Kingdom Plantae || Division Algae or Thallophyta || Botany PptMOHAMMEDVALIKARIMWAL
Botany Ppt
Kingdom plantae
Division Algae
Overview of Algae
Types of Algae, Structure of Algae, Reproduction in Algae,
Products produced by Algae and it's various Applications.
By Mohammed Valikarimwala
FY BSc Biotechnology
Fergusson college, Pune
Kingdom Plantae || Division Algae or Thallophyta || Botany PptMOHAMMEDVALIKARIMWAL
Botany Ppt
Kingdom plantae
Division Algae
Overview of Algae
Types of Algae, Structure of Algae, Reproduction in Algae,
Products produced by Algae and it's various Applications.
By Mohammed Valikarimwala
FY BSc Biotechnology
Fergusson college, Pune
Classification of living organisms - IGCSE - Biology - QuestionsMustafa Rashid
Credits:-
Mustafa Rashid, Aslan Ammar, Ali Essa, Shadi Kaddah, Wael M. Awad, Sami B. Tria, Ibrahim Akram, Ahmed Ali
http://www.freepik.com/free-vector/vectors_795232.htm
Grade 8-C
Biology
Al-Reeyada International School, Saudi Arabia - Hofuf
Google+ : https://goo.gl/gnbHnZ
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MustfaRashid
brief description about the diversity of living organisms present on earth... this is actually based on a chapter included in NCERT curriculum in class 9th. may be helpful for the students...
Based on NCERT class 9 Science Chapter 7 'Diversity in Living Organisms'. Describes how the classification is being made on the category of plants, animals, fungi, microbes etc. made by Vivek Ranjan Sahoo
Each organism in this world, whether it is a plant, an animal or a microorganism, is unique in itself. This uniqueness of individuals forms the basis of the diversity among the living organisms.
This presentation explores diversity in organisms. How are they classified and how are they studied.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Diversityinlivingorganisms ppt
1.
2. Need for classification of living organisms :-
Living organisms have evolved on the earth over millions of years.
There is a vast variety of living organisms. Living organisms show a
wide range of variations.
- Some microscopic bacteria are of a few micrometres in size and some
like whales and red wood trees are about 30 metres and 100 metres in
size.
- Some pine trees live for thousands of years while insects like
mosquitoes die within a few days.
- Some organisms are colourless and even transparent and some are
brightly coloured.
To understand and study all these organisms is impossible. If they are
arranged into different groups based on their similarities in
characteristics, then it is easier to study the different groups as a
whole.
Classification of living organisms :- The arranging of organisms
into different groups on the basis of the similarities in their
characteristics is called classification of living organisms.
3. Basis of classification of living organisms :-
The main characteristics which are considered for
classification of living organisms into different groups are :-
- Whether they are made of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
- Whether the cells occur singly or they are grouped
together and live as an indivisible group.
- Whether they produce their own food by photosynthesis
or get their food from outside.
-Of the organisms which produce their own food (plants)
what is the level of organisation of their body ?
- Of the animals what is the level of organisation of their
body and what are their special organs and their
functions ?
The characteristics used for classification of plants will be
different from the characteristics used for classification of
animals because plants make their own food and animals
get their food from outside.
4. Classification and evolution :-
The present day complex living organisms have evolved
from the earlier simple forms due to the changes in their
body designs over millions of years.
The body designs of living organisms are gradually
changing due to the changes in environment and the need
to adapt themselves to the changes in the environment.
Some groups of organisms having ancient body designs
have not changed much during evolution and have simple
forms and structure. These organisms are called ‘primitive
or lower organisms’.
Some organisms have acquired their body designs
relatively recently and have complex forms and structure.
These organisms are called ‘advanced or higher
organisms’.
5. The hierarchy of classification – Groups
Living organisms have been broadly classified into five main
kingdoms. They are :-
i) Monera ii) Protista iii) Fungi iv) Plante v) Animalia
Each kingdom has been further classified into smaller
sub - groups at various levels as :-
Kingdom
Phylum (for plants) / Division (for animals)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
By arranging organisms on the basis of hierarchy and characteristics
into smaller and smaller groups we arrive at the basic unit of
classification called species.
Species :- is group of organisms which are similar enough to breed
and perpetuate.
6. The basis for grouping
organisms into five kingdoms
• i) On the basis of the presence or absence of membrane-bound
organelles, all living organisms are divided into two broad
categories of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This division lead to
the formation of kingdom Monera, which includes all
prokaryotes.
• (ii) Then, eukaryotes are divided as unicellular and
multicellular, on the basis of cellularity. Unicellular eukaryotes
form kingdom Protista, and multicellular eukaryotes form
kingdom Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
• (iii) Animals are then separated on the basis of the absence of
a cell wall.
• (iv) Since fungi and plants both contain a cell wall, they are
separated into different kingdoms on the basis of their modes
of nutrition. Fungi have saprophytic mode of nutrition, whereas
plants have autotrophic mode of nutrition. This results in the
formation of the five kingdoms
•
7. Five kingdom system of
classification
• Robert .H. Whittaker in 1959 proposed
a five kingdom classification of living
organisms on the basis of Linnaeus’
system of classification encorporating
cell structure, mode and source of
nutrition and body organisation as
main features. The five kingdoms
proposed by Whittaker are Monera,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
8. The Five Kingdom classification of living organisms :-
Organisms
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Unicellular Multicellular
Protista
With cell wall Without cell wall
Animalia
Do not perform
photosynthesis
Able to perform
photosynthesis
Fungi Plantae
Monera
9. Monera :-
1. They are mostly prokaryotic,
2. unicellular
3. Do not have a definite nucleus
4. May or may not have cell wall
5. Mode of nutrition is autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Eg :- Bacteria, Blue-green algae, Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasma etc.
Bacteria
Blue-green algae
Cyanobacteria
Mycoplasma
10. Protista :-
They are eukaryotic
unicellular
Mostly aquatic, some have cilia or flagella which help them in moving
Mode of nutrition may be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Eg :- Algae, Diatoms, Protozoans etc.
Algae
Protozoan
Diatoms
11. Fungi :-
• They are eukaryotic, multicellular.
•They do not have chlorophyll and cannot prepare their own food and
are heterotrophs. They use decaying organic matter as food and so
are called saprophytes.
• Some of them live in association with algae. They are called lichens.
•Eg :- Yeast, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Agaricus, Lichens etc.
Yeast
Agaricus
Lichens
12. Plantae (Plants)
They are multicellular eukaryotes having cell walls.
They use chlorophyll for photosynthesis. All plants are
included in this group.
They are divided into five groups. They are :-
Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms.
.
13. Animalia (Animals)
• They include all organisms which are multicellular,
eukaryotes,
• Without chlorophyll and cell walls.
• They are heterotrophs.
• They are divided into ten groups.
• They are :-
• Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,
• Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata,
• Protochordata, and Vertebrata
14. Classification of plants
• (i) The first level of classification depends on whether a plant body is
well differentiated or not. A group of plants that do not have a well
differentiated plant body are known as Thallophyta.
• (ii) Plants that have well differentiated body parts are further divided
on the basis of the presence or absence of vascular tissues. Plants
without specialised vascular tissues are included in division
Bryophyta, whereas plants with vascular tissues are known as
Tracheophyta.
• (iii) Tracheophyta is again sub-divided into two divisions Pteridophyta
and Phanerogams on the basis of the absence/presence of seed
formation.
• (iv) Pteridophyta plants do not produce seeds
• (iv) Phanerogams plants have well developed reproductive organs that
finally produce seeds.
• (v) Phanerogams group is further sub- divided on the basis of whether
the seeds are naked or enclosed in fruits. This classifies them into
gymnosperms and angiosperms.
• Gymnosperms are seed bearing, non-flowering plants, whereas
angiosperms are flowering plants in which the seeds are enclosed
inside the fruit.
•
15. Classification of plants (Plantae) :-
Plants are divided into five groups. They are :-
i) Thallophyta ii) Bryophyta iii) Pteridophyta iv) Angiosperms
v) Gymnosperms
Thallophyta :-
In this group the plants do not have well differentiated body parts.
The plants are called algae. They are mostly aquatic. Eg :- Spirogyra,
Ulothrix, Cladophora, Chara etc.
Spirogyra Ulothrix Chladophora Chara
16. Bryophyta :-
In this group the plant body is differentiated into stem and leaf like
structures but there are no specialised structures for the conduction of
water and other substances from one part of the plant body to the
other. These plants are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
Eg :- Moss (Funaria), Marchantia, Riccia etc.
Moss
Marchantia Riccia
17. Pteridophyta :-
In this group the plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and
leaves and has vascular tissue for conducting water and other
substances from one part of the plant body to the other. Eg :- Ferns,
Marsilea etc.
Ferns Marselia
18. Gymnosperms (Cryptogams) :-
The plants of this group bear naked seeds (gymno – means naked
and sperma means seed). They are usually perinneal, evergreen and
woody.
Eg :- Pines (Pinus), Cycas etc.
Pinus Cycas
19. Angiosperms (Phanerogams) :-
The plants of this group bears covered seeds (angio –
means covered and sperma – means seed). They are also
called flowering plants. The plant embryo in the seed have
cotyledons.
Angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of
the number of cotyledons. Plants with seeds having single
cotyledon are called monocots. Eg :- rice, wheat, maize etc.
green gram, peas, tamarind etc. Plants with seeds having
two cotyledons are called dicots. Eg :- green gram, peas,
tamarind etc.
20. Classification of plants
Plants
Do not have differentiated
body parts
Have differentiated
body parts
Thallophyta
Without vascular
tissue
Bryophyta
Bear naked seeds
Do not produce seeds
(Cryptogams)
Pteridophyta
Produce seeds
(Phanerogams)
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Bear covered seeds
With vascular tissue
One cotyledon Two cotyledons
Monocots Dicots
21. Classification of animals (Animalia) :-
Animals are divided into ten groups. They
are :-
Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes,
Nematoda, Annelida,
Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata,
Protochordata, and Vertebrata.
22. Porifera :- (Sponges)
• They are marine non motile
animals attached to some
soild support.
• They have pores all over
the body forming a canal
system which helps to
circulate water and bring food
and oxygen.
• They have a hard outer
skeleton and do not have any
tissues.
• Eg :-Spongila, Sycon,
Euplectelia etc.
23. Coelenterata
• They are aquatic animals.
• There is a cavity in the body
(coelom).
• The body has two layers of cells – an
outer layer and an inner layer.
• Some live in colonies (corals) and
others are single.
Eg :- Corals, Hydra, Jellyfish, Corals
25. Platyhelminthes :- (Flatworms)
1. They have three layers of cells and are called triploblastic.
2. They do not have true body cavity.
3. They may be free living or parasitic.
Eg :- Planaria (free living), Liverfluke, Tape worm (parasitic) etc.
1. They have flat body( dorsiventrally flattened) which is bilaterally
symmetrical. (Both right and left half of the body is similar.)
Planaria Liverfluke Tape worm
26. Nematoda :-
They have cylindrical body.
The body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
They do not have true body cavity.( Pseudocoelome)
They have tissues but no real organs.
They are parasitic.
Eg :- Ascaris (round worms), Wuchereria ( Filarial
mworm) (pin worms) etc.
Filarial worm causes Elephentiasis
Ascaris
Wuchereria
27. Annelida :-
Their body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
They have true body cavity.
Their body is segmented. ( Both internally & externally)
There is differentiation of organs.
They are found in water and on land.
Eg :- Earthworm, Nereis, Leech etc.
Earthworm Nereis Leech
28. Arthropoda
• Largest group of animal kingdom
• They have bilaterally symmetrical
body.
• The body is segmented.
• They have an open circulatory
system, The blood does not flow
in well defined open spaces
• The body cavity is filled with
blood.
• They have jointed legs.( Arthro-
Jointed legs )
• Eg :- Prawn, Crab, Cockroach,
Spider, Scorpion, Butterfly,
Housefly, Centipede etc.
30. Mollusca
• Second largest group in
animal kingdom
• They have bilateral symmetry.
• The coelomic cavity is
reduced.
• There is little segmentation.
• They have open circulatory
system and kidney like organs
for excretion.
• They have feet for moving
around.
• Eg :- Snails, Mussels, Chiton,
Octopus etc.
33. Echinodermata
• They are spiny skinned
organisms.
• They are free living marine
animals.
• They are triploblastic and have
coelomic cavity.
• The have water filled tube feet
which help in movement.
• They have hard skeleton made
of calcium carbonate.
• Eg :- Star fish, Sea urchin,
Feather star, Sea cucumber etc
34.
35. Protochordata :-
They have bilateral symmetry and are tiploblastic.
The have coelomic cavity.
The have a notocord which is a long rod-like structure
along its back to which muscles are attached and help in
movement.
Eg :- Balanoglossus, Amphioxus, Herdemania etc.
Balanoglossus
Amphioxus
Herdemania
36. Vertebrata
• These animals have a true vertebral column and internal
skeleton, allowing a completely different distribution of
muscle attachment points to be used for movement.
Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic,
coelomic and segmented, with complex differentiation of
body tissues and organs. All chordates possess the
following features:
• (i) They have a notochord
• (ii) They have a dorsal nerve cord
• (iii) They are triploblastic
• (iv) They have paired gill pouches
• (v) They are coelomate.
•
37. Vertebrata :- (Vertebrates)
They have vertebral column and internal skeleton.
They have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic.
They have coelomic cavity.
Their body is differentiated into tissues and organs.
Their body consists of four regions – head, neck, trunk
and tail.
They have two pairs of fins or limbs.
The respiration in aquatic forms is by gills and in land
forms respiration is by lungs
The sexes are separate.
Vertebrates are grouped into five classes. They are :-
Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mamalia.
38.
39. Pisces
• They are fishes living in water.
• Their skin is covered with scales or
plates
• They respire using gills.
• They have streamlined body and fins
which help them to move in water.
• They are cold blooded and their heart
has only two chambers.
• They lay eggs from which the young
ones hatch out.
• Some fishes have skeleton made of
cartilage like Sharks, Rays etc. and
some have skeleton made of bones
and cartilage like Tuna, Rohu etc.
41. Amphibia :- (Amphibians)
• They are found in land and water.
• They do not have scales but have mucous glands on their
skin.
• They are cold blooded
• Heart is three chambered.
• Respiration is through gills or lungs.
• They lay eggs in water.
Eg :- Frogs, Toads, Salamanders etc.
Frog Toad Salamander
42. Reptilia :-(Reptiles)
• They have scales
• Breathe through lungs.
• They are cold blooded.
• Most of them have three chambered heart but crocodiles have four
chambered heart.
• They lay eggs with hard covering in water.
Eg :- Snakes, Turtles, Lizards, Crocodiles etc.
Snake
Turtle
Lizard
Flying lizard
Crocodile
43. Aves :- (Birds)
•They are warm blooded animals.
•They have four chambered heart.
•They breathe through lungs.
•They have an outer covering of feathers.
•Their two fore limbs are modified into wings for flying.
•They lay eggs.
Eg :- Crow, sparrow, Pigeon, Duck, Stork, Ostrich
Crow
Sparrow
Pigeon
Duck
Stork
Ostrich
44. Mammalia :- (Mammals)
• They are warm blooded animals.
• They have four chambered heart.
• They have mammary glands for production of milk to nourish their young ones.
• The skin has hairs and sweat glands.
• Most of them give birth to their young ones. Some of them lay eggs (like Platypus and
Echidna).
Eg :- Cat, Rat, Dog, Lion, Tiger, Whale, Bat, Humans etc.
45. Nomenclature :-
All living organisms have been given scientific names
which can be used to identify them anywhere in the world.
The system of scientific naming organisms is called
binomial nomenclature. The binomial nomenclature
consists of two parts. The first part is the name of the
genus and the second part is the name of the species.
The system of scientific naming or nomenclature we use
today was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus.
Eg :- The scientific name of human beings is – Homo
sapiens.
Homo is the name of the genus and sapiens is the name of
the species.
Generic name starts with capital letter, specific name starts
with small letter