Each organism in this world, whether it is a plant, an animal or a microorganism, is unique in itself. This uniqueness of individuals forms the basis of the diversity among the living organisms. This presentation explores diversity in organisms. How are they classified and how are they studied.

2. BIODIVERSITY
Each organism in this world, whether it is a plant,
animal or a microorganism is unique in itself. This
uniqueness of individuals forms on the basis of
diversity among the living organism.
Biodiversity refers to the diverse or varied forms of
living beings which differs from one another in
external appearance, size, color, pattern, internal
structure, nutrition, behavior, habitat, etc.

3. TAXONOMY
Taxonomy is a biological science which deals
with the identification of organisms. One of
the functions of taxonomist or systematist is to
provide a scientific name for every living
creature. The need fir a uniform international
system of naming is obvious. Common
vernacular names for the same plant or animal
vary from region to region. And it have many
disadvantages.

4. DISADVANTAGES OF COMMON
NAMES
• Name of the same organism vary from
region to region.
• These names are not understood elsewhere.
• Moreover, the same common name may be
used for different kinds of animals.
• For e.g. the name kenchua is used both for
earthworm and Ascaris.
• The name may change and don’t apply
universally.

5. NOMENCLATURE
In biology , every organism is given two
proper names. First is the name of genus to
which an organism belong. And second
name is the name of the species to which it
belongs. First name is shared with other
member of its genus, but second name of
the organism is specific and is not shared
with any other genus. These scientific name
is guided by a set of the rules in the
International Code of Bio Nomenclature.

6. ADVANTAGES OF SCIENTIFIC NAME
• They are unique.
• They are understood and followed all over
the world.
• They are not changed easily.
• The scientific names provided are often
descriptive and also indicate some
important characteristics of the organisms.

7. WHY SCIENTIFIC NAMES ARE
LATINISED?
• Scientific names are usually Latin names.
• Latin language have hold over from the
times when scholars communicated in this
tongue.
• It is precise, uniform and understandable to
investigators thought the world, a formal
system of Latin nomenclature is used.

8. How to write scientific name
• Few rules are proposed for naming that are
following:
1. Name should be given in Latin language.
2. Name of Genus begins with capital letter.
3. Name of the species begins with small letter.
4. The scientific name should be written in italics
when printed and should be underlined
separately when hand written.
• Such as the name for Humans is “Homo
sapiens”, for Lion is “Panthera leo”.

9. DEVELOPMENT OF BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE
It was first developed and used in naming plants and
animals by Linnaeus in his book entitled `Species
Plantarum’.
Linnaeus has been considered `the father of taxonomy’,
since he developed the binomial system of nomenclature
and a system of classification.

10. CLASSIFICATION
To study the diversity among living organisms
in an effective way we need to arrange
various kinds of organisms is an effective
way, we need to arrange various kinds of
organisms in systematic manner. The
method of arranging organisms into groups
or sets on the basis of similarities and
differences is called classification.

11. IMPORTANCE
• Makes the study of a wide variety of
organisms easy.
• Projects before us a picture of all life forms
at a glance.
• Is essential to understand the
interrelationships among different groups of
organisms.
• Forms a base for the development of other
biological sciences.

12. CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION
Classification of life forms is closely related to
their evolution.
EVOLUTION
Most life forms that we see today have risen
by accumulation of charge in its body design
that allow the organism possessing them to
survive better. Charles Darwin first described
this idea of evolution in his book `The origin
of species.’

13. CONNECTION BETWEEN
EVOLUTION AND CLASSFICATION
If the idea of evolutions is connected to
classification, it become apparently with
ancient body designs, have not changed much.
There are other groups of organisms with
ancient designs or in the first commonly
referred to as primitive or lower are simpler,
while those with recent body design or in the
second group are commonly referred to as
advanced or higher and are complex
organisms.

14. BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
Five kingdom system of classification has been
suggested by H.Whittaker. Whittaker has based his
classification scheme of the following three levels of
organization:
• The prokaryotic v/s eukaryotic structure of cells.
• The unicellular v/s multicellular or multinucleate
organization.
• Modes of nutrition: Photosynthesis, absorption from
the environment and ingestion.

15. HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION
GROUPS
Kingdom
Phylum/Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

16. • Species
Species is group of individuals with similar morphological
characteristics, which are able to breed among themselves
and produce offspring of their own kind. Individuals of the
same species resemble each other closely both structurally
and functionally.
• Genus
It is a group of species which are related and have less
characteristics in common as compared to species.
Members of a genus have identical reproductive organs.
• Family
It is represented by a group of related genera that
are more similar to each other than with the
genera of other families.

17. • Order
It is an assemblage of families resembling one
another in a few characteristics.
• Class
It represents organisms of related orders.
• Phylum
it includes all organisms belonging to different
classes having a few common characteristics.
• Kingdom
It includes all organisms who share a set of
distinguish common characters.

19. FIVE KINGDOMS
%
Monera FungiProtista
AnimaliaPlantae

21. MONERA
• One-celled organisms.
• Cells have no membrane around
the nucleus
• Reproduce by splitting in two.
• Absorb nutrients from outside
their bodies.
• Some monerans cause diseases, but
others are helpful to people.
• Examples: Bacteria, Anabaena.
Bacteria
Anabaena

23. Protista
• Most are one-celled, but some have
many cells.
• Cells have a membrane around the
nucleus.
• Some get nutrients and energy by
eating other organisms.
• Some get energy from the sun, and
nutrients from the water around them.
• Most reproduce by splitting in two.
• Examples are paramecium and
amoeba.
paramecium
amoeba

25. FUNGI
• Heterotrophic eukaryotic
organisms.
• They are Saprophytes.
• Cell wall is made of chitin.
• Some of them live in close
relationship with certain algae
and plants forming Lichens and
Mycorrhizae.
• Some of them have the ability of
being multicellular.
• For example: Yeast, Mushroom
and Rhizopus
Yeast
Mushroom
Rhizopus

27. PLANTAE
• Plantae includes multicellular organisms
except for some primitive relatives of algae.
• They are eukaryotes.
• They have cell wall made of cellulose.
• Nutrition of plants is autotrophic.
• Growth in plants is generally indefinite due
to presence of growing points.

29. Basis of division in Kingdom Plantae
1. Differentiated body parts: Body is differentiated
into leaves, stems, roots, flower, etc.
2. Presence of vascular tissue: There are two types
of vascular tissues present in the plants:
• Xylem: helps in transport of water.
• Phloem: helps in transport of food.

30. 3. Reproduction through seeds or spores:
• Phanerogamae: Plants with seeds are called
phanerogamae. They contains embryo with stored
food and are multicellular.
• Cryptogamae: Plants with spores are called
cryptogamae. They contains only naked embryo
and are generally unicellular.
4. Seeds are inside the fruit or naked:
• Angiospermae: these are plants with seeds inside
the fruit and bears flowers.
• Gymnospermae: these are plants with naked
seeds and do not bear flowers.

31. DIVISION: THALLOPHYTA
• Body of the organisms is not
differentiated into organs.
• Mainly aquatic found in
marine and fresh water.
• Tissue for conduction of
material and for mechanical
strength is absent.
• They are covered by mucilage.
• Reproduce by vegetative,
asexual and sexual
reproduction.
• Algae are example of this
division.

32. DIVISION: BRYOPHYTA
• Plant body is differentiated
into leaf, root and stem like
structures.
• Special conducting tissues are
not present.
• These are known as
amphibians of plant
kingdoms.
• Reproduce by vegetative,
asexual and sexual
reproduction.
• Funaria, Riccia and
Marchantia are few examples.

33. DIVISION: PTERIDOPHYTA
• Plant body is differentiated
into leaf, stem and roots.
• They also have conductive
tissues.
• All the above discussed plant
types doesn’t bear seeds
instead they bear spores.
They are also known as
cryptograms.
• They require water for the
purpose of reproduction.
• Dryopteris, Marsilea and
Selaginella are few examples

34. DIVISION: GYMNOSPERMAE
• They are most primitive and simple
seed plants.
• These plants bear naked seeds mean
seeds are not enclosed in fruits.
• These are perennial, evergreen trees
having woody trunk.
• They bear cones in which seeds are
placed.
• Xylem lacks vessels and phloem
lacks companion cells.
• They are divided into two groups:
a. Cydae: e.g. Cycas
b. Coniferae: e.g. Pinus, Cedrus

35. DIVISION: ANGIOSPERMAE
• They are highly evolved plants
and they produce seeds that are
enclosed within the fruit.
• These plants have flowers, hence
they are called flowering plants.
• Embryo in seed has special
structure called cotyledons
which act as seed leaves at the
time of germination.
• They are divided into two
groups: Monocots and Dicots.
• For example:

36. SUBDIVISON:
DICOTYLEDON(DICOTS)
• The seeds produced by these plants
have embryos with two fleshy
leaves, the cotyledons.
• Their leaves have reticulate
venation, with a network of veins.
• The root system has a prominent
tap roots.
• The flowers have five or multiple of
five petals.
• The vascular bundles are arranged
in a ring.
• Examples: Pea, Potato, Sunflower
etc.

37. SUBDIVISON:
MONOCOTYLEDON(MONOCOTS)
• The seeds of these plants
have only one cotyledon.
• Their leaves have parallel
venation.
• The root system consists of
similar fibrous roots.
• The flowers are trimerous,
i.e., have three or multiple of
three petals.
• The vascular bundles are
scattered and closed.
• Example: Maize, Wheat,
Rice, Onion etc.

39. ANIMALIA
• Animals have wall less eukaryotic cells.
• They are heterotrophic.
• Growth of animals is limited and stops after
reaching maturity.

40. BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION OF
ANIMALIA KINGDOM
1. Symmetry:
• Bilateral symmetry: it is when an
organism can be divided into right and left
halves, identical but mirror images, by a
single vertical plane.
• Radial symmetry: it is when an organism
is equally spaced around a central point,
like spokes on a bicycle wheel.

41. 2. Germ layers : in embryonic stages there are
different layers of cells called germ cells. The three
different types of germ cells are -
• Ectoderm – It is the outermost layer which forms nail,
hair, epidermis, etc.
• Endoderm - It is the innermost layer which forms
stomach, colon, urinary bladder, etc.
• Mesoderm – It is the middle layer between ectoderm
and endoderm which forms bones, cartilage, etc.
So, according to the number of germ layers present in
embryonic stage, animal could be:
1. Diploblastic - organisms which derived from two
embryonic germ layers (ecto and endo).
2. Triploblastic - organisms which derived from all the
three embryonic germ layers.

42. 3. Coelom: Body cavity or coelom is important for proper
functioning of various organs. For example, heart which has to
contract and expand needs some cavity or empty space, which is
provided by the coelom.
On the basis of presence or absence of coelom, organisms are
divided into:
i) Acoelomates - these are the simple organisms having no body
cavity.
ii) Coelomates - these are complex organisms having true cavity
lined by mesoderm from all sides. These are further sub- divided
into schizocoelomates or protostomes(coelom formed due to
splitting of mesoderm) and enterocoelomates or
dueterostomes( coelom formed from pouches pinched off from
endoderm)
iii) Pseudo coelomate - these are organisms having false coelom.
They have pouches of mesoderm scattered between endoderm
and ectoderm.

43. 4. Notochord: it is a long rod like structure,
which runs along the body between nervous tissues
and gut and provides place for muscle to attach for
ease of movement.
• Organisms could be:
• Without notochord
• With Notochord
• With Notochord in initial embryonic stages and
vertebral column in adult phase.

45. PHYLUM: PORIFERA
• These animals bear small holes
on their body surface.
• They are aquatic and sedentary
means non motile.
• They have cellular level of body
design.
• They bear hard external
skeleton and have a canal
system for the distribution of
food and gases.
• Spongilla and Sycon are the
examples.

46. PHYLUM: COELENTRATA
• They are aquatic animals and
have tissue level of body design.
• They have a body cavity called
coelom so named as coelentrata.
• They may be solitary or colonial.
• They have special stinging cells
called cnidoblasts so also known
as Cnidaria.
• Hydra, Obelia and Physalia are
few examples.

47. PHYLUM: PLATYHELMINTHES
• Show bilateral symmetry and are
triploblastic mean have three
germ layers.
• They are dorsoventrally flattened
so also called flatworms.
• They are either free living or
parasitic.
• They have tissue level of body
design.
• They do not have any body cavity
• Planarian and Liver flukes are
examples

48. PHYLUM: NEMATODA
• These animals show bilateral
symmetry and are triploblastic
mean have three germ layers.
• They are cylindrical in shape.
• They have a pseudocoelom.
• They have tissue level of body
design.
• They are mainly parasitic in
nutrition.
• Ascaris and Wuchuraria are
examples.

49. PHYLUM: ANNELIDA
• Show bilateral symmetry and are
triploblastic.
• They are cylindrical in shape and
have a true body cavity.
• Organ system level of body design
is found.
• Body is divided into small
segments called annuli so phylum
is also known as Annelida.
• They found in both land and
water.
• Earthworm and Leech are
examples.

50. PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA
• These animals show bilateral symmetry
and are triploblastic mean have three
germ layers.
• They have a true body cavity which is
blood filled.
• Organ system level of body design is
found.
• Open circulatory system is found in
these animals.
• Largest group of animals.
• They have jointed legs.
• Cockroach, Housefly, Butter fly are
examples

51. PHYLUM:MOLLUSCA
• Body cavity is highly reduced.
• These animals show bilateral
symmetry and are triploblastic mean
have three germ layers.
• They also have open circulatory
system.
• They have kidney like structure for
excretion.
• A highly muscular foot is used for
movement.
• Pila and Chiton are examples

52. PHYLUM:ECHINODERMATA
• They are spiny skin organisms.
• They are free living animals found
only in marine water.
• They are triploblastic and have true
body cavity.
• They have a tube system for the
purpose of movement.
• They show high power of
regeneration.
• Starfish and Sea urchin are
examples

53. PHYLUM: PROTOCHORDATA
• These animals show bilateral
symmetry and are triploblastic
mean have three germ layers.
• They are cylindrical in shape and
have a true body cavity.
• They also have a notochord at any
stage of life which provide surface
for the attachment of muscles and
to provide support.
• Amphioxus, Balanoglossus.

54. PHYLUM: VERTEBRATA
• They have notochord at any stage of life.
• They have a dorsal nerve cord.
• They are triploblastic.
• They have paired gill pouches.
• They have true body cavity.
• They includes classes: Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia,
Aves and Mammalia

55. CLASS: PISCES
• They are exclusively water living
animals.
• Their skin is covered with plates or
scales.
• They obtain oxygen dissolved in water
using gills.
• The body is streamlined and a muscular
tail is used for movement.
• They are cold blooded and their hearts
have only two chambers.
• They lay eggs.
• Some have skeleton system like rohu
and catla but some are entirely made of
cartilages like sharks.

56. CLASS: AMPHIBIA
• These animals differ from the
fish in the lack of scales, in
having mucus glands in the
skin, and a three-chambered
heart.
• Respiration is through either
gills or lungs.
• They lay eggs.
• These animals are found both
in water and on land.
• Frogs, toads and salamanders
are some examples

57. CLASS: REPTILIA
• These animals are cold-blooded,
have scales and breathe through
lungs.
• While most of them have a three-
chambered heart, crocodiles have
four heart chambers.
• They lay eggs with tough
coverings and do not need to lay
their eggs in water, unlike
amphibians.
• Snakes, turtles, lizards and
crocodiles fall in this category

58. CLASS: AVES
• These animals are cold-blooded,
have scales and breathe through
lungs.
• While most of them have a three-
chambered heart, crocodiles have
four heart chambers.
• They lay eggs with tough coverings
and do not need to lay their eggs in
water, unlike amphibians.
• Snakes, turtles, lizards and
crocodiles fall in this category

59. CLASS: MAMMALIA
• Mammals are warm-blooded animals
with four-chambered hearts.
• They have mammary glands for the
production of milk to nourish their
young.
• Their skin has hairs as well as sweat
and oil glands.
• Most mammals familiar to us produce
live young ones.
• However, a few of them, like the
platypus and the echidna lay eggs, and
some, like kangaroos give birth to very
poorly developed young ones.

60. Thank You