, and soil/plant monitoring with nanosensors.
- Flexible electronics and wearable devices could benefit from graphene and other nanomaterials that enable stretchable, lightweight devices.
- Wireless technologies may see advances in tiny sensors, increased data storage using nanoscale memory, and new communication possibilities.
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
This document discusses nanomedicine and its potential applications. Nanomedicine uses engineered nanodevices and nanostructures to monitor, repair, construct and control human biological systems at the molecular level. The goals of nanomedicine include improved diagnostics, treatment and prevention through a personalized single platform that integrates detection, diagnostics, treatment. Some potential applications discussed include using nanoparticles to deliver drugs precisely to tumor sites, detecting cancer at the molecular level, and developing multifunctional therapeutics. While nanomedicine is not fully realized yet, it could change medicine by making therapies more effective, economical and safe compared to current methods.
Use of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment of CancerAnas Indabawa
The document discusses how nanotechnology can be used for cancer diagnosis and treatment. It describes several nanoscale devices such as nanopores, nanotubes, quantum dots, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoshells, and nanorobots that can help detect genetic mutations associated with cancer, target delivery of drugs to cancer cells, and enable non-invasive cancer diagnosis and treatment with localized heat therapy. The manipulation of matter at the nanoscale allows more precise cancer detection and targeted therapy with fewer side effects than traditional approaches.
A part of nanotechnology. Nanosensors is very hot topic for research. As nanosensor has immense applications in the fields like medical, analysis, research etc. Nanosensor recude the cost and also the time require for analysis.
DNA Nanotechnology: Concept and its Applications
DNA Nanotechnology # Various 2 and 3 dimensional shapes of DNA nanotechnology # DNA Origami # with their application and Future scope
Nanobiotechnology shows promise for a variety of applications in medicine, energy, and other fields. Specifically:
- It could enable early disease detection through new diagnostic tests and imaging technologies using nanoparticles, quantum dots, and DNA/protein analysis.
- Therapeutic applications include more targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, and biomolecular engineering.
- In agriculture, nanotechnology may allow for improved crop varieties, precision farming, pest management, and soil/plant monitoring with nanosensors.
- Flexible electronics and wearable devices could benefit from graphene and other nanomaterials that enable stretchable, lightweight devices.
- Wireless technologies may see advances in tiny sensors, increased data storage using nanoscale memory, and new communication possibilities.
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
This document discusses nanomedicine and its potential applications. Nanomedicine uses engineered nanodevices and nanostructures to monitor, repair, construct and control human biological systems at the molecular level. The goals of nanomedicine include improved diagnostics, treatment and prevention through a personalized single platform that integrates detection, diagnostics, treatment. Some potential applications discussed include using nanoparticles to deliver drugs precisely to tumor sites, detecting cancer at the molecular level, and developing multifunctional therapeutics. While nanomedicine is not fully realized yet, it could change medicine by making therapies more effective, economical and safe compared to current methods.
This presentation discusses green synthesis of nanoparticles using biological methods. It notes that physical and chemical synthesis methods can be time consuming, require high temperatures/pressures, and use toxic chemicals. Green synthesis utilizes natural reducing, capping and stabilizing agents from plants and microorganisms to synthesize nanoparticles without toxic chemicals or high energy requirements. Specific methods discussed include using plant extracts like aloe vera to synthesize gold nanoparticles and citrus peels to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The mechanisms of plant-mediated green synthesis and an example using phlomis leaf extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles are also summarized.
introduction to Nanobiotechnology
what is nanotechnology
bionanotechnology
classical biotechnology industrial production using biological system
modern biotechnology from industrial processes to noval therapeutics
modern biotechnology immunological enzymatic and neucleic acid based technology
Dna based technology
self assembly and supramolecular chemistry
formation of ordered structure at nano scale
This document discusses nanobiosensors, which are biosensors on the nano-scale size. It describes their two main components - a biological recognition element and a transducer. Various types are covered, including those using enzymes, antibodies, cells, nucleic acids, and nanoparticles. Applications discussed include medical uses like glucose monitoring, as well as environmental monitoring and agricultural quality control. The future potential of nanobiosensors for early cancer detection is also mentioned.
This document discusses biosensors and nanobiosensors. It begins by defining biosensors as sensors that integrate a biological recognition element with a physiochemical transducer. It then describes the three main components of a biosensor: the recognition element, transducer, and signal processor. The document outlines different types of biosensors including electrochemical, optical, mass-based, and colorimetric. It also discusses the principles of detection for each type. Nanobiosensors are described as having characteristics like sensitivity, specificity, portability, and versatility. Current research highlighted includes wearable nanobiosensors to monitor health and implantable versions to continuously measure analytes like glucose. Applications of nanobiosensors span fields like medical diagnostics
A nanobiosensor is a biosensor that operates on the nano-scale and combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Nanobiosensors can be optical, electrical, electrochemical, use nanotubes or nanowires, and come in viral or nanoshell variations. They function by detecting a biological recognition element through a transducer. Nanobiosensors have applications in DNA sensing, immunosensing, cell-based sensing, point-of-care testing, bacteria sensing, enzyme sensing, and environmental monitoring. Future applications include cancer monitoring through the detection of cancer biomarkers from body fluids.
SYNTHETIC CELLS
An artificial cell or minimal cell or synthetic cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell.
Artificial cells are biological or polymeric membranes which enclose biologically active materials.
A "living" artificial cell has been defined as a completely synthetically made cell that can capture energy, maintain ion gradients, contain macromolecules as well as store information and have the ability to mutate.
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
Synthetic biology is a multidisciplinary area of research that seeks to create new biological parts, devices, and systems, or to redesign systems that are already found in nature.
Due to more powerful genetic engineering capabilities and decreased DNA synthesis and sequencing costs, the field of synthetic biology is rapidly growing
HISTORY
BOTTOM-UP APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTING SYNTHETIC CELLS
A bottom-up approach is commonly used to design and construct genetic circuits by piecing together functional modules that are capable of reprogramming cells with novel behavior.
CELL ENCAPSULATION METHOD
Cell microencapsulation technology involves immobilization of the cells within a polymeric semi-permeable membrane that permits the bidirectional diffusion of molecules such as the influx of oxygen, nutrients, growth factors etc. essential for cell metabolism and the outward diffusion of waste products and therapeutic proteins.
TECHNIQUES USED FOR THE PREPARATION OF EMULSION
1- high pressure homogenization
2- microfluidization
3- drop method
4- emulsion method
MEMBRANES OF SYNTHETIC CELLS
THE MINIMAL CELL
A minimal cell is one whose genome only encodes the minimal set of genes necessary for the cell to survive.
THE SYNTHETIC BLOOD CELLS
Synthetic red blood cells mimic natural ones, and have new abilities
APPLICATIONS OF SYNTHETIC CELLS
1- DRUG RELEASE AND DELIEVERY
2- GENE THERAPY
3- ENZYME THERAPY
4- HEMOPERFUSION
5- OTHER APPLICATIONS
FUTURE OF SYNTHETIC CELLS AND BIOLOGY
ACHIEVEMENTS
HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES
ETHICS AND CONTROVERSIES
REFERENCES
THANK YOU
This document discusses the use of nanoparticles in drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles can be used to more precisely control the release of drugs in the body over time compared to traditional drug dosing. Magnetic nanoparticles are particularly useful as they can be guided to specific target sites in the body using external magnetic fields. The document outlines various methods for synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles and functionalizing them for drug delivery applications. Characterization techniques are also discussed for analyzing the nanoparticles. The document concludes that magnetic nanoparticles have the potential to improve drug targeting and control drug release while maintaining low toxicity.
Introduction
Definition
History
Advantages of nanobiotechnology
Applications of nanobiotechnology
Drawback of nanobiotechnology
New features in the nanobiotechnology
Conclusion
References
Bionanotechnology is an area that applies nanotechnology to biology and medicine. It uses biological materials to create nanoscale devices less than 100 nanometers in size to better understand life processes. Some examples include using nanoparticles like liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots and gold nanoparticles for applications in drug delivery, imaging, biosensing and gene therapy by taking advantage of their small sizes and unique properties. Bionanotechnology is a rapidly developing field that offers opportunities for new medical technologies at the nanoscale level.
Richard Feynman is credited with the birth of nanotechnology in 1959 when he challenged scientists that manipulating matter at the nanoscale was possible if the laws of physics allowed. Nanobiotechnology was initiated in 1980 with the development of atomic force microscopy that enables atomic-level imaging. Nanobiotechnology involves creating functional materials and devices through understanding and controlling matter at the nanometer scale of 1 to 100 nm, where new properties emerge. Applications include biomedical imaging, advanced drug delivery, biosensing, and regenerative medicine.
Nanomedicines show promise for improving cancer treatment. Nanoparticles can be engineered to target cancer cells specifically and deliver toxic payloads or heat. Gold nanoparticles activated by laser light can hyperthermically destroy tumor cells from the inside. Challenges remain in developing nanoparticles that are safe and can effectively reach tumors. If these challenges can be addressed, nanomedicine may enable more precise cancer detection and treatments with fewer side effects than conventional therapies.
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer TreatmentHasnat Tariq
Nanotechnology
Nanomaterials
Nanostructures
Nanoparticles
Unexpected Optical Properties of Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment
Role of Sulfur NPs in Cancer Treatment
Human Tumour Cell Lines Used in Research
Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)
Sulfur Nanoparticles Preparation
MTT Assay
Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) Assay
Median lethal dose (LD 50)
Experimental design
FT-IR Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
SEM Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
EDS Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
XRD Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
Biochemical investigations
Conclusion
Applications of Nanoparticles in cancer treatment
Nanoshells
Nano X-Ray therapy
Drug Delivery by Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanobiotechnology applies nanotechnology to biological systems. It develops tools to study biological phenomena at the nanoscale. Some key applications of nanotechnology and nanoparticles include medicine for targeted drug delivery, electronics for smaller devices, energy like solar cells, and environmental areas like water filtration. Nanoparticles are synthesized using various methods and have properties dependent on their size. While nanotechnology provides advantages like improved materials and devices, concerns also exist around health and environmental effects of nanoparticles.
This document discusses viral nanoparticles and their applications. It begins with an introduction to viruses and their structure. Viruses can be engineered as nanomachines through genetic engineering, bioconjugation, biomineralization, and encapsulation. Viral nanoparticles have applications in targeted drug delivery, vaccines, imaging, and plant disease management. Challenges include issues with purity, scaling up production, and structural complexity. Overall, viral nanoparticles show promise as biological nanocarriers for applications in biomedicine and agriculture due to their ability to be chemically and genetically modified to carry drugs, toxins, and targeting sequences.
This document provides an introduction to nanobiotechnology, including its concepts, scope, applications, and future prospects. It defines nanobiotechnology as the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology, manipulating matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) for biological applications. Examples of current applications include growing whole organs like bladders using stem cells, developing targeted cancer drug delivery, and creating polymers to detect metabolites. The future scope may include using molecular manufacturing to program nanobots for delicate surgeries and environmental repair like reconstructing the ozone layer. Overall, the document outlines how nanobiotechnology interfaces biology and nanoscale engineering.
The document discusses nanotechnology and nanoparticle characterization. It describes how Richard Feynman laid the foundations for nanotechnology and defines the nanoscale. It outlines various techniques used to characterize nanoparticles, such as electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. The document also discusses different approaches for synthesizing nanomaterials, including bottom-up, top-down, and hybrid methods. Finally, it outlines several applications of nanotechnology in fields such as electronics, medicine, energy, and the environment.
DNA biosensors use the principles of nucleic acid hybridization and have different forms including electrodes, chips, and crystals. There are three main types - optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors. DNA probes can be immobilized onto transducer surfaces through simple adsorption onto carbon, covalent linkage to gold via alkanethiol monolayers, or using biotinylated DNA and avidin/streptavidin complexes on surfaces. The immobilization method depends on the surface and involves covalent coupling or functional group interactions.
Green Synthesis Of Silver NanoparticlesAnal Mondal
This document discusses the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. It begins by defining nanoparticles and describing their properties. It then discusses silver nanoparticles specifically, including their size range and color properties. The rest of the document discusses the green synthesis technique for producing silver nanoparticles using plant extracts, the advantages of this method over chemical synthesis, and various characterization techniques and applications of the synthesized silver nanoparticles.
This document discusses nanomedicine and various nanoscale structures that can be used for medical applications. It begins by explaining how nanotechnology allows analysis and repair of the human body at the molecular level. It then describes various nanoscale structures like liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, mesoporous silica nanoparticles and their properties. These nanoparticles can be used for targeted drug delivery, imaging and diagnosis. The document also discusses some current and potential applications of these nanotechnologies in areas like cancer treatment, biomolecular sensing and gene therapy.
This document provides an introduction to nanotechnology, including key concepts and applications. It discusses how nanotechnology works at the atomic scale using techniques like scanning probe microscopes. Examples of nanoparticles and their uses in areas like drug delivery, disease detection, and imaging are provided. Both current applications and future potential are explored, with medical applications being a major focus. Some concerns about potential negative biological effects of nanoparticles are also noted.
This presentation discusses green synthesis of nanoparticles using biological methods. It notes that physical and chemical synthesis methods can be time consuming, require high temperatures/pressures, and use toxic chemicals. Green synthesis utilizes natural reducing, capping and stabilizing agents from plants and microorganisms to synthesize nanoparticles without toxic chemicals or high energy requirements. Specific methods discussed include using plant extracts like aloe vera to synthesize gold nanoparticles and citrus peels to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The mechanisms of plant-mediated green synthesis and an example using phlomis leaf extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles are also summarized.
introduction to Nanobiotechnology
what is nanotechnology
bionanotechnology
classical biotechnology industrial production using biological system
modern biotechnology from industrial processes to noval therapeutics
modern biotechnology immunological enzymatic and neucleic acid based technology
Dna based technology
self assembly and supramolecular chemistry
formation of ordered structure at nano scale
This document discusses nanobiosensors, which are biosensors on the nano-scale size. It describes their two main components - a biological recognition element and a transducer. Various types are covered, including those using enzymes, antibodies, cells, nucleic acids, and nanoparticles. Applications discussed include medical uses like glucose monitoring, as well as environmental monitoring and agricultural quality control. The future potential of nanobiosensors for early cancer detection is also mentioned.
This document discusses biosensors and nanobiosensors. It begins by defining biosensors as sensors that integrate a biological recognition element with a physiochemical transducer. It then describes the three main components of a biosensor: the recognition element, transducer, and signal processor. The document outlines different types of biosensors including electrochemical, optical, mass-based, and colorimetric. It also discusses the principles of detection for each type. Nanobiosensors are described as having characteristics like sensitivity, specificity, portability, and versatility. Current research highlighted includes wearable nanobiosensors to monitor health and implantable versions to continuously measure analytes like glucose. Applications of nanobiosensors span fields like medical diagnostics
A nanobiosensor is a biosensor that operates on the nano-scale and combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Nanobiosensors can be optical, electrical, electrochemical, use nanotubes or nanowires, and come in viral or nanoshell variations. They function by detecting a biological recognition element through a transducer. Nanobiosensors have applications in DNA sensing, immunosensing, cell-based sensing, point-of-care testing, bacteria sensing, enzyme sensing, and environmental monitoring. Future applications include cancer monitoring through the detection of cancer biomarkers from body fluids.
SYNTHETIC CELLS
An artificial cell or minimal cell or synthetic cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell.
Artificial cells are biological or polymeric membranes which enclose biologically active materials.
A "living" artificial cell has been defined as a completely synthetically made cell that can capture energy, maintain ion gradients, contain macromolecules as well as store information and have the ability to mutate.
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
Synthetic biology is a multidisciplinary area of research that seeks to create new biological parts, devices, and systems, or to redesign systems that are already found in nature.
Due to more powerful genetic engineering capabilities and decreased DNA synthesis and sequencing costs, the field of synthetic biology is rapidly growing
HISTORY
BOTTOM-UP APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTING SYNTHETIC CELLS
A bottom-up approach is commonly used to design and construct genetic circuits by piecing together functional modules that are capable of reprogramming cells with novel behavior.
CELL ENCAPSULATION METHOD
Cell microencapsulation technology involves immobilization of the cells within a polymeric semi-permeable membrane that permits the bidirectional diffusion of molecules such as the influx of oxygen, nutrients, growth factors etc. essential for cell metabolism and the outward diffusion of waste products and therapeutic proteins.
TECHNIQUES USED FOR THE PREPARATION OF EMULSION
1- high pressure homogenization
2- microfluidization
3- drop method
4- emulsion method
MEMBRANES OF SYNTHETIC CELLS
THE MINIMAL CELL
A minimal cell is one whose genome only encodes the minimal set of genes necessary for the cell to survive.
THE SYNTHETIC BLOOD CELLS
Synthetic red blood cells mimic natural ones, and have new abilities
APPLICATIONS OF SYNTHETIC CELLS
1- DRUG RELEASE AND DELIEVERY
2- GENE THERAPY
3- ENZYME THERAPY
4- HEMOPERFUSION
5- OTHER APPLICATIONS
FUTURE OF SYNTHETIC CELLS AND BIOLOGY
ACHIEVEMENTS
HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES
ETHICS AND CONTROVERSIES
REFERENCES
THANK YOU
This document discusses the use of nanoparticles in drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles can be used to more precisely control the release of drugs in the body over time compared to traditional drug dosing. Magnetic nanoparticles are particularly useful as they can be guided to specific target sites in the body using external magnetic fields. The document outlines various methods for synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles and functionalizing them for drug delivery applications. Characterization techniques are also discussed for analyzing the nanoparticles. The document concludes that magnetic nanoparticles have the potential to improve drug targeting and control drug release while maintaining low toxicity.
Introduction
Definition
History
Advantages of nanobiotechnology
Applications of nanobiotechnology
Drawback of nanobiotechnology
New features in the nanobiotechnology
Conclusion
References
Bionanotechnology is an area that applies nanotechnology to biology and medicine. It uses biological materials to create nanoscale devices less than 100 nanometers in size to better understand life processes. Some examples include using nanoparticles like liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots and gold nanoparticles for applications in drug delivery, imaging, biosensing and gene therapy by taking advantage of their small sizes and unique properties. Bionanotechnology is a rapidly developing field that offers opportunities for new medical technologies at the nanoscale level.
Richard Feynman is credited with the birth of nanotechnology in 1959 when he challenged scientists that manipulating matter at the nanoscale was possible if the laws of physics allowed. Nanobiotechnology was initiated in 1980 with the development of atomic force microscopy that enables atomic-level imaging. Nanobiotechnology involves creating functional materials and devices through understanding and controlling matter at the nanometer scale of 1 to 100 nm, where new properties emerge. Applications include biomedical imaging, advanced drug delivery, biosensing, and regenerative medicine.
Nanomedicines show promise for improving cancer treatment. Nanoparticles can be engineered to target cancer cells specifically and deliver toxic payloads or heat. Gold nanoparticles activated by laser light can hyperthermically destroy tumor cells from the inside. Challenges remain in developing nanoparticles that are safe and can effectively reach tumors. If these challenges can be addressed, nanomedicine may enable more precise cancer detection and treatments with fewer side effects than conventional therapies.
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer TreatmentHasnat Tariq
Nanotechnology
Nanomaterials
Nanostructures
Nanoparticles
Unexpected Optical Properties of Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment
Role of Sulfur NPs in Cancer Treatment
Human Tumour Cell Lines Used in Research
Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)
Sulfur Nanoparticles Preparation
MTT Assay
Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) Assay
Median lethal dose (LD 50)
Experimental design
FT-IR Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
SEM Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
EDS Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
XRD Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
Biochemical investigations
Conclusion
Applications of Nanoparticles in cancer treatment
Nanoshells
Nano X-Ray therapy
Drug Delivery by Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanobiotechnology applies nanotechnology to biological systems. It develops tools to study biological phenomena at the nanoscale. Some key applications of nanotechnology and nanoparticles include medicine for targeted drug delivery, electronics for smaller devices, energy like solar cells, and environmental areas like water filtration. Nanoparticles are synthesized using various methods and have properties dependent on their size. While nanotechnology provides advantages like improved materials and devices, concerns also exist around health and environmental effects of nanoparticles.
This document discusses viral nanoparticles and their applications. It begins with an introduction to viruses and their structure. Viruses can be engineered as nanomachines through genetic engineering, bioconjugation, biomineralization, and encapsulation. Viral nanoparticles have applications in targeted drug delivery, vaccines, imaging, and plant disease management. Challenges include issues with purity, scaling up production, and structural complexity. Overall, viral nanoparticles show promise as biological nanocarriers for applications in biomedicine and agriculture due to their ability to be chemically and genetically modified to carry drugs, toxins, and targeting sequences.
This document provides an introduction to nanobiotechnology, including its concepts, scope, applications, and future prospects. It defines nanobiotechnology as the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology, manipulating matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) for biological applications. Examples of current applications include growing whole organs like bladders using stem cells, developing targeted cancer drug delivery, and creating polymers to detect metabolites. The future scope may include using molecular manufacturing to program nanobots for delicate surgeries and environmental repair like reconstructing the ozone layer. Overall, the document outlines how nanobiotechnology interfaces biology and nanoscale engineering.
The document discusses nanotechnology and nanoparticle characterization. It describes how Richard Feynman laid the foundations for nanotechnology and defines the nanoscale. It outlines various techniques used to characterize nanoparticles, such as electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. The document also discusses different approaches for synthesizing nanomaterials, including bottom-up, top-down, and hybrid methods. Finally, it outlines several applications of nanotechnology in fields such as electronics, medicine, energy, and the environment.
DNA biosensors use the principles of nucleic acid hybridization and have different forms including electrodes, chips, and crystals. There are three main types - optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors. DNA probes can be immobilized onto transducer surfaces through simple adsorption onto carbon, covalent linkage to gold via alkanethiol monolayers, or using biotinylated DNA and avidin/streptavidin complexes on surfaces. The immobilization method depends on the surface and involves covalent coupling or functional group interactions.
Green Synthesis Of Silver NanoparticlesAnal Mondal
This document discusses the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. It begins by defining nanoparticles and describing their properties. It then discusses silver nanoparticles specifically, including their size range and color properties. The rest of the document discusses the green synthesis technique for producing silver nanoparticles using plant extracts, the advantages of this method over chemical synthesis, and various characterization techniques and applications of the synthesized silver nanoparticles.
This document discusses nanomedicine and various nanoscale structures that can be used for medical applications. It begins by explaining how nanotechnology allows analysis and repair of the human body at the molecular level. It then describes various nanoscale structures like liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, mesoporous silica nanoparticles and their properties. These nanoparticles can be used for targeted drug delivery, imaging and diagnosis. The document also discusses some current and potential applications of these nanotechnologies in areas like cancer treatment, biomolecular sensing and gene therapy.
This document provides an introduction to nanotechnology, including key concepts and applications. It discusses how nanotechnology works at the atomic scale using techniques like scanning probe microscopes. Examples of nanoparticles and their uses in areas like drug delivery, disease detection, and imaging are provided. Both current applications and future potential are explored, with medical applications being a major focus. Some concerns about potential negative biological effects of nanoparticles are also noted.
DNA lithography is a nanolithography technique that uses DNA as a structural material rather than just an information carrier. It has advantages over traditional lithography due to DNA's nanoscale size and binding specificity. DNA strands are designed to self-assemble into patterns on a substrate, which can then be coated with materials to create electronic components. This bottom-up approach allows for higher resolution and more efficient mass production than top-down photolithography. While promising, DNA lithography still requires more research before it can be used for large-scale commercial production.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has applications in medicine such as using quantum dots for cancer detection, magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery, and nanochips that can detect DNA sequences. However, there are also environmental concerns as some nanoparticles may harm beneficial bacteria and more research is needed to fully understand health impacts. The goal is to develop technologies like nanoassemblers that can build nanoprobes on a large scale and nanorobots that can distinguish between cell types for medical applications.
This document discusses DNA microarray technology. It begins with an introduction, explaining that DNA microarrays allow analysis of thousands of genes simultaneously through hybridization of fluorescently labeled DNA probes to a microarray slide. It then covers the principles of DNA microarrays, including the types (cDNA and oligonucleotide), how they are constructed with probes immobilized on a solid surface, and how hybridization allows analysis of gene expression profiles. Applications discussed include drug discovery, disease diagnostics, and functional genomics. Advantages are high-throughput analysis and ability to study many genes, while disadvantages include potential for false results from single experiments.
The document discusses DNA fingerprinting, nucleic acid hybridization, and rRNA sequence analysis. It defines DNA fingerprinting as a technique used to identify individuals by extracting and identifying their unique DNA base pair pattern. Nucleic acid hybridization is described as the process of forming a double stranded nucleic acid from joining two complementary single strands of DNA or RNA. rRNA sequence analysis is used to construct phylogenetic trees of life based on comparing 16s rRNA sequences between organisms.
Recombinant dna technology and DNA sequencinganiqaatta1
title: recombinant DNA technology and DNA sequencing
this lect will cover the pcr, isolation of DNA, detection of DNA and DNA manipulation joining DNA together. this is very important and it is required in research of every field especially medical related field.
The document discusses recombinant DNA technology, the Human Genome Project (HGP), and gene therapy. It describes how recombinant DNA technology allows genes to be isolated, altered, and reinserted into living cells. Key steps include cutting DNA with restriction enzymes, joining DNA together, and amplifying recombinant DNA in bacterial hosts. The HGP aimed to sequence the entire human genome to better understand human genetics and hereditary disease. Gene therapy seeks to treat diseases by altering genes within a patient's cells.
This document discusses molecular hybridization of nucleic acids. It begins by defining molecular hybridization as the process where two complementary single-stranded nucleic acid molecules form a double-stranded structure. It then provides details on the principles of nucleic acid hybridization, including how probes are used to bind to target sequences. Application of these techniques are also summarized, including Southern blot hybridization where target DNA is detected after gel electrophoresis and transfer to a membrane.
The document discusses various genomic and proteomic tools and techniques that have revolutionized the field of microbial physiology. The advent of personal computers, the Internet, and rapid DNA sequencing techniques has fueled this renaissance by enabling widespread sharing of information among scientists. Genomic tools like gene cloning and sequencing provide insights into complete genetic instructions, while proteomic techniques examine dynamic protein expression and interactions. A variety of methods are described, including two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and gene arrays.
This document discusses DNA nanobiotechnology concepts and applications. It provides background on the discovery of DNA structure in 1953 and how DNA's unique properties like self-assembly make it well-suited for molecular nanotechnology. DNA can be used as a bottom-up construction material to build nanostructures and complex 3D arrays. The document also covers theoretical background on DNA structure and properties, classifications of DNA, genetic codons, and future directions for DNA computation, drug discovery, electronic circuits, and overcoming challenges in self-assembly.
DNA microarrays allow analysis of gene expression across thousands of genes simultaneously. They consist of DNA probes attached to a solid surface in an organized grid pattern, with each spot representing a single gene. Samples are labeled with fluorescent dyes and hybridized to the chip. Complementary sequences pair via hydrogen bonds, while non-specific sequences are washed away. The fluorescent signal intensity at each spot indicates the amount of target sequence present and thus gene expression levels. DNA microarrays have applications in clinical diagnosis, drug discovery, and other fields of research.
DNA microarrays allow analysis of gene expression across thousands of genes simultaneously. They consist of DNA probes attached to a solid surface in an organized grid pattern, with each spot representing a single gene. Samples are labeled with fluorescent dyes and hybridized to the chip. Complementary sequences pair via hydrogen bonds, while non-specific sequences are washed away. The signal intensity at each spot indicates the amount of target sequence present and thus gene expression levels. DNA microarrays have applications in clinical diagnosis, drug discovery, and other fields by profiling gene expression patterns.
Techniques of Assessment of Genetic Changes Saranya Roy
The document provides an overview of techniques used for assessing genetic changes, including DNA separation techniques like gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, and gradient centrifugation. It also discusses techniques for DNA analysis such as DNA sequencing, nucleic acid hybridization, DNA cloning, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DNA microarrays. PCR has advantages like being able to start from a single cell and generate products quickly, but requires knowledge of the target sequence. Real-time PCR allows quantifying DNA or cDNA. DNA microarrays detect mRNA or cDNA and have applications in gene expression analysis.
This document discusses DNA computing, which uses DNA, biochemistry and molecular biology to perform parallel computations. DNA computing can solve complex problems quickly using massive parallelism. It has several advantages over traditional computing like low energy usage and efficient storage. Common methods for DNA computing involve using DNA logic gates analogous to silicon gates. DNAzymes and enzymes are also used to build logic circuits. Challenges include error rates, size restrictions, and developing a universal representation method. Potential applications are in medicine, with future uses in encryption and genetic programming.
Blotting techniques such as Southern blot, Northern blot, and Western blot allow researchers to transfer separated DNA, RNA, or proteins onto a carrier membrane. A Southern blot uses gel electrophoresis to separate DNA by size, then transfers the DNA to a membrane where it can be probed with a complementary DNA probe to detect specific genes or DNA sequences. The probe hybridizes, or binds, to its complementary target sequence. This allows researchers to detect the presence and size of particular DNA sequences in a sample.
Using nanobioelectronic sensors based on dna in cystic fibrosis detectionSainabijanzadeh
an educational slide based by the article "Direct Ultrasensitive Electrical Detection
of DNA and DNA Sequence Variations
Using Nanowire Nanosensors" DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nl034853b
i used these 2 slides for completing mine :
1. https://www.slideshare.net/udhaykiron/dna-based-nanobioelectronics?qid=a7a23308-e71b-42ca-bf07-9be76739f992&v=&b=&from_search=1
2. https://www.slideshare.net/shrishaila5406/dna-nanotechnology?qid=8a3f0e4b-4f47-4b45-8b5b-c725cf20a81b&v=&b=&from_search=1
Thanks.
This document discusses metagenomics and its applications in bioremediation. It begins by defining bioremediation as using biological entities like microorganisms to clean up pollution. It then explains that metagenomics uses genetic material directly extracted from environments to analyze culturable and non-culturable microorganisms. Metagenomics seeks to identify genes involved in bioremediation to better understand microbial diversity and activities in polluted environments to improve bioremediation processes. Bioinformatics plays an important role in analyzing the large amounts of metagenomic data generated.
DNA computer is an emerging challenge of bioinformatics..and scientists working hard to nullify the bottlenecks by serial experiments and modifications accordingly...Let`s hope for the best.
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This document discusses methods for determining the molecular weight of polymers using viscometry. It defines various types of average molecular weights and explains how intrinsic viscosity is measured through polymer solution viscosity. Viscosity measurements are used to calculate intrinsic viscosity and relate it to molecular weight through the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation. Double extrapolation plots of reduced viscosity and inherent viscosity versus concentration are used to determine intrinsic viscosity.
This document summarizes biomaterials that can be used for photonics applications. It discusses bioderived materials like bacteriorhodopsin and green fluorescent protein, which have optical properties useful for applications like holographic memory and photosensitization. DNA is also presented as a photonic material. Bioinspired materials designed based on principles from biological light harvesting systems, like dendrimers modeled after chlorophyll antenna arrays, are covered. The talk provides an overview of different types of biomaterials and examples of each along with their potential photonic applications.
superparamagnetism and its biological applicationsudhay roopavath
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- Below the blocking temperature, nanoparticles behave superparamagnetically, with spontaneous fluctuations of the magnetization direction between θ=00 and θ=1800. Above the blocking temperature, nanoparticles behave paramagnetically.
- Superparamagnetism allows applications in areas like drug delivery, hyperthermia cancer treatment, magnetic resonance imaging, and gene therapy by exploiting the magnetic properties at the nanoscale.
This document summarizes self-assembly of DNA structures. It discusses how DNA can be used as a nanoscale building material through sticky ends, branches, and double crossover structures that allow strands to selectively bind. DNA tiles and origami are introduced, where tiles and helper strands are used to form two-dimensional crystalline assemblies and predefined shapes from a long scaffold strand. The ability of DNA to self-assemble through complementary base pairing allows for precise nanostructures to be designed and fabricated from DNA alone.
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The document discusses linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) in molecular orbital theory. It explains that the overall wave function of an electron in atomic orbitals of different atoms is a superposition or linear combination of the atomic orbitals. This linear combination of atomic orbitals forms an approximate molecular orbital called an LCAO-MO. The lower energy LCAO-MO is a bonding orbital, while the higher energy one is an antibonding orbital.
The document summarizes optical properties of nanomaterials. It discusses topics like optics, optical properties of materials, thin film interference, luminescence, photonic crystals, photoconductivity, solar cells, and optical properties of quantum wells and quantum dots. In particular, it explains how the size-dependent band gap of quantum dots leads to size-tunable fluorescence colors, making quantum dots useful for applications like biological imaging and white LEDs.
This document summarizes ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. It describes how electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts establish proton gradients across membranes, which are then used by ATP synthase complexes to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP. Specifically, it outlines how electrons from NADH/FADH2 or water power proton pumping via complex I-IV in mitochondria or photosystems I and II in chloroplasts. The resulting proton gradient drives ATP synthesis when protons flow back through the ATP synthase.
Bio synthesis of nano particles using bacteriaudhay roopavath
Bacteria can be used to biosynthesize nanoparticles through intracellular and extracellular methods. Intracellular synthesis occurs inside the cell, where bacteria reduce metal ions and deposit nanoparticles in locations like the periplasmic space. Extracellular synthesis involves enzymes secreted by bacteria reducing metal ions outside the cell and precipitating nanoparticles. Examples are given of bacteria producing silver, titanium, zinc sulfide and lead sulfide nanoparticles through extracellular and intracellular pathways. While a green approach, bacterial nanoparticle synthesis can be slow with difficulty controlling size, shape and crystallinity of particles.
1. Representations in group theory can be classified as reducible or irreducible. Reducible representations can be broken down into simpler representations, while irreducible representations cannot.
2. Matrix representations of symmetry operations in a point group, like C2h, may be reducible. Block diagonalization can simplify reducible representations into irreducible representations that are 1x1 matrices.
3. Irreducible representations provide essential information about the symmetry of molecular orbitals. Their symbols indicate dimensionality, symmetry properties, and whether the representation is symmetric or antisymmetric under various symmetry operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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2. Outline
• Introduction
• DNA based Nanoelectronics
• DNA mediated assembly of Metal
nanoparticles
• Sequence specific Molecular Lithography
• DNA detection with Metallic nanoparticles
3. • The combination of biological elements with
electronics is of great interest for many
research areas.
• Inspired by biological signal processes
• To explore ways of manipulating, assembling,
and applying biomolecules and cells on
integrated circuits, joining biology with
electronic devices.
INTRODUCTION
4. The overall goal
• To create bioelectronic devices for biosensing
• Drug discovery
• Curing diseases
• To build new electronic systems based on
biologically inspired concepts
• Having tools similar in size to biomolecules
enables us to manipulate, measure, and (in the
future) control them with electronics, ultimately
connecting their unique functions.
5. Recent advances in the field
• Electrical contacting of redox proteins with
electrodes.
• The use of DNA or proteins as templates to
assemble nanoparticles .
• Use of nanoelectrodes, nano-objects, and
nanotools in living cells and tissue, for both
fundamental biophysical studies and cellular
signaling detection and nanowires.
• Functional connection of neuronal signal
processing elements and electronics in order to
build brain–machine interfaces and future
information systems.
6. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that
contains the genetic instructions for the
development and function of living organisms.
• DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units
called nucleotides. The DNA chain is 22 to 24 Å
wide and one nucleotide unit is 3.3 Å long.
• DNA polymers can be enormous molecules
containing millions of nucleotides. For instance,
the largest human chromosome is 220 million
base pairs long.
8. DNA FOR MOLECULAR DEVICES
• The two- and three-dimensional assembly of complex objects
(cubes, octahedral, etc.) made with DNA (Seeman 1998, 2003) onto
organized chips to recognize and position other biological
materials, with applications in diagnostics and medicine.
• To explore the conductivity of DNA, Alternatively, if measurable
currents cannot be sustained by DNA molecules, another
interesting strategy is to realize hybrid objects (metal
nanoparticles/ wires, proteins/antibodies, etc.) in which electrons
move and carry current flows, templated by DNA helices at
selected locations This route also allows to embed conducting
objects into the hybrid architectures, to realize, e.g., a carbon
nanotube DNA-templated nanotransistor
Both of these ways could lead to the development of DNA based
molecular electronics.
9. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT DNA’S ABILITY
TO CONDUCT ELECTRICAL CURRENTS?
• We just point out here the salient results that
motivated the pursuit of optimized
measurement setups on one hand, and of
DNA-derivatives and mimics beyond native-
DNA on the other hand.
• The desired “mutants” should exhibit
enhanced conductivity and/or other
exploitable functions, whereas maintaining
the inherent recognition and structuring
traits of native Watson-Crick DNA that are
demanded for self-assembling.
10. The molecules used for electronic applications
need to express three main features:
(a) Structuring, namely, the possibility to tailor
their structural properties (composition,
length, etc.) “on demand”.
(b) Recognition, namely, the ability to attach
them to specific sites or to other target
molecules.
(c) Electrical functionality, namely, suitable
conductivity and control of their electrical
characteristics.
11. • One of the main challenges with such molecules,
however, is the control of their electrical conductivity.
• Early work in this field has yielded seemingly
controversial results for native-DNA, showing electrical
behaviours from insulating through semiconducting to
conducting, with even a single report of proximity-
induced superconductivity.
• Indeed, recent reviews of the experimental literature
highlighted that the variety of available experiments
cannot be analyzed in a unique way; for instance,
electrical measurements conducted on single molecules,
bundles, and networks, are not able to reveal a uniform
interpretation scheme for the conductivity of DNA,
because they refer to different materials or at least
aggregation states.
13. DNA - templated electronics
• Sequence-specific molecular lithography.
• The protein RecA, which is normally responsible for
homologous recombination in Escherichia coli
bacteria, is utilized as a sequence-specific resist,
analogous to photoresist in conventional
photolithography.
• The patterning information is encoded in the
underlying DNA substrate rather than in glass masks.
• Facilitates precise localization of molecular devices
on the DNA substrate and formation of molecularly
accurate junctions.
14. A possible scheme for the DNA templated
assembly of molecular-scale electronics
• Homologous recombination
• Addresses three major challenges on the way to
molecular electronics.
I. Precise localization of a large number of
devices at molecularly accurate addresses on
the substrate.
II. Construction, inter-device wiring.
III. It wires the molecular network to the
macroscopic world, thus bridging between the
nanometer and macroscopic scales.
15.
16. There are four major obstacles to the
realization of this concept.
• Biological processes need to be adopted and modified
to enable the in-vitro construction of stable DNA
junctions and networks with well-defined connectivity.
• The hybridization of electronic materials with
biological molecules needs to be advanced to the point
where precise localization of electronic devices on the
network is made possible.
• Appropriate nanometer-scale electronic devices need to
be developed. These devices should be compatible
with the assembly and functionalization chemistry.
• Since DNA molecules are insulating, they need to be
converted into conductive wires.
17.
18.
19. • Homologous recombination is a protein-mediated
reaction by which two DNA molecules, possessing same
sequence homology, crossover at equivalent sites.
• RecA is the major protein responsible for this process in
Escherichia coli.
• RecA proteins are polymerized on a probe DNA molecule
to form a nucleoprotein filament, which is then mixed
with the substrate molecules.
• The nucleoprotein filament binds to the DNA substrate at
homologous probe–substrate locations.
• Note that RecA polymerization on the probe DNA is not
sensitive to sequence. The binding specificity of the
nucleoprotein filament to the substrate DNA is dictated by
the probe’s sequence and its homology to the substrate
molecule.
21. DNA molecules were first aldehyde-derivatized by reacting
them with glutaraldehyde.
Sample was incubated in an AgNO3 solution.
The reduction of silver ions by the DNA-bound aldehyde in
the unprotected segments of the substrate molecule resulted
in tiny silver aggregates along the DNA skeleton.
The aggregates catalyzed subsequent electroless gold
deposition.
Continuous highly conductive gold wire
22.
23.
24.
25. • RecA-mediated recombination can be harnessed to
generate the molecularly accurate DNA junctions
required for the realization of elaborate DNA scaffolds.
• Two types of DNA molecules which were 15 kbp and
4.3 kbp long respectively, were prepared.
• The short molecule was homologous to a 4.3 kbp
segment at one end of the long molecule.
• The RecA was first polymerized on the short
molecules and then reacted with the long molecules.
• The recombination reaction led to the formation of a
stable, three-armed junction with two 4.3 kbp-long
arms and an 11 kbp-long third arm.
28. • Through the fast increasing knowledge about
biomolecules and their interaction with other
biomolecules, the study of those
biorecognition events has become more and
more important.
• One of the most remarkable technologies that
had a strong impact on DNA detection is
probably the DNA chip (or gene chip)
technology.
• This allows researchers to conduct thousands
or even millions of different DNA sequence
tests simultaneously on a single chip or array.
29. The DNA chip technology also comes with
some limitations.
• The miniaturized probe spots on a DNA chip need
expensive fabrication procedures, which are also
used in microfabrication.
• The readout of the DNA arrays must be
miniaturized. Finally, the detection scheme must be
sensitive enough to detect just a few copies of
target and selective enough to discriminate between
target DNAs with slightly different compositions.
Solution to the above demerit - DNA Labelling :
• DNA labeled with fluorescent dyes in combination
with confocal fluorescence imaging of DNA chips has
provided the high sensitivity needed
30. • For instance, nowadays many hundreds of diseases
are diagnosable by the molecular analysis of DNA.
• Mainly the DNA hybridization reaction is used for
the detection of unknown DNA, where the target
(unknown single-stranded DNA; ssDNA) is
identified, when it forms a double-stranded
(dsDNA) helix structure with it complementary
probe (known ssDNA).
• By labeling of either the target DNA or the probe
DNA, the hybridization reaction can be detected by
radiochemical, fluorescence, electrochemical,
microgravimetric, enzymatic, and
electroluminescence methods
31. • Fluorescence labeling also allows multicolor
labeling, making possible the multiplexed
detection of differently labeled single-stranded
DNA targets on one array.
• However, fluorescent dyes have significant
drawbacks;
• Expensive
• Susceptible to photobleaching
• Broad emission and absorption bands, which
limit the number of dyes.
These disadvantages have limited the use of DNA
chips mainly to specialized laboratories
32. DNA Detection using Metal Nanoparticles
• These new detection schemes are based on the
unique properties of metal nanoparticles, such as
Large optical extinction and scattering coefficients.
Catalytic activity, and surface electronics.
metal nanoparticles have approached as alternative
labels in a variety of DNA detection schemes.
• Most notably, gold nanoparticles have been used for
the DNA detection, because they can be easily
modified with biomolecules.
• However, other metal nanoparticles, such as Ag, Pt,
and Pd, have also been used for DNA detection
33. Label-Free, Fully Electronic Detection of DNA with a
Field-Effect Transistor Array
• Field-effect sensors, especially FETs, offer an alternative
approach for the label-free detection of DNA with a direct
electrical readout .
• Recently, the detection limit of potentiometric field-
effect sensors was enhanced such that single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) were successfully detected.
• The sensors used the field-effect at the electrolyte-oxide-
semiconductor (EOS) interface, which was firstly
described for ion-selective field-effect transistors (ISFET).
• Typically, the response of such devices is interpreted as
shift of the flat-band voltage of the field effect structure
34. • Most of these sensor chips were operated as
potentiometric ISFETs and used the ion-selectivity of the
solid–liquid interface or artificial molecular membranes,
which were attached to the FET gate structure.
• In this context, the dc as well as the ac readout of the
FETs has been reported and the influence of a
biomembrane attached to the transistor gate structure
has been described.
The ISFET structure can be highly integrated to multichannel
sensors by using standard industrial processes.
• A miniaturized, low-cost, fast readout, highly integrated,
and addressable multichannel sensor with sensitivity high
enough to detect SNPs, would be the ideal device for
genetic testing and medical diagnostics.
35.
36. Last but not least
• the other way to pursue DNA-based
nanoelectronics is by looking at derivatives that
may exhibit intrinsic conductivity better than the
double helix. One of the most appealing
candidates in the guanine quadruple helix G4-
DNA.
• Other viable candidates are DNA hybrids with
metal ions and double helices in which the native
bases are substituted with more aromatic bases
that may improve the longitudinal π-overlap
37.
38. Applications of Hybrid Nanobioelectronic systems
• Nanoelectronics for the future. The fascinating
world of the bio–self-assembly provides new
opportunities and directions for future electronics,
opening the way to a new generation of
computational systems based on biomolecules and
biostructures at the nanoscale.
• Life sciences. Rapid pharmaceutical discovery and
toxicity screening using arrays of receptors on an
integrated circuit, with the potential to develop
targeted “smart drugs.”
• Medical diagnostics. Rapid, inexpensive, and
broad-spectrum point-of-use human and animal
screening for antibodies specific to infections
39. • Environmental quality. Distinguishing dioxin isomers for
cleaning up polluted sites, improving production
efficiency of naturally derived polysaccharides such as
pectin and cellulose, and measuring indoor air quality
for “sick” buildings.
• Food safety. Array sensors for quality control and for
sensing bacterial toxins.
• Crop protection. High-throughput screening of pesticide
and herbicide candidates.
• Military and civilian defense. Ultrasensitive, broad-
spectrum detection of biological warfare agents and
chemical detection of antipersonnel land mines,
screening passengers and baggage at airports, and
providing early warning for toxins from virulent bacterial
strains.
40. References:
• Nanobioelectronics - for Electronics,Biology,
and Medicine – Edited by Andreas
Offenhausser and Ross Rinaldi.
• Nanobiotechnology Concepts, Applications
and Perspectives Edited by Christof M.
Niemeyer and Chad A. Mirkin.
• Yubing Xie - The nanobiotechnology
handbook-CRC Press – Taylor - Francis (2013)