This document discusses metagenomics and its applications in bioremediation. It begins by defining bioremediation as using biological entities like microorganisms to clean up pollution. It then explains that metagenomics uses genetic material directly extracted from environments to analyze culturable and non-culturable microorganisms. Metagenomics seeks to identify genes involved in bioremediation to better understand microbial diversity and activities in polluted environments to improve bioremediation processes. Bioinformatics plays an important role in analyzing the large amounts of metagenomic data generated.
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. Metagenomics is a molecular tool used to analyse DNA acquired from environmental samples, in order to study the community of microorganisms present, without the necessity of obtaining pure cultures.
Microbiology has experienced a transformation during the last 25 years that has altered microbiologists' view of microorganisms and how to study them. The realization that most microorganisms cannot be grown readily in pure culture forced microbiologists to question their belief that the microbial world had been conquered. We were forced to replace this belief with an acknowledgment of the extent of our ignorance about the range of metabolic and organismal diversity.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT and the principle behind the methodology, the methodology of the technique is described well in here...............
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. Metagenomics is a molecular tool used to analyse DNA acquired from environmental samples, in order to study the community of microorganisms present, without the necessity of obtaining pure cultures.
Microbiology has experienced a transformation during the last 25 years that has altered microbiologists' view of microorganisms and how to study them. The realization that most microorganisms cannot be grown readily in pure culture forced microbiologists to question their belief that the microbial world had been conquered. We were forced to replace this belief with an acknowledgment of the extent of our ignorance about the range of metabolic and organismal diversity.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT and the principle behind the methodology, the methodology of the technique is described well in here...............
Metagenomics is the study of metagenome, genetics material, recovered directly from environmental sample such as soil, water or faeces.
Metagenomics is based on the genomics analysis of microbial DNA directly
from the communities present in samples
Metagenomics technology – genomics on a large scale will probably lead to great advances in medicine, agriculture, energy production and bioremediation.
Metagenomics can unlock the massive uncultured microbial diversity present in the environment for new molecule for therapeutic and biotechnological application.
Metagenomic studies have identified many novel microbial genes coding for metabolic pathways such as energy acquisition, carbon and nitrogen metabolism in natural environments that were previously considered to lack such metabolism
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
Bioremediation of soil: A soil sample ((desert soil/soil with oil spills) ) was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or petrol pump’s soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed by the microbes. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate.
The next generation sequencing platform of roche 454creativebiogene1
454 is totally different from Solexa and Hiseq of Illumina. The disadvantage of 454 is that it is unable to accurately measure the homopolymer length. For this unavoidable reason, 454 technology will introduce insertion and deletion sequencing errors to the results.
General and molecular genetics.
cDNA Library ,Introduction,Discovery of cDNA library,Preparation ,construction,Enzymes used in cDNA library,uses ,advantages and disadvantages of cDNA library.
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
whole genome analysis
history
needs
steps involved
human genome data
NGS
pyrosequencing
illumina
SOLiD
Ion torrent
PacBio
applications
problems
benefits
Metagenomics is the study of metagenome, genetics material, recovered directly from environmental sample such as soil, water or faeces.
Metagenomics is based on the genomics analysis of microbial DNA directly
from the communities present in samples
Metagenomics technology – genomics on a large scale will probably lead to great advances in medicine, agriculture, energy production and bioremediation.
Metagenomics can unlock the massive uncultured microbial diversity present in the environment for new molecule for therapeutic and biotechnological application.
Metagenomic studies have identified many novel microbial genes coding for metabolic pathways such as energy acquisition, carbon and nitrogen metabolism in natural environments that were previously considered to lack such metabolism
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
Bioremediation of soil: A soil sample ((desert soil/soil with oil spills) ) was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or petrol pump’s soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed by the microbes. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate.
The next generation sequencing platform of roche 454creativebiogene1
454 is totally different from Solexa and Hiseq of Illumina. The disadvantage of 454 is that it is unable to accurately measure the homopolymer length. For this unavoidable reason, 454 technology will introduce insertion and deletion sequencing errors to the results.
General and molecular genetics.
cDNA Library ,Introduction,Discovery of cDNA library,Preparation ,construction,Enzymes used in cDNA library,uses ,advantages and disadvantages of cDNA library.
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
whole genome analysis
history
needs
steps involved
human genome data
NGS
pyrosequencing
illumina
SOLiD
Ion torrent
PacBio
applications
problems
benefits
Sequencing genes and genomes in biology. The most important technique available to the molecular biologist is DNA sequencing, by which the precise order of nucleotides in a piece of DNA can be determined
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. BIOREMEDIATION
• Bioremediation is the process of cleaning up the environment with the
help of biological entities.
• Microorganism-based bioremediation is now regarded as a cost-effective
and environmentally benign method for environmental management.
• They alter their existing metabolic pathways with the help of genetic
transformation to breakdown or conversion of contaminants.
• Micro - organisms like fungus, yeast, or bacteria have long been thought
to be superior organisms for pollution detoxification.
• These are versatile in terms of nutrition and have the flexibility to cope to
harsh environmental conditions.
• They also have a variety of extracellular and intracellular enzymes that
break down complicated contaminants into simpler molecules including
carbon, water, methane, and sources of energy.
3. METAGENOMICS: Culture-Independent
. Insight
• Metagenomics is a technique for analyzing genetic
material extracted directly from environment.
• Only around 1% of the microbes can be grown using
standard microbiological procedures i.e traditional
culture-based techniques (Handelsman 2004).
• “Metagenomics” is increasingly used for
determining the genetic composition of both
culturable and non-culturable microorganisms from
any source.
• Jo Handelsman et al. introduced the term
metagenomics in 1998.
4. APPLICATION OF METAGENOMIC
IN BIOREMEDIATION
• A pool of genomes taken from a polluted sample is used in the metagenomic
method to identify the genes involved in bioremediation.
• With advancements in vector selection and construction research, it is now
possible to operate effectively on huge genomic segments and then screen vast
clone libraries with functioning metagenomes
• Metagenomics seeks to recognize microbe-related genes in order to better
understand the real diversity of microorganisms, their activities, structures,
dynamics, cooperation, relationships, and evolution in a range of environments,
and so improve bioremediation processes.
• Stable Isotope Probing (SIP) can be used to increase the RNA, DNA, or
phospholipids of dynamic microbial populations. DNA fragments obtained from
environment are cloned in a suitable vector [phage, plasmid, bacterial artificial
chromosome (BAC)] and then rebuilt into a host bacterium to create metagenomic
reference libraries.
5. Continue…
• Pre- and post-contamination, metagenomic data can
reveal taxonomic and enzymatic diversity, allowing for
the identification of potentially active genes and species.
• It will be able to correlate changes in contaminant
composition and concentration to individual genes and
taxa by accumulating metagenomes from a range of
contaminated and uncontaminated similar environment.
• This will provide answers to concerns regarding the
polluted system's microbial ecology, especially how
microorganisms respond to the contaminant's
perturbation.
• metagenomic investigations of bioremediation will also
offer information on how microbial populations respond
to changes in a range of environments.
6. Approaches to Metagenomic Analysis
Sequence-Based Analysis
• Relies on sequence analysis to get a foundation
for function prediction.
• Sequence-based screening consists mostly of
two steps: identifying metagenomic reads with
desirable sequences (gene prediction) and
connecting the desirable sequences to a
database (gene annotation).
• Gene identification, genome assemblages,
elucidating entire metabolic pathways, and
comparing organisms from various communities
Function-Based Analysis
• Functional metagenomics is a strong and
effective approach for researching the functions
of genes.
• Its purpose is to isolate DNA from environment
in order to investigate the functionalities of the
encoded protein.
• DNA fragments are cloned, expressed in a
laboratory host, and tested for enzyme activity in
functional-based study.
• This method is dependent on the expression
profiles of the clones of the metagenomic library.
• This method has a lot of potential for detecting
new gene segments that code for already-
identified or unknown functions.
• Phenotype-based screening is part of the
functional screening method.
8. Metagenomic strategies and tools for
bioremediation
First generation sequencing (complete genome shotgun
sequencing)
• The first-generation DNA sequencing technologies were Frederick
Sanger's and Allen Maxam's—Walter Gilbert's approaches.
• Sanger sequencing generates DNA fragments of varied lengths using
a denatured DNA template, radioactively tagged primer, DNA
polymerase, and chemically modified nucleotides termed di-
deoxynucleotides. The integrated dNTPs determine the length of
the DNA fragment. On gel electrophoresis, the DNA fragments are
separated depending on their size and may be seen using an X-ray
or UV-light imaging equipment.
• Since it employs chemicals to break nucleotides, Maxam-Gilbert
sequencing is known as the chemical degradation technique.
Chemical treatment causes nucleotide base breakage, resulting in a
collection of marked fragments that may be separated by gel
electrophoresis based on their size.
9. Next generation sequencing (high throughput sequencing)
(i) Pyrosequencing technique
It is a synthesis-based sequencing method that detects the release of
pyrophosphate when a nucleotide is added to a freshly produced DNA
strand. It is ideal for sequencing small DNA fragments.
(ii) Illumina/Solexa sequencing
the DNA sequence is examined base-by-base, hence very accurate. Cells
are not required, the throughput is maximum, the reads are relatively
short (up to 300 bp), the cost per base is lowest, and the output is
suitable with most applications. Sequencing by synthesis with reversible
terminators is used to determine the nucleotide in the sequences, with
four modified nucleotides, sequencing primers, and DNA polymerases
included such that the primers are hybridised to the sequence.
10. (iii) Sequencing by ligation on beads
It is made up of several rounds of sequencing. The location of the
nucleotide is revealed during sequencing by ligating universal primer to a
fluorescently tagged DNA octamer. The procedure is repeated until every
base has been sequenced twice, increasing the platform's accuracy.
(iv) Ion torrent sequencing
It works in a similar way as pyrosequencing technology. This method
depends on the discharge of a hydrogen when a dNTP is introduced to
DNA polymer instead of fluorescently tagged nucleotides. The
incorporation of nucleotides into DNA strands by polymerase produces
hydrogen ions as a by-product, which lowers the pH, which is detected by
a pH sensor at the microwell's base and converted into a voltage
proportionate to the amount of nucleotides integrated.
11. Third generation sequencing (single molecule
long-read sequencing)
• It does not require PCR amplification for
sample preparation.
(i) Pacific Biosciences
Fluorescent labelling, like other sequencing
methods, is used in this method. In real time, it
identifies nucleotide signals. Each base is
enzymatically incorporated, resulting in a flash of
light that identifies the base and is analysed
repeatedly to form the DNA sequence
12. (ii) Oxford nanopore technology
The DNA/RNA molecule is passed through a nanopore using electrophoresis. It makes use of electrolyte
solution as well as a constant electric field. A termination repair stage shears double-stranded DNA and
forms blunt-ended DNA molecules with this technique. The DNA is then modified with two adaptors (a Y
adapter and a hairpin adaptor) coupled with a unique motor protein that aids in unzipping the double-
stranded DNA at the Y adapter and moving the DNA as a single strand via the nanopore. The activity of the
motor protein as the nucleic acid travels through the nanopore creates a change in ionic current due to
mobile nucleotides filling the pore. The ionic current variation is graphically shown and then clarified for
sequence identification.
(iii) HeliScope
It is another technological platform for single DNA molecule sequencing that uses an exceptionally
sensitive fluorescence detection device. Restriction enzymes fragment DNA strands, which are identified
by the insertion of a poly-A tail. The DNA molecules are hybridized to the flow cell plate, which has billions
of oligo(dT) chains attached to its surface, resulting in an array of primer-annealed single DNA templates.
Labelling is done in "quads," which are made up of four cycles for each of the four nucleotide bases. A
template-dependent extension is created by adding fluorescently labelled bases one at a time. The label is
illuminated by a laser light, which reads the strands that have taken up a specially designated base, which
is then recognized and recorded by a camera. These signals are translated into a nucleotide sequence by a
variety of computer systems. The label is then cleaved, and a fresh base is used in the following cycle.
13. Bioinformatic tools for metagenomic
bioremediation
• Bioinformatics performs a variety of
functions in the field of metagenomic
bioremediation, most notably during the
analysis of metagenomic data.