Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of natural origin / ...Vishal Bagul
information regarding Cultivation and Collection of drugs of natural origin
Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants.
Plant hormones and their applications.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin. PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I Part-3.
CONTENTS
Adulteration
Evaluation of adulteration
Morphological / Organoleptic evaluation
Microscopic evaluation
Quantitative evaluation
Physical evaluation
Chemical evaluation
Biological evaluation
Adulteration is of two types:
Indirect or Unintentional adulteration
Direct or Intentional adulteration
Intentional adulteration may be due to the following reasons
adulteration using manufactured substances
substitution using inferior commercial varieties
substitution using exhausted drugs
substitution of superficially similar inferior natural substance
adulteration using the vegetative part of the same plant
addition of toxic materials
adulteration of powders
addition of synthetic principles
Evaluation of Crude Drugs
1. ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION
2. MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION
Stomatal index Vein-islet number
Veinlet termination number
Palisade ratio
Quantitative Microscopy (Lycopodium Spore Method)
3.CHEMICAL EVALUATION
4. Physical Evaluation
I. Solubility
II. Optical Rotation
III. Refractive Index
III. Specific Gravity
IV Viscosity
V. Melting Point
VI. Moisture Content
VII. Ultraviolet Light
VIII. Ash Values
Total ash
Acid-insoluble ash
The water-soluble ash
IX. Extractive Values
X. Foreign Organic Matters
5. BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Toxicity
Oxytocic activity
Microbiological assays
Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of natural origin / ...Vishal Bagul
information regarding Cultivation and Collection of drugs of natural origin
Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants.
Plant hormones and their applications.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin. PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I Part-3.
CONTENTS
Adulteration
Evaluation of adulteration
Morphological / Organoleptic evaluation
Microscopic evaluation
Quantitative evaluation
Physical evaluation
Chemical evaluation
Biological evaluation
Adulteration is of two types:
Indirect or Unintentional adulteration
Direct or Intentional adulteration
Intentional adulteration may be due to the following reasons
adulteration using manufactured substances
substitution using inferior commercial varieties
substitution using exhausted drugs
substitution of superficially similar inferior natural substance
adulteration using the vegetative part of the same plant
addition of toxic materials
adulteration of powders
addition of synthetic principles
Evaluation of Crude Drugs
1. ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION
2. MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION
Stomatal index Vein-islet number
Veinlet termination number
Palisade ratio
Quantitative Microscopy (Lycopodium Spore Method)
3.CHEMICAL EVALUATION
4. Physical Evaluation
I. Solubility
II. Optical Rotation
III. Refractive Index
III. Specific Gravity
IV Viscosity
V. Melting Point
VI. Moisture Content
VII. Ultraviolet Light
VIII. Ash Values
Total ash
Acid-insoluble ash
The water-soluble ash
IX. Extractive Values
X. Foreign Organic Matters
5. BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Toxicity
Oxytocic activity
Microbiological assays
Crude drugs: A general view of their origin, distributions, cultivation, collection, drying and
storage, commerce and quality control.
a) Classification of drugs.
b) Preparation of drugs for commercial market
c) Evaluation of crude drugs.
d) Drug adulteration.
Subterranean organs characters and function, Subterranean Stem, Rhizome, Types of rhizomes, Histology of Subterranean Stem, The tegumentary tissue, Roots, Types of roots, Histology of dicotyledon Roots, Main differences between roots and subterranean stems, Anomalous structure in subterranean organs, In subterranean stem, Rhubarb, star spots, in Roots, Aconite, stellate form, senega, keel, Jalap, tertiary cambia, Orizaba Jalap, Belladonna and Gentian.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy: History of profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to pharmacy education, industry and organization, Pharmacy as a career, Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to IP, BP, USP and Extra Pharmacopoeia.
In this power point presentation Viewer will be able to know about the Plant Cell Constituents. How plants cells Composed with different organelles. What are the functions they have during the growth of particular plant. Plant cells are primary unit of the plant body and from here only we get medicinal value chemical constituents.
Portion Covered:
1. Plant Cells
2. Plant Cell Diagram
3. Plant cell Structure
4. Plant cell type
5. Plant cell Functions
Crude drugs: A general view of their origin, distributions, cultivation, collection, drying and
storage, commerce and quality control.
a) Classification of drugs.
b) Preparation of drugs for commercial market
c) Evaluation of crude drugs.
d) Drug adulteration.
Subterranean organs characters and function, Subterranean Stem, Rhizome, Types of rhizomes, Histology of Subterranean Stem, The tegumentary tissue, Roots, Types of roots, Histology of dicotyledon Roots, Main differences between roots and subterranean stems, Anomalous structure in subterranean organs, In subterranean stem, Rhubarb, star spots, in Roots, Aconite, stellate form, senega, keel, Jalap, tertiary cambia, Orizaba Jalap, Belladonna and Gentian.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy: History of profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to pharmacy education, industry and organization, Pharmacy as a career, Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to IP, BP, USP and Extra Pharmacopoeia.
In this power point presentation Viewer will be able to know about the Plant Cell Constituents. How plants cells Composed with different organelles. What are the functions they have during the growth of particular plant. Plant cells are primary unit of the plant body and from here only we get medicinal value chemical constituents.
Portion Covered:
1. Plant Cells
2. Plant Cell Diagram
3. Plant cell Structure
4. Plant cell type
5. Plant cell Functions
I give this slide for your learning from the pictures. I put many pictures in the slide. It is easy way to learn from this slide. This slide tells us about the plants and their classification . It is copyright from the textbook of 9th standard. This is biology.
Classification of organisms is based upon a number of physical and p.pdfaplolomedicalstoremr
Classification of organisms is based upon a number of physical and physiological features. The
structure and organization of reproductive organs remains in important feature usually used to
distinguish organisms. Some of the features can be discussed as below:
1. Fruiting body: A very broad classification can be made on the basis whether the fruiting body
is present or not. Presence of a fleshy or modified cover around the seed is a characteristic
feature of angiosperms whereas a naked seed located directly above a vegetative structure of a
plant is a feature of gymnosperms.
2. Spores sacs: Spore releasing sacs are characteristic features found on the lower scales of the
leaf blades of lower and higher ferns. Their arrangement and mode of release determines the
nature, frequency and ease of sexual reproduction in these lower plants.
3. Pollens: Higher plants, including both angiosperms and gymnosperms utilize pollen grains for
sexual reproduction. The mode of transfer of pollen determines the geographical range of
pollination in plants. Sulphur shower is a critical example for sexual reproduction in pines
(gymnosperms) which distinguishes them from other trees.
4. Sporocarp: A sporocarp or a fruiting body is a bulging of the vegetative extension from the
main structure of a lower fungi which contains a group of cells which either follow meiotic
division or mitotic division and serve as the reproductive structures. Their growth and nature can
be monitored microscopically and the fungus can be thus classified appropriately. Some algae
also contain a unique localization and arrangement of haploid cells called spores which can be
present in singles or doublets and thus represent a very unique discrimination from other
organisms.
These, these set of information provide an insight into usability of features of a reproductive
structure for classification of organisms.
Solution
Classification of organisms is based upon a number of physical and physiological features. The
structure and organization of reproductive organs remains in important feature usually used to
distinguish organisms. Some of the features can be discussed as below:
1. Fruiting body: A very broad classification can be made on the basis whether the fruiting body
is present or not. Presence of a fleshy or modified cover around the seed is a characteristic
feature of angiosperms whereas a naked seed located directly above a vegetative structure of a
plant is a feature of gymnosperms.
2. Spores sacs: Spore releasing sacs are characteristic features found on the lower scales of the
leaf blades of lower and higher ferns. Their arrangement and mode of release determines the
nature, frequency and ease of sexual reproduction in these lower plants.
3. Pollens: Higher plants, including both angiosperms and gymnosperms utilize pollen grains for
sexual reproduction. The mode of transfer of pollen determines the geographical range of
pollination in plants. Sulphur shower is a critical example for.
Each organism in this world, whether it is a plant, an animal or a microorganism, is unique in itself. This uniqueness of individuals forms the basis of the diversity among the living organisms.
This presentation explores diversity in organisms. How are they classified and how are they studied.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1. REMEDIAL BIOLOGY(B.PHARM 1STSEM)
By Karan Sharma
Assistant Professor
Topic:- CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT(Chapter 1)
Remedial Biology:- It is branch of science which deal with study of living organisms and
their function.
Plant:- Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae
:- Plants are all unique regarding physical appearance,structure and physiological behavior.
:- also vary in habitats, tolerance, and nutrient requirement
TYPES OF PLANT:-
5. Characteristic features of Plant Kingdom
These living organisms are made of eukaryotic cells and
are multicellular. The cells have a cell wall which is made of cellulose.
These are autotrophic and synthesize food by photosynthesis due to the
presence of chloroplasts.
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT KINGDOM
Based on whether plants have a well-differentiated body and the
presence or absence of specialized tissues for transport, and the ability
to bear seeds Kingdom Plantae (Plant Kingdom) is can be classified into
different divisions. The features and examples of each division are
mentioned hereunder.
1.DIVISION THALLOPHYTA
These are the lowermost plants of the plant kingdom, without a well-
differentiated body design. This means that the plant body is not
differentiated as roots, stem, and leaves. They are commonly
called algae, are permanently aquatic.
2.DIVISION BRYOPHYTA
These are small terrestrial plants. They show differentiation in the body
design, with stem, leaf-like structures, and root-like structures. But, they
do not have any specialized tissue to conduct water and other
substances. They live in damp and sandy habitats and are often referred
to as the amphibians of the plant kingdom. Examples are RICCIA,
FUNARIA, AND MARCHANTIA
3.DIVISION PTERIDOPHYTA
6. These are supposed to be the oldest vascular plants. The plant body is
differentiated into roots, stem, and leaves, apart from having a
specialized tissue for conduction. This tissue helps in the conduction of
water and other substances from part of the plant to the other.
These plants have naked embryos called spores. The reproductive
organs in these plants are inconspicuous. Examples: MARSELIA,
FERNS
(SOURCE: WIKIPEDIA)
4.DIVISION PHANEROGAMAE
Phanerogams are seed-bearing plants. The plant body is well
differentiated with stem, leaves, and roots. There are well differentiated
reproductive tissues that produce seeds. These plants also have a well-
developed vascular system. Depending on whether the seeds produced
are naked or whether they are enclosed, phanerogams are further
classified into two subdivisions. They
are Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
5.GYMNOSPERMS
Gymnosperms are plants with naked seeds. There are about 650 living
species of gymnosperm plants. The plants are usually perineal,
evergreen and woody. They have a well-developed vascular tissue but
7. do not have vessels. The reproductive organs generally form cones or
strobilus. There is no fruit formation and the seeds are hence said to be
naked. Examples: CYCAS, PINUS, DEODAR
PINE CONE (WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
6.ANGIOSPERMS
Angiosperms are seed-bearing plants. Seeds develop inside tissues that
get modified to form the fruit of the plant. Also called the flowering
plants, they are found abundantly in nature. These plants are usually
terrestrial and they may be annual, biennial or perennial. The vascular
system is very well developed with xylem and phloem. Angiosperms
also show the feature of double fertilization. Examples: MUSTARD
PLANT, PEA PLANT.
On the basis of the cotyledons (seed leaves) Angiosperms are further
divided into Monocotyledonous plants and Dicotyledonous plants.
Monocots have seeds with single seed leaf, having vascular bundles
arranged in a complex manner. Dicots, on the other hand, have two
cotyledons. The vascular bundle is arranged in a ring.
CHAPTER OVER
