This document discusses the classification of living organisms. It explains that classification involves arranging organisms in a hierarchical system of groups and subgroups based on their similarities and differences. Some key points covered include: - Organisms can be classified based on their cell structure, whether they are unicellular or multicellular, their mode of nutrition, and other characteristics. - Major kingdoms of life include plants, animals, fungi, protists, and monera. These are further divided into smaller subgroups. - Classification helps organize the immense diversity of life and allows scientists to study broad groups of related organisms. As our understanding of evolution improved over time, classification systems were refined.

1. Diversity
in Living
Organism
s

2. classification
• Science of arranging organism in a
series of groups and subgroups on
the basis of similarities and
dissimilarities
• Aristotle classified on the basis of
their habitat means the place they live
in water, in air and on land

3. Basic
characteristic
s of
classification
Types of cells are divided in various
types:-
• Nature of cells :prokaryotic or
eukaryotic
• Cellularity :unicellular or multicellular
• Level of organization: cellular, tissue,
organ or organ system
• Mode of nutrition autotrophic or
heterotrophic

4. Classification and Evolution
• All living things are identified and categorised on the
basis of their body design in form and function.
Some characteristics are likely to make more wide-
ranging changes in body design than others. There
is a role of time in this as well.
• Time is the key factor which helps in development of
complex organism from the simple ones
• Charles Darwin first gave the idea of evolution in
1855 in his famous book ‘the origin of species’
• Those organism who have ancient design and not
changed much are primitive organism
• Those who acquired certain special character during
the time period are known as advanced or higher
organism

5. Hierarchy
of
classificatio
n
Carl Woese divided Monera into archaebacteria and eubacteria
R. Whittaker proposed kingdom system which is widely used.
This includes:
Monera Protista Fungi plantae Animalia.
Ernst Haeckel, Robert Whittaker, Carl Woese have tried to
classify all living organism into broad categories

6. Further
classificatio
n:
• Further classification is done by sub groups at
various levels as given:-
• kingdom-division-phyllum/class-order-family
genus-species
• Kingdom Monera
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom fungi
• Kingdom plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

7. Kingdom:
plantae
• They are multicellular eukaryotic organism
• This kingdom include all plant species
• They are autotrophic and prepare there own
food
• They are further classified into five major
division:-
I. Thallophyta
II. byrophyta
III. Pteridophyta
IV. gymnosperms
V. angiosperms

8. Thallophyta
• Body of the organism is not differentiated into
organs
• Mainly aquatic found only in fresh and marine
water
• Tissue for conduction of material and for
mechanical strength is absent
• They are covered by mucilage
• Reproduce by vegetative , asexual and sexual
reproduction
• Algae was an example of this division

9. Byrophyta
• Plant body is differentiated into root ,leaf and
stem like structures
• Special conducting tissues are not present
• These are known as amphibians of plant
kingdom
• Reproduce by vegetative , asexual and
sexual reproduction
• Funaria , Anthoceros and marchantia are few
examples of it

10. Pteridophyt
a
• Plant body is differentiated into leaf ,
stem and root
• They also have conductive tissue
• All the above discussed plant type
doesn’t bear fruit , they bear spores.
They are also known as cryptograms
• Fern , Adiantum and Selaginella are
few examples of it

11. Gymnosperm
s
• These plants bear naked seeds
means seeds are not closed in fruit
• These are perennial , evergreen
trees having woody trunk
• They bear cones in which seeds are
placed
• Sequoia sempervirens is the longest
tree found on earth (125 meters)is an
example. Other examples are Pinus ,
Cycas

12. Angiosperm
s
• Bear seeds covered by special
organs knowns as fruits
• They bear flower as their
reproductive organ
• Embryo in seed have special
structure called cotyledons which act
as seed leaves at the time of
germination
• The are divided into two groups:
monocots and dicots
• Wheat , rice , rose and tomato are
example of this division

13. Kingdom:
Animalia
Main characteristics of this kingdom
are as follows:
• These are eukaryotic organism of
heterotrophic nature
• These are multicellular organism
• Their cell don’t bear cell wall and
chloroplast
• They are further divided into following
sub groups

15. Invertebrate
s
Invertebrates are animals without
a backbone or bony skeleton.
They range in size from
microscopic mites and almost
invisible flies to giant squid with
soccer-ball-size eyes.
This is by far the largest group in
the animal kingdom: 97 percent of
all animals are invertebrates.

16. Vertebrate
• Vertebrates are any animals that have a
backbone or spinal column.
• These animals are so named because
nearly all adults have vertebrae,
bone or segments of cartilage
forming the spinal column.

17. Necessity of
Classification
• Living organisms have evolved on the earth over millions
of years. There is a vast variety of living organisms. Living
organisms show a wide range of variations. - Some
microscopic bacteria are of a few micrometres in size and
some like whales and red wood trees are about 30 metres
and 100 metres in size. - Some pine trees live for
thousands of years while insects like mosquitoes die
within a few days. - Some organisms are colourless and
even transparent and some are brightly coloured. To
understand and study all these organisms is impossible. If
they are arranged into different groups based on their
similarities in characteristics, then it is easier to study the
different groups as a whole. Classification of living
organisms :- The arranging of organisms into different
groups on the basis of the similarities in their
characteristics is called classification of living organisms.
• Classification helps us in exploring the diversity of life
forms.

18. Nomenclatur
e.
Why is there a need for systematic naming of living
organisms?
• It would be difficult for people speaking or writing in
different languages to know when they are talking
about the same organism. This problem was resolved
by agreeing upon a ‘scientific’ name for organisms in
the same manner that chemical symbols and formulae
for various substances are used the world over. The
scientific name for an organism is thus unique and can
be used to identify it anywhere in the world.
The system of scientific naming or nomenclature we use
today was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus in the
eighteenth century.
The scientific name of an organism is the result of the
process of classification which puts it along with the
organisms it is most related to.

19. Thank You