This document provides an overview of the classification of living organisms. It discusses the need for classification, the basis used for classification including cell structure and nutrition type, and the hierarchical system used from kingdoms down to species. The five kingdom system is described, including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. An overview of the classification of plants and animals is also provided, outlining the main groups within each kingdom.
Living organisms show a wide variety in size, lifespan, and other characteristics. To effectively study and understand such diversity, organisms must be classified into groups based on their similarities. The main characteristics used to classify organisms include their cellular structure, whether they are unicellular or multicellular, how they obtain nutrition, and the complexity of their body organization. This classification system arranges organisms in a hierarchy of nested groups from the broadest domain of life down to specific species. The five kingdom system proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1959 is still widely used, dividing organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Diversity IN Living Organisms Class 9 Biology (1).pptxMaxiHalim
This document provides information on classifying living organisms. It discusses the five kingdoms of life proposed by Whitaker: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is characterized based on cell structure, nutrition, and body organization. Within kingdoms, organisms are further classified into taxa such as phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Examples of different phyla are described for plants, fungi, protists, animals, including their key distinguishing characteristics. The document also covers classification of seed plants and discusses characteristics of major groups like porifera, cnidaria, nematodes, annelids, and arthropods.
The document discusses the classification of living organisms into kingdoms and describes the key characteristics of each kingdom. It outlines five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. For each kingdom, it provides 1-3 key defining characteristics and examples of organisms that belong to that kingdom. It also discusses further classification within kingdoms like Protista into categories based on characteristics.
This document provides an overview of the classification of living organisms into taxonomic groups from the cellular level to multicellular organisms. It summarizes key biologists like Whittaker who classified organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is then further divided into subordinate taxa with defining characteristics described. The classifications of plants, animals and protists are summarized in a hierarchical outline.
The document provides information on the classification of living organisms. It discusses the need for classification due to the huge diversity of life. It explains the levels of classification from kingdom down to species. The five kingdom system of Whittaker is described, including the kingdoms of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Characteristics of each kingdom are provided. The classification of plants and animals is then outlined down to class levels. Finally, scientific naming conventions are explained.
This document discusses the classification of living organisms into taxonomic groups from the broadest domains down to specific species. It covers the five kingdoms of life proposed by Whitaker (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) and modifications made by Woese. Key details are provided on classification within the plant and animal kingdoms, describing distinguishing characteristics of major groups like thallophytes, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, porifera, coelenterates, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, protochordates, and verte
The document discusses the diversity of living organisms and their classification. It explains that organisms can be classified based on their cellular structure, whether they are autotrophic or heterotrophic, and whether their cells have walls. The five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker are described: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Key characteristics used to classify organisms within the kingdoms, like their cellular structure and nutrition, are also outlined. The document provides examples of classification schemes for plants and animals.
The document provides a detailed overview of the hierarchical classification system used to classify living organisms. It describes the five kingdom system including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is then broken down into smaller subgroups like phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Examples are provided for important subgroups in each kingdom like bacteria, fungi, ferns, flowering plants, sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, fish and mammals.
Living organisms show a wide variety in size, lifespan, and other characteristics. To effectively study and understand such diversity, organisms must be classified into groups based on their similarities. The main characteristics used to classify organisms include their cellular structure, whether they are unicellular or multicellular, how they obtain nutrition, and the complexity of their body organization. This classification system arranges organisms in a hierarchy of nested groups from the broadest domain of life down to specific species. The five kingdom system proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1959 is still widely used, dividing organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Diversity IN Living Organisms Class 9 Biology (1).pptxMaxiHalim
This document provides information on classifying living organisms. It discusses the five kingdoms of life proposed by Whitaker: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is characterized based on cell structure, nutrition, and body organization. Within kingdoms, organisms are further classified into taxa such as phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Examples of different phyla are described for plants, fungi, protists, animals, including their key distinguishing characteristics. The document also covers classification of seed plants and discusses characteristics of major groups like porifera, cnidaria, nematodes, annelids, and arthropods.
The document discusses the classification of living organisms into kingdoms and describes the key characteristics of each kingdom. It outlines five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. For each kingdom, it provides 1-3 key defining characteristics and examples of organisms that belong to that kingdom. It also discusses further classification within kingdoms like Protista into categories based on characteristics.
This document provides an overview of the classification of living organisms into taxonomic groups from the cellular level to multicellular organisms. It summarizes key biologists like Whittaker who classified organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is then further divided into subordinate taxa with defining characteristics described. The classifications of plants, animals and protists are summarized in a hierarchical outline.
The document provides information on the classification of living organisms. It discusses the need for classification due to the huge diversity of life. It explains the levels of classification from kingdom down to species. The five kingdom system of Whittaker is described, including the kingdoms of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Characteristics of each kingdom are provided. The classification of plants and animals is then outlined down to class levels. Finally, scientific naming conventions are explained.
This document discusses the classification of living organisms into taxonomic groups from the broadest domains down to specific species. It covers the five kingdoms of life proposed by Whitaker (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) and modifications made by Woese. Key details are provided on classification within the plant and animal kingdoms, describing distinguishing characteristics of major groups like thallophytes, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, porifera, coelenterates, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, protochordates, and verte
The document discusses the diversity of living organisms and their classification. It explains that organisms can be classified based on their cellular structure, whether they are autotrophic or heterotrophic, and whether their cells have walls. The five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker are described: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Key characteristics used to classify organisms within the kingdoms, like their cellular structure and nutrition, are also outlined. The document provides examples of classification schemes for plants and animals.
The document provides a detailed overview of the hierarchical classification system used to classify living organisms. It describes the five kingdom system including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is then broken down into smaller subgroups like phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Examples are provided for important subgroups in each kingdom like bacteria, fungi, ferns, flowering plants, sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, fish and mammals.
This document provides information on the classification of organisms. It discusses how Aristotle initially classified organisms based on their habitats of water, air or land. It then describes the basic characteristics used in modern classification including cellular features, nutrition mode, and level of organization. The document outlines the five kingdom system proposed by Robert Whittaker which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It provides details on each kingdom, including defining characteristics and examples. The document also discusses further classification within kingdoms down to species level and introduces the need for scientific naming to avoid confusion from common names.
The document provides information on the classification of living organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It then describes some of the main groups within the plant and animal kingdoms. The plant kingdom is divided into cryptogams and phanerogams. The animal kingdom includes porifera, coelenterata, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, protochordata, and vertebrata. Examples are given for important groups like fungi, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, and the five classes of vertebrates.
This document discusses the classification of living organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - based on characteristics like cell structure, nutrition, and body organization. It provides details on the characteristics of each kingdom and examples of organisms that fall within them. The classification system aims to help explore the diversity of life forms on Earth.
The document provides a detailed overview of the classification of living organisms across five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is further divided into smaller sub-groups at various levels from phylum down to species. Key points include that Monera contains prokaryotes, Protista and Fungi contain eukaryotes, and Plantae and Animalia contain multicellular eukaryotes. The document also describes the five-kingdom system of classification and provides examples of representative groups within each kingdom.
The document discusses the five kingdom classification system of life proposed by R.H. Whittaker. It describes the five kingdoms as Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera consists of unicellular prokaryotes. Protista includes unicellular eukaryotes. Fungi are multicellular organisms that cannot produce their own food. Plantae are multicellular organisms capable of photosynthesis. Animalia includes all multicellular animals.
The document discusses the five kingdom classification system of life proposed by R.H. Whittaker. It divides life into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera consists of unicellular prokaryotes. Protista consists of unicellular eukaryotes. Fungi are multicellular organisms that cannot produce their own food. Plantae includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms. Animalia includes multicellular organisms that consume other organisms for food.
The document discusses the five kingdom system of classification proposed by R.H. Whittaker, which divides living organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. It then provides details on the salient features of each kingdom, including their cell structure, nutrition, reproduction, and examples. For kingdom Monera, it describes their prokaryotic, unicellular nature and lack of membrane-bound organelles. It also discusses two types of bacteria based on morphology and evolution.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity and classification of living organisms. It discusses that biodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species on Earth. Over 10 million species are estimated to exist, though only 1.7 million have been identified and described. Organisms show a vast range in size, from microscopic bacteria to the blue whale. Classification systems arrange organisms in a hierarchy of taxonomic ranks like kingdom, phylum, class etc. based on similarities and differences. The five kingdom system - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia - is commonly used for classification. Plantae is further divided into groups like algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gym
The document discusses classification systems used to organize living things into taxonomic groups based on similarities and evolutionary relationships. It describes the five-kingdom system and binomial naming convention. Key groups covered include animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, protoctists, and viruses. Characteristics used to classify vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are also outlined.
This document provides information on the five-kingdom system of classification of living organisms:
1. Kingdom Protista includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms like algae and protozoa.
2. Kingdom Fungi includes multicellular organisms like molds, mushrooms and yeasts that feed by absorbing nutrients.
3. Kingdom Plantae includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms ranging from mosses to trees.
4. Kingdom Animalia includes multicellular heterotrophic organisms like sponges, jellyfish, insects, fish and humans.
5. Kingdom Monera was proposed for prokaryotic organisms but is now recognized as not forming a natural group.
Protists are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be categorized into three main groups: animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungus-like protists. Animal-like protists include protozoans that can move on their own and feed as heterotrophs, with examples being amoebas, paramecium, and sporozoans. Plant-like protists include algae, which can be unicellular or multicellular, produce their own food via photosynthesis, and account for 70% of the Earth's oxygen production. Fungus-like protists have cell walls and reproduce via spores, with examples being water molds and slime molds
This document provides an overview of invertebrate animals, describing their main characteristics and classifying them into six groups: porifera, cnidaria, worms, molluscs, arthropods, and echinoderms. It outlines key features of each group, including their anatomy, habitat, reproduction methods, and examples. The objectives are to learn about invertebrate characteristics, their main groups, and how they differ from one another.
This document provides an overview of the key characteristics that define living things. It discusses the five traits of life - response, movement, organization, reproduction, and growth/development. It also outlines the basic needs of living things like energy, water, oxygen, and minerals. Furthermore, it describes how living things are classified into six kingdoms - Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Finally, it discusses viruses and how they differ from living things by being unable to grow or reproduce without a host cell.
Classification is the ordering of organisms into groups based on their similarities and relationships. Carolus Linnaeus introduced the system of binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. The animal kingdom is classified into invertebrates and chordates based on the presence or absence of a notochord. Invertebrates lack a backbone and are further divided into phyla like porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminthes, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca and echinoderma based on their body plan. Chordates are characterized by the presence of a notochord and are divided into prochordates and vertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone and are grouped under six classes
This document provides an overview of the classification of organisms. It begins by outlining the basic competencies around classifying living and non-living things. It then discusses the key characteristics of living organisms, including movement, respiration, nutrition, growth, reproduction, excretion, irritability, and adaptation. The document proceeds to discuss the history of classification from Aristotle to Linnaeus to Whittaker's five kingdom system. It provides details on the kingdoms of Animalia, Monera, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae. Within each kingdom, it outlines the major groups and provides examples.
Living things are grouped into five kingdoms for scientific classification: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is further divided into smaller subgroups. Monera contains bacteria like Eubacteria. Protista includes protozoa and unicellular algae such as green algae. Fungi are organisms like mushrooms. Plantae contains multicellular plants that are the base of the food chain, including vascular seed plants. Animalia includes animals that eat organic substances and need water and oxygen, such as brachiopods.
Diversityinlivingorganisms for class 9 by krKrishna Raj
1. This document discusses the classification of plants and animals according to their characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
2. It outlines the classification systems for the plant and animal kingdoms, dividing plants into cryptogams and phanerogams and further subclassifying them, and dividing animals into various phyla based on their features.
3. The classification systems aim to arrange diverse organisms in an orderly manner to facilitate the study of biological diversity.
The document summarizes key concepts around classification of living organisms. It discusses how organisms are classified into taxonomic groups like domain, kingdom, phylum etc. based on their similarities. For humans, the taxonomic classification includes Eukarya, Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo and H. sapiens. It also provides classifications for major kingdoms like Plantae, Animalia and describes characteristics of key phyla under these kingdoms including porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida and arthropoda.
This document discusses concepts related to motion including position, relative and absolute position, distance and displacement, speed and velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, and uniformly accelerated motion. It defines key terms and concepts and provides examples to illustrate them. Position can be relative or absolute depending on the reference point used. Distance refers to the total path travelled, while displacement refers to the net or direct distance between two points. Speed is the rate of change of distance and velocity is the rate of change of displacement, making velocity a vector quantity. Uniform motion involves equal distances in equal times while non-uniform motion does not. Uniformly accelerated motion follows three equations of motion and has constant acceleration.
This document provides information about atoms, molecules, ions and chemical formulas. It discusses key concepts such as:
- Dalton's atomic theory which states that matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms that combine in small whole number ratios.
- Atoms have symbols to represent them and an atomic mass that is measured relative to carbon-12. Molecules are groups of atoms that are chemically bonded.
- Chemical formulas show the types and numbers of atoms or ions that make up a compound. Formulas are written with the cation written first followed by the anion.
This document provides information on the classification of organisms. It discusses how Aristotle initially classified organisms based on their habitats of water, air or land. It then describes the basic characteristics used in modern classification including cellular features, nutrition mode, and level of organization. The document outlines the five kingdom system proposed by Robert Whittaker which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It provides details on each kingdom, including defining characteristics and examples. The document also discusses further classification within kingdoms down to species level and introduces the need for scientific naming to avoid confusion from common names.
The document provides information on the classification of living organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It then describes some of the main groups within the plant and animal kingdoms. The plant kingdom is divided into cryptogams and phanerogams. The animal kingdom includes porifera, coelenterata, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, protochordata, and vertebrata. Examples are given for important groups like fungi, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, and the five classes of vertebrates.
This document discusses the classification of living organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - based on characteristics like cell structure, nutrition, and body organization. It provides details on the characteristics of each kingdom and examples of organisms that fall within them. The classification system aims to help explore the diversity of life forms on Earth.
The document provides a detailed overview of the classification of living organisms across five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is further divided into smaller sub-groups at various levels from phylum down to species. Key points include that Monera contains prokaryotes, Protista and Fungi contain eukaryotes, and Plantae and Animalia contain multicellular eukaryotes. The document also describes the five-kingdom system of classification and provides examples of representative groups within each kingdom.
The document discusses the five kingdom classification system of life proposed by R.H. Whittaker. It describes the five kingdoms as Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera consists of unicellular prokaryotes. Protista includes unicellular eukaryotes. Fungi are multicellular organisms that cannot produce their own food. Plantae are multicellular organisms capable of photosynthesis. Animalia includes all multicellular animals.
The document discusses the five kingdom classification system of life proposed by R.H. Whittaker. It divides life into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera consists of unicellular prokaryotes. Protista consists of unicellular eukaryotes. Fungi are multicellular organisms that cannot produce their own food. Plantae includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms. Animalia includes multicellular organisms that consume other organisms for food.
The document discusses the five kingdom system of classification proposed by R.H. Whittaker, which divides living organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. It then provides details on the salient features of each kingdom, including their cell structure, nutrition, reproduction, and examples. For kingdom Monera, it describes their prokaryotic, unicellular nature and lack of membrane-bound organelles. It also discusses two types of bacteria based on morphology and evolution.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity and classification of living organisms. It discusses that biodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species on Earth. Over 10 million species are estimated to exist, though only 1.7 million have been identified and described. Organisms show a vast range in size, from microscopic bacteria to the blue whale. Classification systems arrange organisms in a hierarchy of taxonomic ranks like kingdom, phylum, class etc. based on similarities and differences. The five kingdom system - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia - is commonly used for classification. Plantae is further divided into groups like algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gym
The document discusses classification systems used to organize living things into taxonomic groups based on similarities and evolutionary relationships. It describes the five-kingdom system and binomial naming convention. Key groups covered include animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, protoctists, and viruses. Characteristics used to classify vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are also outlined.
This document provides information on the five-kingdom system of classification of living organisms:
1. Kingdom Protista includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms like algae and protozoa.
2. Kingdom Fungi includes multicellular organisms like molds, mushrooms and yeasts that feed by absorbing nutrients.
3. Kingdom Plantae includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms ranging from mosses to trees.
4. Kingdom Animalia includes multicellular heterotrophic organisms like sponges, jellyfish, insects, fish and humans.
5. Kingdom Monera was proposed for prokaryotic organisms but is now recognized as not forming a natural group.
Protists are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be categorized into three main groups: animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungus-like protists. Animal-like protists include protozoans that can move on their own and feed as heterotrophs, with examples being amoebas, paramecium, and sporozoans. Plant-like protists include algae, which can be unicellular or multicellular, produce their own food via photosynthesis, and account for 70% of the Earth's oxygen production. Fungus-like protists have cell walls and reproduce via spores, with examples being water molds and slime molds
This document provides an overview of invertebrate animals, describing their main characteristics and classifying them into six groups: porifera, cnidaria, worms, molluscs, arthropods, and echinoderms. It outlines key features of each group, including their anatomy, habitat, reproduction methods, and examples. The objectives are to learn about invertebrate characteristics, their main groups, and how they differ from one another.
This document provides an overview of the key characteristics that define living things. It discusses the five traits of life - response, movement, organization, reproduction, and growth/development. It also outlines the basic needs of living things like energy, water, oxygen, and minerals. Furthermore, it describes how living things are classified into six kingdoms - Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Finally, it discusses viruses and how they differ from living things by being unable to grow or reproduce without a host cell.
Classification is the ordering of organisms into groups based on their similarities and relationships. Carolus Linnaeus introduced the system of binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. The animal kingdom is classified into invertebrates and chordates based on the presence or absence of a notochord. Invertebrates lack a backbone and are further divided into phyla like porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminthes, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca and echinoderma based on their body plan. Chordates are characterized by the presence of a notochord and are divided into prochordates and vertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone and are grouped under six classes
This document provides an overview of the classification of organisms. It begins by outlining the basic competencies around classifying living and non-living things. It then discusses the key characteristics of living organisms, including movement, respiration, nutrition, growth, reproduction, excretion, irritability, and adaptation. The document proceeds to discuss the history of classification from Aristotle to Linnaeus to Whittaker's five kingdom system. It provides details on the kingdoms of Animalia, Monera, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae. Within each kingdom, it outlines the major groups and provides examples.
Living things are grouped into five kingdoms for scientific classification: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is further divided into smaller subgroups. Monera contains bacteria like Eubacteria. Protista includes protozoa and unicellular algae such as green algae. Fungi are organisms like mushrooms. Plantae contains multicellular plants that are the base of the food chain, including vascular seed plants. Animalia includes animals that eat organic substances and need water and oxygen, such as brachiopods.
Diversityinlivingorganisms for class 9 by krKrishna Raj
1. This document discusses the classification of plants and animals according to their characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
2. It outlines the classification systems for the plant and animal kingdoms, dividing plants into cryptogams and phanerogams and further subclassifying them, and dividing animals into various phyla based on their features.
3. The classification systems aim to arrange diverse organisms in an orderly manner to facilitate the study of biological diversity.
The document summarizes key concepts around classification of living organisms. It discusses how organisms are classified into taxonomic groups like domain, kingdom, phylum etc. based on their similarities. For humans, the taxonomic classification includes Eukarya, Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo and H. sapiens. It also provides classifications for major kingdoms like Plantae, Animalia and describes characteristics of key phyla under these kingdoms including porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida and arthropoda.
This document discusses concepts related to motion including position, relative and absolute position, distance and displacement, speed and velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, and uniformly accelerated motion. It defines key terms and concepts and provides examples to illustrate them. Position can be relative or absolute depending on the reference point used. Distance refers to the total path travelled, while displacement refers to the net or direct distance between two points. Speed is the rate of change of distance and velocity is the rate of change of displacement, making velocity a vector quantity. Uniform motion involves equal distances in equal times while non-uniform motion does not. Uniformly accelerated motion follows three equations of motion and has constant acceleration.
This document provides information about atoms, molecules, ions and chemical formulas. It discusses key concepts such as:
- Dalton's atomic theory which states that matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms that combine in small whole number ratios.
- Atoms have symbols to represent them and an atomic mass that is measured relative to carbon-12. Molecules are groups of atoms that are chemically bonded.
- Chemical formulas show the types and numbers of atoms or ions that make up a compound. Formulas are written with the cation written first followed by the anion.
1. The document discusses concepts related to gravitation including Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, gravitational force, and acceleration due to gravity.
2. Key points covered include Newton's inverse square law formula for gravitational force, Kepler's three laws of planetary motion, and definitions of free fall and acceleration due to gravity.
3. The document also discusses properties of gravitational force and provides examples to illustrate concepts like why objects on Earth do not continuously accelerate towards each other due to gravitational attraction.
This document defines key concepts in matter, including:
- Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and can be made of elements, molecules, or compounds.
- Elements are the simplest forms of matter and cannot be broken down further into simpler substances. Atoms are the smallest particle of an element.
- Atoms bond together to form molecules or bond with different elements to form compounds like salt or water.
- All matter is made of atoms in constant motion according to kinetic theory. Atoms are arranged in the periodic table by atomic number.
- Atoms contain a nucleus of protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus in shells. The number of protons determines the element.
This document defines key concepts in matter, including:
- Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and can be made of elements, molecules, or compounds.
- Elements are the simplest forms of matter and cannot be broken down further into simpler substances. Atoms are the smallest particle of an element.
- Atoms bond together to form molecules or bond with different elements to form compounds like salt or water.
- All matter is made of atoms that are always in motion according to kinetic theory. Heavier atoms move slower than lighter ones.
- The periodic table organizes all known elements by their atomic structure.
This document provides an overview of the classification of living organisms. It discusses the need for classification, the basis used for classification including cell structure and nutrition type, and the hierarchical system used from kingdoms down to species. The five kingdom system is described, including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Details are given on the classification of plants into five groups and animals into ten groups, with examples provided. The classification of living organisms arranges organisms into taxonomic groups based on similarities to allow for organized study.
Sound is a form of energy that propagates as longitudinal waves, requiring a medium. It is produced by vibrating objects and transmitted through compression and rarefaction variations in the medium. The human ear can detect sounds between 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Ultrasound with frequencies above this range has applications like medical imaging and industrial cleaning, while infrasound below 20 Hz is used for communication by some animals. Sonar uses ultrasound for underwater detection of objects.
The document discusses natural resources and the four main spheres of Earth - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It describes each sphere and their composition. The document then discusses various natural resources like air, water, soil minerals, and their importance. It also discusses pollution of these resources and processes like the water cycle and biogeochemical cycles.
This document discusses factors related to health and disease. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Important characteristics of good health include being free from sickness, anxiety, and tensions. Health can fail due to poor physical/social environments, economic conditions, or lack of social equality. The document distinguishes between "healthy" and "disease-free," and outlines different types of diseases including acute, chronic, infectious/communicable, and non-infectious/non-communicable diseases. It describes causes of disease such as pathogens, genetic disorders, pollution and malnutrition. Means of disease transmission include air, water, food, vectors, contact and sexual contact. Principles of treatment are to
Here are the answers:
a) Disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body or mind that impairs normal functioning and causes discomfort.
b) The two major categories of human diseases are:
1. Infectious diseases - caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Examples: Malaria (caused by protozoan Plasmodium), Tuberculosis (caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
2. Non-infectious diseases - not caused by pathogens. Develop due to genetic reasons, unhealthy lifestyle or environmental factors.
Examples: Cancer (uncontrolled cell growth), Heart disease (caused by risk factors like hypertension, smoking, obesity)
Here are the answers:
a) Disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body or mind that impairs normal functioning and causes discomfort.
b) The two major categories of human diseases are:
1. Infectious diseases - caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Examples: Malaria (caused by a protozoan parasite), Tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria)
2. Non-infectious diseases - not caused by pathogens. These include genetic diseases, cancer, heart diseases, mental illnesses etc.
Examples: Diabetes (caused due to malfunctioning of pancreas), Asthma (caused due to hypersensitivity of airways
Here are the key causes of cancer:
- Genetic factors - Some people inherit gene mutations from their parents that increase their risk of certain cancers.
- Tobacco use - Smoking or chewing tobacco is linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, and colon/rectum. Tobacco contains chemicals that can damage DNA.
- Diet and obesity - A diet high in red/processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables increases cancer risk. Obesity is linked to several cancers. Excess weight increases hormone levels and inflammation.
- Radiation - Both natural sources like radon and man-made sources like X-rays can damage
Here are the key causes of cancer:
- Genetic factors - Some people inherit gene mutations from their parents that increase their risk of certain cancers.
- Tobacco use - Smoking or chewing tobacco is linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, colon and rectum, and acute myeloid leukemia.
- Diet and obesity - A diet high in red/processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables increases the risk of several cancers. Obesity is linked to increased risk of multiple cancers.
- Alcohol use - Heavy drinking is linked to cancers of the mouth, esophagus, throat, liver and breast.
-
Sound is a form of energy that propagates as longitudinal waves, requiring a medium. It is produced by vibrating objects and transmitted through compression and rarefaction variations in the medium. The human ear can detect sounds between 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Ultrasound with frequencies above this range has applications like medical imaging and material cleaning, while infrasound below 20 Hz is used by some animals. Sonar also uses ultrasound for underwater object detection.
1. The document discusses Heinrich Hertz's experiments with sound and how it is produced through vibration and propagates as longitudinal waves through a medium like air.
2. Key experiments shown include using a vibrating tuning fork to produce compressions and rarefactions in air, demonstrating that sound needs a material medium to travel, and that the speed of sound depends on the medium and temperature.
3. Applications of sound reflection, resonance, infrasound, ultrasound, and SONAR are also summarized.
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Plants and animals are made of different types of tissues due to differences in their structure and function. In multicellular organisms, cells are grouped together into tissues to efficiently perform specialized functions. In plants, tissues include epidermis, a protective outer layer of flat cells covered with a waxy cuticle. Meristematic tissues contain actively dividing cells and produce permanent tissues through differentiation. Permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, which provide structure and support to plants. Stomata in the leaf epidermis allow for gas exchange and transpiration. As plants age, cork replaces the epidermis and protects the bark.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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The event will cover the following::
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. CHAPTER - 7
DIVERSITY IN LIVING
ORGANISMS
CLASS :- IX
MADE BY :- SHIVA PRASAD
SCHOOL :- K.V. 2. KALPAKKAM
ch 7
2. 1) Need for classification of living organisms :-
Living organisms have evolved on the earth over millions of years.
There is a vast variety of living organisms. Living organisms show a
wide range of variations.
- Some microscopic bacteria are of a few micrometres in size and some
like whales and red wood trees are about 30 metres and 100 metres in
size.
- Some pine trees live for thousands of years while insects like
mosquitoes die within a few days.
- Some organisms are colourless and even transparent and some are
brightly coloured.
To understand and study all these organisms is impossible. If they are
arranged into different groups based on their similarities in
characteristics, then it is easier to study the different groups as a
whole.
Classification of living organisms :- The arranging of organisms
into different groups on the basis of the similarities in their
characteristics is called classification of living organisms.
3. 2) Basis of classification of living organisms :-
The main characteristics which are considered for
classification of living organisms into different groups are :-
- Whether they are made of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
- Whether the cells occur singly or they are grouped
together and live as an indivisible group.
- Whether they produce their own food by photosynthesis
or get their food from outside.
- Of the organisms which produce their own food (plants)
what is the level of organisation of their body ?
- Of the animals what is the level of organisation of their
body and what are their special organs and their
functions ?
The characteristics used for classification of plants will be
different from the characteristics used for classification of
animals because plants make their own food and animals
get their food from outside.
4. 3) Classification and evolution :-
The present day complex living organisms have evolved
from the earlier simple forms due to the changes in their
body designs over millions of years.
The body designs of living organisms are gradually
changing due to the changes in environment and the need
to adapt themselves to the changes in the environment.
Some groups of organisms having ancient body designs
have not changed much during evolution and have simple
forms and structure. These organisms are called ‘primitive
or lower organisms’.
Some organisms have acquired their body designs
relatively recently and have complex forms and structure.
These organisms are called ‘advanced or higher
organisms’.
5. 4) The hierarchy of classification – Groups :-
Living organisms have been broadly classified into five main
kingdoms. They are :-
i) Monera ii) Protista iii) Fungi iv) Plante v) Animalia
Each kingdom has been further classified into smaller
sub - groups at various levels as :-
Kingdom
Phylum (for plants) / Division (for animals)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
By arranging organisms on the basis of hierarchy and characteristics
into smaller and smaller groups we arrive at the basic unit of
classification called species.
Species :- is group of organisms which are similar enough to breed
and perpetuate.
6. 5) The Five Kingdom classification of living organisms :-
Organisms
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Unicellular Multicellular
Protista
With cell wall Without cell wall
Animalia
Do not perform
photosynthesis
Able to perform
photosynthesis
Fungi Plantae
Monera
7. i) Monera :-
They are mostly prokaryotic, unicellular, do not have a definite
nucleus, may or may not have cell wall, and the mode of nutrition is
autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Eg :- Bacteria, Blue-green algae, Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasma etc.
Bacteria
Blue-green algae
Cyanobacteria
Mycoplasma
8. ii) Protista :-
They are eukaryotic, unicellular, mostly aquatic, some have cilia or
flagella which help them in moving and the mode of nutrition may be
autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Eg :- Algae, Diatoms, Protozoans etc.
Algae
Protozoan
Diatoms
9. iii) Fungi :-
They are eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular. They do not have
chlorophyll and cannot prepare their own food and are heterotrophs.
They use decaying organic matter as food and so are called
saprophytes. Some of them live in association with algae. They are
called lichens.
Eg :- Yeast, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Agaricus, Lichens etc.
Yeast
Agaricus
Lichens
10. iv) Plante (Plants) :-
They are multicellular eukaryotes having cell walls. They
use chlorophyll for photosynthesis. All plants are included
in this group.
They are divided into five groups. They are :-
Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms.
v) Animalia (Animals) :-
They include all organisms which are multicellular,
eukaryotes, without chlorophyll and cell walls. They are
heterotrophs.
They are divided into ten groups. They are :-
Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,
Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata,
Protochordata, and Vertebrata.
11. 5) Classification of plants (Plantae) :-
Plants are divided into five groups. They are :-
i) Thallophyta ii) Bryophyta iii) Pteridophyta iv) Angiosperms
v) Gymnosperms
i) Thallophyta :-
In this group the plants do not have well differentiated body parts.
The plants are called algae. They are mostly aquatic. Eg :- Spirogyra,
Ulothrix, Cladophora, Chara etc.
Spirogyra Ulothrix Chladophora Chara
12. ii) Bryophyta :-
In this group the plant body is differentiated into stem and leaf like
structures but there are no specialised structures for the conduction of
water and other substances from one part of the plant body to the
other. These plants are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
Eg :- Moss (Funaria), Marchantia, Riccia etc.
Moss
Marchantia Riccia
13. iii) Pteridophyta :-
In this group the plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and
leaves and has vascular tissue for conducting water and other
substances from one part of the plant body to the other. Eg :- Ferns,
Marsilea etc.
Ferns Marselia
14. iv) Gymnosperms (Cryptogams) :-
The plants of this group bear naked seeds (gymno – means naked
and sperma means seed). They are usually perinneal, evergreen and
woody.
Eg :- Pines (Pinus), Cycas etc.
Pines Cycas
15. v) Angiosperms (Phanerogams) :-
The plants of this group bears covered seeds (angio –
means covered and sperma – means seed). They are also
called flowering plants. The plant embryo in the seed have
cotyledons.
Angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of
the number of cotyledons. Plants with seeds having single
cotyledon are called monocots. Eg :- rice, wheat, maize etc.
green gram, peas, tamarind etc. Plants with seeds having
two cotyledons are called dicots. Eg :- green gram, peas,
tamarind etc.
16. Classification of plants
Plants
Do not have differentiated
body parts
Have differentiated
body parts
Thallophyta
Without vascular
tissue
Bryophyta
Bear naked seeds
Do not produce seeds
(Cryptogams)
Pteridophyta
Produce seeds
(Phanerogams)
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Bear covered seeds
With vascular tissue
One cotyledon Two cotyledons
Monocots Dicots
17. 6) Classification of animals (Animalia) :-
Animals are divided into ten groups. They are :-
Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida,
Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Protochordata, and Vertebrata.
i) Porifera :- (Sponges)
They are aquatic non motile animals attached to some soild support.
They have pores all over the body forming a canal system which
helps to circulate water and bring food and oxygen.
They have a hard outer skeleton and do not have any tissues.
Eg :-Spongila, Sycon, Euplectelia etc.
18. ii) Coelenterata :-
They are aquatic animals.
There is a cavity in the body (coelom).
The body has two layers of cells –
an outer layer and an inner layer.
Some live in colonies (corals) and others
are single.
Eg :- Corals, Hydra, Jellyfish, Sea anemone
etc.
Corals Jellyfish Sea anemone
19. iii) Platyhelminthes :- (Flatworms)
They have flat body which is bilaterally symmetrical. (Both
right and left half of the body is similar.)
They have three layers of cells and are called triploblastic.
They do not have true body cavity.
They may be free living or parasitic.
Eg :- Planaria (free living), Liverfluke, Tape worm (parasitic)
etc. Planaria Liverfluke Tape worm
20. iv) Nematoda :-
They have cylindrical body.
The body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
They do not have true body cavity.
They have tissues but no real organs.
They are parasitic.
Eg :- Ascaris (round worms), Wuchereria (pin worms) etc.
Ascaris Wuchereria
21. v) Annelida :-
Their body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
They have true body cavity.
Their body is segmented.
There is differentiation of organs.
They are found in water and on land.
Eg :- Earthworm, Nereis, Leech etc.
Earthworm Nereis Leech
22. vi) Arthropoda :- (Joint legged)
They have bilaterally symmetrical body.
The body is segmented.
They have an open circulatory system
The body cavity is filled with blood.
They have jointed legs.
Eg :- Prawn, Crab, Cockroach, Spider, Scorpion, Butterfly,
Housefly, Centipede etc.
Prawn
Crab
Spider Butterfly
Housefly
Cockroach Scorpion Centipede
23. vii) Mollusca :-
They have bilateral symmetry.
The coelomic cavity is reduced.
There is little segmentation.
They have open circulatory system and kidney like organs
for excretion.
They have feet for moving around.
Eg :- Snails, Mussels, Chiton, Octopus etc.
Snail (Pila)
Mussel (Unio) Chiton
Octopus
24. viii) Echinodermata :-(Spiny skinned)
They are spiny skinned organisms.
They are free living marine animals.
They are triploblastic and have coelomic cavity.
The have water filled tube feet which help in movement.
They have hard skeleton made of calcium carbonate.
Eg :- Star fish, Sea urchin, Feather star, Sea cucumber etc.
Star fish Sea urchin Feather star Sea cucumber
25. ix) Protochordata :-
They have bilateral symmetry and are tiploblastic.
The have coelomic cavity.
The have a notocord which is a long rod-like structure
along its back to which muscles are attached and help in
movement.
Eg :- Balanoglossus, Amphioxus, Herdemania etc.
Balanoglossus
Amphioxus
Herdemania
26. x) Vertebrata :- (Vertebrates)
They have vertebral column and internal skeleton.
They have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic.
They have coelomic cavity.
Their body is differentiated into tissues and organs.
Their body consists of four regions – head, neck, trunk
and tail.
They have two pairs of fins or limbs.
The respiration in aquatic forms is by gills and in land
forms respiration is by lungs
The sexes are separate.
Vertebrates are grouped into five classes. They are :-
Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mamalia.
27. i) Pisces :- (Fishes)
They are fishes living in water. Their skin is covered with
scales or plates They respire using gills. They have
streamlined body and fins which help them to move in
water. They are cold blooded and their heart has only two
chambers. They lay eggs from which the young ones hatch
out.
Some fishes have skeleton made of cartilage like Sharks,
Rays etc. and some have skeleton made of bones and
cartilage like Tuna, Rohu etc.
Shark
Tuna
Electric ray Sting ray
Rohu
28. ii) Amphibia :- (Amphibians)
They are found in land and water. They do not have
scales but have mucous glands on their skin. They are cold
blooded and the heart is three chambered. Respiration is
through gills or lungs. They lay eggs in water.
Eg :- Frogs, Toads, Salamanders etc.
Frog
Toad Salamander
29. iii) Reptilia :-(Reptiles)
They have scales and breathe through lungs. They are
cold blooded. Most of them have three chambered heart but
crocodiles have four chambered heart. They lay eggs with
hard covering in water.
Eg :- Snakes, Turtles, Lizards, Crocodiles etc.
Snake
Turtle
Lizard
Flying lizard
Crocodile
30. iv) Aves :- (Birds)
They are warm blooded animals. They have four
chambered heart. They breathe through lungs. They have
an outer covering of feathers. Their two fore limbs are
modified into wings for flying. They lay eggs.
Eg :- Crow, sparrow, Pigeon, Duck, Stork, Ostrich etc.
Crow Sparrow Pigeon
Duck Stork
Ostrich
31. v) Mammalia :- (Mammals)
They are warm blooded animals. They have four
chambered heart. They have mammary glands for
production of milk to nourish their young ones. The skin has
hairs and sweat glands. Most of them give birth to their
young ones. Some of them lay eggs (like Platypus and
Echidna).
Eg :- Cat, Rat, Dog, Lion, Tiger, Whale, Bat, Humans etc.
32. 7) Nomenclature :-
All living organisms have been given scientific names
which can be used to identify them anywhere in the world.
The system of scientific naming organisms is called
binomial nomenclature. The binomial nomenclature
consists of two parts. The first part is the name of the
genus and the second part is the name of the species.
The system of scientific naming or nomenclature we use
today was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus.
Eg :- The scientific name of human beings is – Homo
sapiens. Homo is the name of the genus and sapiens is the
name of the species.