The document discusses cell membrane structure and function. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, which is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Membranes organize cellular chemical activities and form boundaries that exhibit selective permeability. Membranes also compartmentalize reactions through internal organelles. Transport across membranes can occur passively through diffusion or facilitated diffusion, or actively through proteins that require energy.
This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and the organization of tissues and tissue systems in flowering plants. It discusses the three main tissue types - meristematic, permanent and complex permanent tissues. It describes the different meristem types and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also summarizes the two complex tissues - xylem and phloem that make up the vascular system. Finally, it outlines the three main tissue systems in plants - the epidermal, vascular and ground tissue systems and their components and functions.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and organelles. It begins with the cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann stating that all living things are composed of cells that arise from pre-existing cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document outlines several cellular structures common to both cell types, such as the cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, and endomembrane system including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. It provides details on the structure and functions of these various organelles.
1. The document discusses the history and development of cell theory from early observations by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and Brown to the formulation of cell theory by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
2. It describes the key components and structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, organelles, cytoskeleton, and DNA.
3. The text provides details on specific organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and describes their functions in cellular processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and digestion.
The document discusses cells and their components. It describes that cells are the fundamental unit of life and contain a nucleus that stores genetic information. The development of the microscope allowed scientists like Hooke and Van Leeuwenhoek to discover and observe cells. Key developments included the identification of plant and animal cells and establishing that all living things are made of one or more cells, leading to the cell theory. The document also describes various cell structures like the cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria and chloroplasts and their functions.
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose.
2. Early experiments by Priestley and Ingenhousz showed that plants release oxygen and restore air contaminated by animals, with Ingenhousz showing sunlight is required.
3. Later experiments determined the sites of photosynthesis within plants (chloroplasts and leaves), identified pigments like chlorophyll, and established the basic chemical equation of photosynthesis involving carbon dioxide, water, oxygen and glucose.
Biological classification involves the study and organization of organisms into a hierarchy of groups and taxa based on their evolutionary relationships and distinguishing characteristics. The main goals are to identify all organisms and determine their evolutionary history. Carl Linnaeus developed the binomial naming system in the 1700s that is still used today. There are several systems that have been proposed to classify life, with newer systems incorporating molecular evidence to revise the evolutionary relationships between domains, kingdoms, and taxa. Prokaryotes like bacteria and archaea are classified based on characteristics like shape, metabolism, and environment. Eukaryotes like protists, fungi, plants and animals are organized into domains, kingdoms and smaller taxa.
Excretory Products and their Elimination Class XI Biology Chapter 19.
Based on NCERT Class XI Biology Text book content.
Includes flowcharts and illustrations.
Cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Unicellular organisms can live independently while multicellular organisms are made of many cells that work together. Cells come in various shapes and sizes depending on their function. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals and fungi. Both have a cell membrane but eukaryotic cells also have organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus that are not present in prokaryotes.
This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and the organization of tissues and tissue systems in flowering plants. It discusses the three main tissue types - meristematic, permanent and complex permanent tissues. It describes the different meristem types and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also summarizes the two complex tissues - xylem and phloem that make up the vascular system. Finally, it outlines the three main tissue systems in plants - the epidermal, vascular and ground tissue systems and their components and functions.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and organelles. It begins with the cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann stating that all living things are composed of cells that arise from pre-existing cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document outlines several cellular structures common to both cell types, such as the cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, and endomembrane system including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. It provides details on the structure and functions of these various organelles.
1. The document discusses the history and development of cell theory from early observations by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and Brown to the formulation of cell theory by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
2. It describes the key components and structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, organelles, cytoskeleton, and DNA.
3. The text provides details on specific organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and describes their functions in cellular processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and digestion.
The document discusses cells and their components. It describes that cells are the fundamental unit of life and contain a nucleus that stores genetic information. The development of the microscope allowed scientists like Hooke and Van Leeuwenhoek to discover and observe cells. Key developments included the identification of plant and animal cells and establishing that all living things are made of one or more cells, leading to the cell theory. The document also describes various cell structures like the cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria and chloroplasts and their functions.
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose.
2. Early experiments by Priestley and Ingenhousz showed that plants release oxygen and restore air contaminated by animals, with Ingenhousz showing sunlight is required.
3. Later experiments determined the sites of photosynthesis within plants (chloroplasts and leaves), identified pigments like chlorophyll, and established the basic chemical equation of photosynthesis involving carbon dioxide, water, oxygen and glucose.
Biological classification involves the study and organization of organisms into a hierarchy of groups and taxa based on their evolutionary relationships and distinguishing characteristics. The main goals are to identify all organisms and determine their evolutionary history. Carl Linnaeus developed the binomial naming system in the 1700s that is still used today. There are several systems that have been proposed to classify life, with newer systems incorporating molecular evidence to revise the evolutionary relationships between domains, kingdoms, and taxa. Prokaryotes like bacteria and archaea are classified based on characteristics like shape, metabolism, and environment. Eukaryotes like protists, fungi, plants and animals are organized into domains, kingdoms and smaller taxa.
Excretory Products and their Elimination Class XI Biology Chapter 19.
Based on NCERT Class XI Biology Text book content.
Includes flowcharts and illustrations.
Cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Unicellular organisms can live independently while multicellular organisms are made of many cells that work together. Cells come in various shapes and sizes depending on their function. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals and fungi. Both have a cell membrane but eukaryotic cells also have organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus that are not present in prokaryotes.
Ch 08 - Cell : The unit of Life || Class 11 ||SAQIB AHMED
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining a slice of cork under a microscope. He saw small compartments separated by walls, which he called cells.
- The Cell Theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann, states that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things, new cells arise from existing cells, and all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound structures.
1) The document discusses the reproductive structures of flowering plants, including flowers, stamens, anthers, pistils, ovules, and the processes of pollination and fertilization.
2) It describes the development of male gametophytes (pollen grains) from microspores in the anther and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) from megaspores in the ovule.
3) After pollination and germination of the pollen tube, double fertilization occurs where two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cells, forming the zygote and endosperm respectively.
The document summarizes the three main tissue systems in flowering plants:
1. The epidermal tissue system forms the outer covering of the plant and includes the epidermis, stomata, and epidermal appendages.
2. The ground tissue system lies below the epidermis and includes regions like the hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, and pith that are involved in storage.
3. The vascular tissue system comprises the conducting tissues xylem and phloem which occur in vascular bundles and transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
The document summarizes R.H. Whittaker's five kingdom classification system from 1969. It describes the key characteristics of each kingdom - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera contains prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and archaea. Protista contains unicellular eukaryotes. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that absorb nutrients. Plantae contains photosynthetic eukaryotes. Animalia are multicellular heterotrophs that ingest food. The classification system aimed to group organisms based on cell structure, nutrition, and evolutionary relationships.
This document discusses types of movement in the human body including amoeboid, ciliary, and muscular movement. It then provides details on the structure of skeletal muscle including that it is made of fascicles containing muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber contains actin and myosin filaments. The myosin filament has a globular head that binds to actin and uses ATP for muscle contraction. The document also lists some muscular and skeletal disorders like myasthenia gravis and arthritis. In the end, it discusses the importance of addressing soil pollution to avoid issues like reduced crop yields and food shortages.
This document discusses plant anatomy and the internal structures of flowering plants. It describes the two main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are zones of active cell division, while permanent tissues are specialized and lose the ability to divide. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant, while phloem transports food materials. The document also discusses tissue systems like the epidermal, ground, and vascular systems and provides examples of anatomical structures in dicotyledonous stems, monocotyledonous stems,
- Cells are the fundamental unit of life and all organisms are made up of one or more cells.
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 while examining a slice of cork under a microscope.
- The cell theory established that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
The document discusses the classification of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It describes the key criteria used for animal classification, including the number of germ layers, body plan, symmetry, body cavity, segmentation, and body support structures. It then provides details on some of the major non-chordate phyla, including Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, and Mollusca. It outlines distinguishing morphological and anatomical features of animals within these phyla.
Plant kingdom (11th Biology) for complete 11th and 12th notes 1999 and for PP...ASM NAFIS BIOLOGY
This document provides information about the plant kingdom and various plant groups. It discusses:
1. Algae are the simplest plant life, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. They reproduce sexually and asexually and have economic uses like food production and industrial products.
2. Bryophytes were the first plants to colonize land. They lack true roots and vascular tissues but have leaf-like structures. They reproduce sexually through sperm and eggs that require water.
3. Pteridophytes were the first vascular plants. They have true roots, stems and leaves with vascular tissues. They reproduce sexually through gametophytes that produce sperm and eggs requiring water for fertilization.
Cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Cells can be classified as prokaryotic, which lack organelles and a nucleus, or eukaryotic, which contain organelles and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells can be single-celled or multi-cellular, and multi-cellular organisms contain specialized cells that perform distinct functions like transport, storage, photosynthesis, and more.
This document summarizes the structure and function of blood and the circulatory system. It describes that blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also discusses the different blood types based on antigens on red blood cells. Furthermore, it explains the closed double circulatory system in humans, describing the structure and function of the heart in pumping blood through the arteries and veins to oxygenate tissues before returning to the heart.
In this power point presentation, we discuss about how movement and locomotion takes place in Humans. We discuss about various types of muscles present in humans, how those muscles contract. Also we discuss about the human skeletal system with all the bones and joints in the human body
DETAILED CHAPTER OF BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION.
WELL EXPLAINED WITH DIAGRAM. WELL ORGANISED POWER[POINT TEMPLATES. SHORT AND PRECISE NOTES. WELL DEFINED TOPICS FOR EACH SUBJECTS.
Neural control and coordination ppt presentation class 11 biology ncert basedpalmanish
1. The document provides information about neural control and coordination from the NCERT biology textbook. It describes the structure and function of the nervous system, including neurons, nerve impulses, and reflex actions.
2. Key parts of the central nervous system like the brain, spinal cord, and various brain regions are defined. The processes of vision and hearing are also summarized.
3. Coordination between different body systems like the neural and endocrine systems is explained. Sensory receptors and effector organs are described in the context of reflex arcs.
The document describes the four basic types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and neural tissue. It provides details about the structure and functions of each type of tissue. Epithelial tissues cover and line body surfaces. Connective tissues connect, support and integrate organs. Muscle tissues allow body movement. Neural tissues control and coordinate body functions.
The document provides information on the kingdom Plantae, specifically focusing on algae and bryophytes.
[1] It describes the characteristics of algae, including their sizes, shapes, pigments, food storage, and modes of reproduction. [2] Bryophytes are described as the first land plants and having a thalloid plant body without roots or leaves. They reproduce sexually through gametophytes and sporophytes. [3] Pteridophytes are vascular plants that exhibit alternation of generations between free-living gametophytes and sporophytes.
The document summarizes key aspects of excretion and kidney function. It discusses the different types of nitrogenous waste excretion in animals (ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism). It then describes the structure and function of the kidney, including the roles of nephrons, glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion in urine formation. Feedback mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin system and atrial natriuretic factor that regulate kidney function are also outlined.
1) The body of the earthworm is divided into over 100 segments that are similar. It has a clitellum, a prostomium, and genital openings.
2) The digestive system includes a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, midgut, and hindgut. The circulatory system is closed.
3) The excretory system includes nephridia and nephridiopores. Earthworms are hermaphrodites with both male and female reproductive organs.
The document discusses the structural organization of animal tissues. It describes the four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and neural. Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces and cavities. Connective tissue provides structure and binds other tissues. Muscle tissue functions to contract, while neural tissue controls the body's responses. The document then provides examples like earthworm anatomy to illustrate these tissue types and their functions in animal bodies.
This document provides information on analyzing the chemical composition of living tissues and the different types of biomolecules found. It explains that grinding tissue releases two fractions - an acid-soluble pool containing small molecules under 800 Daltons, and an acid-insoluble pellet containing four main macromolecule types: proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids. Lipids are included in the insoluble fraction due to how cell membranes break up during grinding. The document then provides details on the structures and functions of these main biomolecule classes.
The Fundamental Unit Of Life Class 9th By ADHWEAT GUPTAAdhweat Gupta
The document discusses the basic unit of life - the cell. It describes that cells can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The key components of a typical cell are the cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm and nucleus. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material in the form of chromosomes and controls cell activities. The discovery of cells is also summarized, noting that Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 and Leeuwenhoek later studied living cells under a microscope.
The document discusses the key characteristics and components of cells. It states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life and is the structural and functional basic unit that makes up the whole body. Cells come in both unicellular and multicellular forms. The cell consists of various organelles that allow it to carry out its functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Cells can also be categorized as prokaryotic or eukaryotic based on their structure. The document further describes the roles and characteristics of various cell organelles and components like the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It also explains
Ch 08 - Cell : The unit of Life || Class 11 ||SAQIB AHMED
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining a slice of cork under a microscope. He saw small compartments separated by walls, which he called cells.
- The Cell Theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann, states that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things, new cells arise from existing cells, and all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound structures.
1) The document discusses the reproductive structures of flowering plants, including flowers, stamens, anthers, pistils, ovules, and the processes of pollination and fertilization.
2) It describes the development of male gametophytes (pollen grains) from microspores in the anther and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) from megaspores in the ovule.
3) After pollination and germination of the pollen tube, double fertilization occurs where two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cells, forming the zygote and endosperm respectively.
The document summarizes the three main tissue systems in flowering plants:
1. The epidermal tissue system forms the outer covering of the plant and includes the epidermis, stomata, and epidermal appendages.
2. The ground tissue system lies below the epidermis and includes regions like the hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, and pith that are involved in storage.
3. The vascular tissue system comprises the conducting tissues xylem and phloem which occur in vascular bundles and transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
The document summarizes R.H. Whittaker's five kingdom classification system from 1969. It describes the key characteristics of each kingdom - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera contains prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and archaea. Protista contains unicellular eukaryotes. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that absorb nutrients. Plantae contains photosynthetic eukaryotes. Animalia are multicellular heterotrophs that ingest food. The classification system aimed to group organisms based on cell structure, nutrition, and evolutionary relationships.
This document discusses types of movement in the human body including amoeboid, ciliary, and muscular movement. It then provides details on the structure of skeletal muscle including that it is made of fascicles containing muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber contains actin and myosin filaments. The myosin filament has a globular head that binds to actin and uses ATP for muscle contraction. The document also lists some muscular and skeletal disorders like myasthenia gravis and arthritis. In the end, it discusses the importance of addressing soil pollution to avoid issues like reduced crop yields and food shortages.
This document discusses plant anatomy and the internal structures of flowering plants. It describes the two main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are zones of active cell division, while permanent tissues are specialized and lose the ability to divide. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant, while phloem transports food materials. The document also discusses tissue systems like the epidermal, ground, and vascular systems and provides examples of anatomical structures in dicotyledonous stems, monocotyledonous stems,
- Cells are the fundamental unit of life and all organisms are made up of one or more cells.
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 while examining a slice of cork under a microscope.
- The cell theory established that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
The document discusses the classification of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It describes the key criteria used for animal classification, including the number of germ layers, body plan, symmetry, body cavity, segmentation, and body support structures. It then provides details on some of the major non-chordate phyla, including Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, and Mollusca. It outlines distinguishing morphological and anatomical features of animals within these phyla.
Plant kingdom (11th Biology) for complete 11th and 12th notes 1999 and for PP...ASM NAFIS BIOLOGY
This document provides information about the plant kingdom and various plant groups. It discusses:
1. Algae are the simplest plant life, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. They reproduce sexually and asexually and have economic uses like food production and industrial products.
2. Bryophytes were the first plants to colonize land. They lack true roots and vascular tissues but have leaf-like structures. They reproduce sexually through sperm and eggs that require water.
3. Pteridophytes were the first vascular plants. They have true roots, stems and leaves with vascular tissues. They reproduce sexually through gametophytes that produce sperm and eggs requiring water for fertilization.
Cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Cells can be classified as prokaryotic, which lack organelles and a nucleus, or eukaryotic, which contain organelles and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells can be single-celled or multi-cellular, and multi-cellular organisms contain specialized cells that perform distinct functions like transport, storage, photosynthesis, and more.
This document summarizes the structure and function of blood and the circulatory system. It describes that blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also discusses the different blood types based on antigens on red blood cells. Furthermore, it explains the closed double circulatory system in humans, describing the structure and function of the heart in pumping blood through the arteries and veins to oxygenate tissues before returning to the heart.
In this power point presentation, we discuss about how movement and locomotion takes place in Humans. We discuss about various types of muscles present in humans, how those muscles contract. Also we discuss about the human skeletal system with all the bones and joints in the human body
DETAILED CHAPTER OF BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION.
WELL EXPLAINED WITH DIAGRAM. WELL ORGANISED POWER[POINT TEMPLATES. SHORT AND PRECISE NOTES. WELL DEFINED TOPICS FOR EACH SUBJECTS.
Neural control and coordination ppt presentation class 11 biology ncert basedpalmanish
1. The document provides information about neural control and coordination from the NCERT biology textbook. It describes the structure and function of the nervous system, including neurons, nerve impulses, and reflex actions.
2. Key parts of the central nervous system like the brain, spinal cord, and various brain regions are defined. The processes of vision and hearing are also summarized.
3. Coordination between different body systems like the neural and endocrine systems is explained. Sensory receptors and effector organs are described in the context of reflex arcs.
The document describes the four basic types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and neural tissue. It provides details about the structure and functions of each type of tissue. Epithelial tissues cover and line body surfaces. Connective tissues connect, support and integrate organs. Muscle tissues allow body movement. Neural tissues control and coordinate body functions.
The document provides information on the kingdom Plantae, specifically focusing on algae and bryophytes.
[1] It describes the characteristics of algae, including their sizes, shapes, pigments, food storage, and modes of reproduction. [2] Bryophytes are described as the first land plants and having a thalloid plant body without roots or leaves. They reproduce sexually through gametophytes and sporophytes. [3] Pteridophytes are vascular plants that exhibit alternation of generations between free-living gametophytes and sporophytes.
The document summarizes key aspects of excretion and kidney function. It discusses the different types of nitrogenous waste excretion in animals (ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism). It then describes the structure and function of the kidney, including the roles of nephrons, glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion in urine formation. Feedback mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin system and atrial natriuretic factor that regulate kidney function are also outlined.
1) The body of the earthworm is divided into over 100 segments that are similar. It has a clitellum, a prostomium, and genital openings.
2) The digestive system includes a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, midgut, and hindgut. The circulatory system is closed.
3) The excretory system includes nephridia and nephridiopores. Earthworms are hermaphrodites with both male and female reproductive organs.
The document discusses the structural organization of animal tissues. It describes the four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and neural. Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces and cavities. Connective tissue provides structure and binds other tissues. Muscle tissue functions to contract, while neural tissue controls the body's responses. The document then provides examples like earthworm anatomy to illustrate these tissue types and their functions in animal bodies.
This document provides information on analyzing the chemical composition of living tissues and the different types of biomolecules found. It explains that grinding tissue releases two fractions - an acid-soluble pool containing small molecules under 800 Daltons, and an acid-insoluble pellet containing four main macromolecule types: proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids. Lipids are included in the insoluble fraction due to how cell membranes break up during grinding. The document then provides details on the structures and functions of these main biomolecule classes.
The Fundamental Unit Of Life Class 9th By ADHWEAT GUPTAAdhweat Gupta
The document discusses the basic unit of life - the cell. It describes that cells can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The key components of a typical cell are the cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm and nucleus. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material in the form of chromosomes and controls cell activities. The discovery of cells is also summarized, noting that Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 and Leeuwenhoek later studied living cells under a microscope.
The document discusses the key characteristics and components of cells. It states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life and is the structural and functional basic unit that makes up the whole body. Cells come in both unicellular and multicellular forms. The cell consists of various organelles that allow it to carry out its functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Cells can also be categorized as prokaryotic or eukaryotic based on their structure. The document further describes the roles and characteristics of various cell organelles and components like the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It also explains
Cell The structural and functional unit of life. A lesson for std VIII Biology AP State Cell Diversity Types of cells Microscope structure, cell organelle differences of plant and animal cells prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells cell theory, scientists worked for invention of cell
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. They contain organelles that allow specific functions like protein production, energy generation, waste digestion, and more. The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell and provides structure and protection. Plant and animal cells differ in their additional structures - plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, while animal cells do not have cell walls.
This document summarizes the key components and functions of cells. It describes that cells are the fundamental unit of life and consists of organelles like the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and centrioles (in animal cells). It provides details on the structures and roles of these various organelle in supporting cellular processes.
1. The document discusses the basic unit of life - the cell. It describes key details about plant cells, animal cells, and the history of cell discovery.
2. Specific organelles of the endomembrane system are described in detail, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
3. Other organelles like mitochondria and plastids are also explained briefly, focusing on their structures, locations in the cell, and main functions. A list of references concludes the document.
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
1. The document provides an introduction to science, discussing topics like what science is, the scientific method, and laboratory equipment.
2. It also covers cells as the basic unit of life, explaining the structures and functions of plant and animal cells.
3. The document discusses the states and properties of matter, and differentiates among elements, compounds, and mixtures.
The document discusses various life processes including nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion. It provides details on the modes of nutrition like autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. It describes the process of photosynthesis in plants and the steps of digestion and absorption of food in humans. It explains the two types of respiration - aerobic and anaerobic respiration. It discusses the circulatory system in humans involving the heart, blood vessels and blood. It also describes the transportation of materials in plants through xylem and phloem. The removal of waste through specialized organs like kidneys is discussed under the topic of excretion.
The document describes the evolution of classification systems for living organisms from the original two kingdom system proposed by Linnaeus to the five kingdom system currently in use. It outlines the key characteristics used to classify organisms into the kingdoms of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. For each kingdom, it provides examples of phyla and details about their structures and traits. The hierarchical levels of classification from kingdom down to species are also defined.
The document describes the key characteristics of five animal classes: Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. Pisces are cold-blooded fish with scales, fins, gills, and external fertilization. Amphibians can breathe through gills or lungs and lay eggs but undergo metamorphosis, while Reptiles are cold-blooded, lay eggs with scales or none, and breathe through lungs. Birds are warm-blooded, have feathers and beaks, lay hard-shelled eggs, and have wings and hollow bones. Mammals are warm-blooded, have hair, nourish young with mammary glands, breathe through lungs,
Cl 10 management of natural resources p jhaPriya Jha
It is a type of management of natural resources which encourages the utilization of resources that meet current basic needs, while preserving the resources for the needs of future generations.
Farmers using quality seeds, adopting irrigation, using fertilizers, and crop protection measures will see the greatest benefits in terms of increased crop production. Preventive measures and biological controls are preferred over chemicals for protecting crops as chemicals can harm plants, animals, and the environment. Cattle farming improves cattle breeds by crossbreeding varieties to produce new varieties with desired traits like increased milk production or disease resistance.
1. The document discusses the key characteristics of different animal phyla including Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata.
2. It describes their body structures, level of organization, symmetry, digestive and circulatory systems, reproduction, and examples of each phylum.
3. The main distinguishing features between chordates and non-chordates are discussed, such as the presence of a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail, and closed circulatory system in
Food comes from either plants or animals. Many foods like pasta, cereal, flour and juice come from plants like wheat and fruits, while other foods like eggs, cheese, meat, fish and sausage come from animals like chickens, cows and pigs. Understanding where different foods originate can help young children learn about nutrition and agriculture.
This document summarizes key aspects of digestion and absorption in the human digestive system. It describes the stages of digestion that occur in the mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Maximum absorption occurs in the small intestine through active transport, facilitated transport and diffusion. Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed via micelles and chylomicrons. The document also briefly outlines common digestive disorders like infections, jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and indigestion.
open it get everything clear
you can get exercise question also in ppt
this ppt can make clear every single thing in this chapter
diversity in living organisms class 9
This document summarizes the process of reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the main parts of a flower including the petals, sepals, stamen and carpel. It then explains the structures of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers and how they differ in attracting pollinators. The process of pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal are outlined, from the transfer of pollen grains to the growth of seeds away from the parent plant. Key terms such as self-pollination and cross-pollination are also defined.
Cell basic unit of life Biology Chapter No 4Sajjad Mirani
This Slide Contain All Basic Terms and Detail Of Cell With Pictures New Course Of Sindh Text Book Board
By Sajjad Hussain Mirani Sindh University Jamshoro
The document discusses the structure and function of cells and microscopes. It introduces the cell theory that all organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function. It describes the components of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and various organelles. It also discusses the types of microscopes used to study cells, such as compound, electron, and scanning electron microscopes.
This document discusses cellular transport mechanisms. It describes the cell membrane and its composition of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. It then explains various transport mechanisms including passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport is also discussed, which requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient. Different types of active transport and the sodium-potassium pump example are provided. Bulk transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis are summarized.
The plasma membrane forms a boundary around cells and controls what enters and exits. It is made of a phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and cholesterol. The bilayer forms a fluid mosaic with phospholipids providing structure and proteins facilitating functions like transport. Transport across the membrane includes passive diffusion of lipids and active transport of ions and molecules using protein carriers fueled by energy. Endocytosis and exocytosis move larger particles in and out using vesicles. Cell junctions allow communication between animal and plant cells.
Biological membrane and transport BY Mohammadali mohammadali783
The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport to maintain concentration gradients across the plasma membrane. It pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients. This is achieved through an integral membrane protein called Na+-K+ ATPase which hydrolyzes ATP to provide the energy for transport. The pump helps establish a low intracellular sodium and high potassium concentration which is important for cell functions like nerve impulse transmission and protein synthesis.
The document provides an overview of membrane structure and function:
1. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, which explains that membranes are composed of a bilayer of phospholipids embedded with integral and peripheral proteins that give the membrane a fluid structure.
2. The key components of cell membranes are phospholipids, cholesterol, and integral and peripheral proteins. Transport proteins like channel and carrier proteins allow selective permeability across the membrane.
3. Membrane proteins have a variety of important roles including cell-cell recognition, transport, enzymatic activity, and attachment to intracellular structures. The fluid mosaic structure and selective permeability of membranes allows them to regulate cellular traffic.
The presentation constitutes basics about membrane structures and transport mechanisms.
Involves constituents of the membranous structure, several transport features and major functions of the membrane proteins
All the topics have been explained in a quite simple and efficient manner along with proper images so that the viewer doesn't feel the lack of content.
The cell membrane regulates the movement of materials in and out of cells. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates embedded. The membrane maintains homeostasis by transporting nutrients into the cell and waste out, while preventing unwanted substances from entering or needed materials from leaving. Transport occurs through diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and bulk transport like endocytosis and exocytosis.
The document summarizes the structure and function of biological membranes. It discusses how membranes are made of a phospholipid bilayer that forms a fluid mosaic with embedded and attached proteins. Membranes have several general functions, including holding cells together, signaling, binding to other cells/molecules, and selectively controlling what enters and leaves cells. The document also describes different models of membrane structure over time, settling on the fluid mosaic model. It then explains the different mechanisms of membrane transport, including diffusion, osmosis, and carrier-assisted transport, as well as the factors that influence diffusion rates.
In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.
The plasma membrane separates a cell's internal environment from the outside world. It is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins embedded. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination of lipids and proteins that can freely move about. Materials pass through the membrane via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Large particles and molecules enter and exit the cell through endocytosis and exocytosis.
The document discusses several key functions and properties of cell membranes:
- It describes how the fluidity of membranes allows for lateral movement of lipids and proteins, and is influenced by temperature and fatty acid composition.
- The major functions of cell membranes are to regulate passage of substances, detect chemical messengers, link adjacent cells, and anchor cells.
- Transport across membranes can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion using channel proteins, or active transport using carrier proteins that require ATP.
- Membranes also allow vesicular transport of larger molecules via endocytosis and exocytosis.
- Osmosis allows for diffusion of water across membranes down its concentration gradient. Tonicity refers to cell volume changes in different solutions.
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that surrounds cells and controls what enters and leaves. It is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Transport across the membrane can occur passively via diffusion or facilitated diffusion, or actively via protein transporters that require energy. Passive transport moves molecules down their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport moves molecules against their gradient by using ATP. Endocytosis and exocytosis involve vesicles budding inward or outward to transport larger cargo. The membrane plays key roles in homeostasis, signaling, anchoring, and compartmentalization within cells.
This document provides information about the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells. It discusses the key organelles found in cells like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and cytoskeleton. It explains their roles and comparative differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Additionally, it covers the plasma membrane structure and fluid mosaic model. Finally, it summarizes different cell transport mechanisms including passive transport processes like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis as well as active transport mechanisms like protein pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
This document provides an overview of cell membrane transport. It discusses the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and describes the various transport mechanisms like passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis and exocytosis. It explains the structures involved in transport like membrane proteins, channels, carriers and pumps. It also differentiates between osmoregulation in plant and animal cells and the importance of selective permeability and maintaining ion gradients.
The document discusses transport of nutrients, ions, and macromolecules across cell membranes. It explains that the plasma membrane acts as a semi-permeable barrier that allows selective transport through passive or active mechanisms. Passive transport includes osmosis, simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion, which move molecules down concentration gradients without energy. Active transport uses membrane proteins like ion pumps and carriers to move molecules against gradients, requiring energy sources like ATP. Transport proteins include channels, carriers, and pumps that facilitate movement of nutrients across membranes.
The document summarizes membrane transport mechanisms including endocytosis and exocytosis. It discusses passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also describes active transport mechanisms like primary and secondary active transport. Furthermore, it provides details about endocytosis pathways such as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis. Lastly, it explains the process of exocytosis and the different types.
The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. It is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded. Materials move across the membrane through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport using protein channels and pumps. Water moves across the membrane through osmosis to equalize its concentration gradient. Large particles enter through endocytosis using vesicles formed from the membrane.
Structure and functions of cell, transport across cell membrane, cell
division, cell junctions. General principles of cell communication,
the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body
The basic tenets of the cell theory are as follows:
All living things are made up of one or more cells.
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.
Cells come from pre-existing cells through the process of division.
All cells are the same in regard to chemical composition.
Cells also communicate with each other. Whether in plants, humans, or animals, they connect to create a solid, well formed organism. In humans, cells build tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together to keep the body alive.
Experts estimate that there are around 200Trusted Source cell types in the human body.
Rhode Island is the smallest U.S. state. It is bordered by Massachusetts on the north and east and Connecticut on the west. Rhode Island is home to a tremendous amount of visitor attractions and amenities within its borders. With beautiful beaches, exciting cultural attractions and a renowned dining scene, the Ocean State is a perfect spot for a visit.
Harvard University is a privateresearch University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and among the most prestigious in the world.
The document summarizes a visit to the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) Museum on May 29, 2022. It provides details about the museum's collection, which contains around 100,000 objects from around the world showcasing art and artifacts from ancient Egypt, Asia, Africa, ancient Greece and Rome, Europe, and the Americas. The museum houses works from prominent artists such as Picasso, Monet, Manet, and Warhol. It is dedicated to interpreting art and design from diverse cultures and educating people of all ages.
The Breakers is the grandest of Newport's summer cottages in Rhode Island, USA. and a great tourist place and the present cost of the mansion may be more than 150 million dollars.
The hypothalamus produces both releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the pituitary gland. Releasing hormones stimulate pituitary hormone secretion while inhibiting hormones inhibit secretion. For example, GnRH stimulates gonadotropin release from the pituitary while somatostatin inhibits growth hormone release. The pituitary gland is divided into the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis secretes TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH, prolactin and MSH which regulate other endocrine glands. The neurohypophysis stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin from the hypothalamus.
The document discusses the structure and function of the human neural and sensory systems. It describes the central nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. It explains the divisions of the brain including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. It also discusses the autonomic nervous system and its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Additionally, it summarizes the structure and function of the eye and ear as sensory organs.
The document summarizes the circulatory system and heart function. It discusses how the circulatory system transports digested food throughout the body using blood pumped by the heart. The heart is the organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system. It describes the cardiac cycle which involves atrial systole, ventricular systole, and joint diastole. It also discusses the pacemaker region that initiates heart contractions, conducting pathways of the heartbeat, and average heart rates at rest for infants, children, and adults.
Respiration involves breathing, gas diffusion, transport, and cellular gas exchange. Breathing is driven by contractions and relaxations of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which increase and decrease the thoracic cavity volume. This creates pressure gradients that draw air into and out of the lungs. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood capillaries, where it binds to hemoglobin and is transported to tissues. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction and is transported back to the lungs. The respiratory centers in the brain regulate breathing to maintain appropriate gas levels.
This document summarizes plant mineral nutrition and the nitrogen cycle. It discusses how plants absorb essential elements and classifies them as macronutrients or micronutrients. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are identified as important macronutrients. The nitrogen cycle is then described, including nitrogen fixation by nitrogen-fixing bacteria through symbiotic root nodules in legumes. The key steps of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification are outlined.
1) Glucose is the preferred substrate for respiration in plants, with all other carbohydrates first converted to glucose before entering the respiratory pathway. Fats must be broken down to glycerol and fatty acids first before entering, and proteins are degraded into individual amino acids.
2) While respiration involves substrate breakdown, and was traditionally viewed as catabolic, the respiratory pathway is actually involved in both catabolism and anabolism. Intermediates from the pathway are withdrawn for biosynthesis of substrates like fatty acids.
3) Therefore, the respiratory pathway is more accurately considered an amphibolic pathway involved in both breakdown and synthesis, rather than solely a catabolic one.
1. Multicellular plants need transport systems to move water, minerals, and sugars throughout their large structures since single cells rely on diffusion.
2. Xylem tissue transports water and minerals up from the roots through the stem and into leaves. Phloem tissue transports sugars made in leaves to other plant parts.
3. In roots, xylem forms a cross-shape in the center with phloem between the arms. In stems, xylem and phloem bundles are arranged around the edges. In leaves, xylem is closer to the top surface and phloem is below.
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division. It begins by listing the chromosome numbers of various organisms. It then describes the two main phases of the cell cycle as interphase and mitosis. Interphase is further divided into G1, S, and G2 phases. The S phase involves DNA replication where each DNA molecule forms two DNA molecules. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes align and separate. The document also discusses the key events that occur during each phase of mitosis.
This document discusses different types of inflorescences (flower arrangements) in plants. It begins by defining the technical term "inflorescence" as a cluster of flowers. There are two main types of inflorescences: racemose and cymose. Racemose inflorescences have an unlimited growth axis and acropetal flower arrangement, with examples given as raceme, spike, spadix, corymb, umbel and capitulum (head). Cymose inflorescences have a limited growth axis and basipetal flower arrangement, with examples of uniparous (monochasial), biparous and polychasial cymes. Specific plant examples are
Flowers contain reproductive organs called stamens and carpels. Stamens contain pollen and carpels contain ovaries with egg cells. Flowers can be unisexual with only stamens or carpels, or bisexual with both. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from stamen to carpel, allowing the male gamete in pollen to fuse with the female gamete in the ovule through a pollen tube. This fertilization produces a seed containing an embryo inside the ovary, which develops into a fruit.
Natural resources can be renewable like air, water and sunlight or non-renewable like minerals and fossil fuels. Proper management of natural resources requires a long-term perspective to ensure their availability for future generations as well as equitable distribution. This involves judicious use, long-term planning, and responsible exploitation and waste disposal. People's participation is important for effective natural resource management as seen in the successful revival of degraded forests in West Bengal through local community involvement.
The document discusses the effects of human waste on the environment, describing biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. It then explains key components of ecosystems like producers, consumers, decomposers and trophic levels. Food chains and webs are described along with how energy decreases at each trophic level. The document also discusses how harmful chemicals can biomagnify up food chains. Finally, it covers several human impacts like ozone layer depletion and different methods for managing garbage.
- The document discusses heredity, which is the transfer of traits from parents to offspring, and variations among individuals of the same species.
- It describes Mendel's experiments with pea plants which determined the rules of inheritance and established the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
- Evolution occurs through natural selection, where inherited variations arise due to inaccuracies in DNA copying and some variations help organisms survive and reproduce more successfully in their environment.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to produce offspring that contain a mix of characteristics from both parents. This allows for more variations in offspring, which is advantageous for species survival when environmental conditions change. Variations in offspring increase the chance that some will possess traits making them resistant to new threats. Sexual reproduction requires contributions from both sexes through their different gametes - sperm from males and eggs from females.
Reproduction enables the continuity of species through generations. Sexual reproduction involves two individuals while asexual reproduction involves a single individual. Unicellular organisms reproduce through cell division while multicellular organisms use specialized reproductive organs. Asexual reproduction methods include fission, fragmentation, budding, regeneration, vegetative propagation, and spore formation. Vegetative propagation uses plant parts like stems, leaves, and roots to generate new plants.
Control and coordination are essential in living organisms. The nervous system provides control and coordination in animals through receptors, nerves, and the brain and spinal cord. In plants, coordination occurs through growth-dependent and independent movements like tropisms and nastic movements in response to stimuli. Hormones play a key role in homeostasis, growth, and development in both animals and plants through feedback mechanisms.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
9. Membrane FunctionMembrane Function
• Membranes organize the chemicalMembranes organize the chemical
activities of cells.activities of cells.
• The outer plasma membraneThe outer plasma membrane
– forms a boundary between a living cell and itsforms a boundary between a living cell and its
surroundingssurroundings
– Exhibits selective permeabilityExhibits selective permeability
• Controls traffic of molecules in and outControls traffic of molecules in and out
10. Membrane FunctionMembrane Function
• Internal membranes provide structuralInternal membranes provide structural
order for metabolismorder for metabolism
• Form the cell's organellesForm the cell's organelles
• Compartmentalize chemical reactionsCompartmentalize chemical reactions
11. Fluid Mosaic Model of the PMFluid Mosaic Model of the PM
• A membrane is a mosaicA membrane is a mosaic
– Proteins and other molecules are embeddedProteins and other molecules are embedded
in a framework of phospholipidsin a framework of phospholipids
• A membrane is fluidA membrane is fluid
– Most protein and phospholipid molecules canMost protein and phospholipid molecules can
move laterallymove laterally
13. Membrane StructureMembrane Structure
All membranes are phospholipid bilayersAll membranes are phospholipid bilayers
with embedded proteins.with embedded proteins.
Label the:
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails
Phospholipid Bilayer
14.
15. • Embedded in the bilayer are proteinsEmbedded in the bilayer are proteins
– Most of the membrane’s functions areMost of the membrane’s functions are
accomplished by the embeddedaccomplished by the embedded
proteins.proteins.
• Integral proteinsIntegral proteins span the membranespan the membrane
• Peripheral proteinsPeripheral proteins are on one side or the other ofare on one side or the other of
the membranethe membrane
16. Plasma Membrane ComponentsPlasma Membrane Components
• GlycoproteinsGlycoproteins andand glycolipidsglycolipids areare
proteins/lipids with short chainproteins/lipids with short chain
carbohydrates attached on thecarbohydrates attached on the
extracellular side of the membrane.extracellular side of the membrane.
19. • Many membrane proteins areMany membrane proteins are enzymesenzymes
– This is especially important on theThis is especially important on the
membranes of organelles.membranes of organelles.
20. • Signal transduction (receptor) proteinsSignal transduction (receptor) proteins
bind hormones and other substances onbind hormones and other substances on
the outside of the cell.the outside of the cell.
– Binding triggers a change inside the cell.Binding triggers a change inside the cell.
• Called signal transductionCalled signal transduction
• Example: The binding of insulin to insulin receptorsExample: The binding of insulin to insulin receptors
causes the cell to put glucose transport proteinscauses the cell to put glucose transport proteins
into the membrane.into the membrane.
22. Transport ProteinsTransport Proteins
• Passive Transport ProteinsPassive Transport Proteins
– allow water soluble substances (small polarallow water soluble substances (small polar
molecules and ions) to pass through themolecules and ions) to pass through the
membrane without any energy costmembrane without any energy cost
• Active Transport ProteinsActive Transport Proteins
– The cell expends energy to transport waterThe cell expends energy to transport water
soluble substancessoluble substances againstagainst theirtheir
concentration gradientconcentration gradient
24. Transport of Substances AcrossTransport of Substances Across
the Plasma Membrane (PM)the Plasma Membrane (PM)
1.1. Passive TransportPassive Transport
– (Simple) Diffusion (5.3)(Simple) Diffusion (5.3)
– Facilitated diffusion (5.6)Facilitated diffusion (5.6)
– Osmosis (5.4, 5.5)Osmosis (5.4, 5.5)
1.1. Active Transport (5.8)Active Transport (5.8)
2.2. Bulk Flow (5.9)Bulk Flow (5.9)
– EndocytosisEndocytosis
– ExocytosisExocytosis
25. Passive TransportPassive Transport
• InIn passive transportpassive transport substances crosssubstances cross
the membrane bythe membrane by diffusiondiffusion
– Diffusion - net movement of substances fromDiffusion - net movement of substances from
an area of high concentration to lowan area of high concentration to low
concentrationconcentration
• no energy requiredno energy required
27. Simple DiffusionSimple Diffusion
• Nonpolar, hydrophobic moleculesNonpolar, hydrophobic molecules diffusediffuse
directly through the lipid bilayerdirectly through the lipid bilayer
– Simple diffusion does not require the use ofSimple diffusion does not require the use of
transport proteins.transport proteins.
– Examples: OExamples: O22, CO, CO22, steroids, steroids
• Polar, hydrophilic substancesPolar, hydrophilic substances cannotcannot passpass
directly through the lipid bilayerdirectly through the lipid bilayer
– Examples: water, ions, carbohydratesExamples: water, ions, carbohydrates
29. Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion
• In facilitated diffusion small polarIn facilitated diffusion small polar
molecules and ions diffuse throughmolecules and ions diffuse through
passive transport proteinspassive transport proteins..
– No energy neededNo energy needed
• Most passive transport proteins are soluteMost passive transport proteins are solute
specificspecific
• Example: glucose enter/leaves cellsExample: glucose enter/leaves cells
through facilitated diffusionthrough facilitated diffusion
31. OsmosisOsmosis
• Osmosis – diffusion of water across aOsmosis – diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membraneselectively permeable membrane
• Water moves from an area of _______Water moves from an area of _______
water concentration to an area of _____water concentration to an area of _____
water conc.water conc.
– Is energy required ?Is energy required ?
• Water travels in/out of the cell throughWater travels in/out of the cell through
aquaporinsaquaporins
32. Osmosis TermsOsmosis Terms
Consider two solutions separatedConsider two solutions separated
by a plasma membrane.by a plasma membrane.
• HypertonicHypertonic
– solution with a relatively high concentration of solutesolution with a relatively high concentration of solute
• HypotonicHypotonic
– solution with a relatively low concentration of solutesolution with a relatively low concentration of solute
• IsotonicIsotonic
– solutions with the same solute concentrationsolutions with the same solute concentration
36. OsmosisOsmosis
• When a Cell is Placed in a HypotonicWhen a Cell is Placed in a Hypotonic
SolutionSolution
– Water concentration is _________ the cell.Water concentration is _________ the cell.
– Water flows ___________ the cell.Water flows ___________ the cell.
37. OsmosisOsmosis
• When a Cell is Placed in a HypertonicWhen a Cell is Placed in a Hypertonic
SolutionSolution
– Water concentration is _________ the cell.Water concentration is _________ the cell.
– Water flows ___________ the cell.Water flows ___________ the cell.
39. Osmosis SummaryOsmosis Summary
•When a cell is placed in a Hypotonic solutionWhen a cell is placed in a Hypotonic solution::
– Cell gains water through osmosisCell gains water through osmosis
– Animal cell lyses; plant cell becomes turgid (firm)Animal cell lyses; plant cell becomes turgid (firm)
•When a cell is placed a Hypertonic solutionWhen a cell is placed a Hypertonic solution::
– Cell loses water through osmosisCell loses water through osmosis
– Animal cell shrivels; plant cell plasmolyzesAnimal cell shrivels; plant cell plasmolyzes
40. Active TransportActive Transport
• Active transport proteins move substancesActive transport proteins move substances
across the PMacross the PM againstagainst their concentrationtheir concentration
gradient.gradient.
– Requires energy (ATP)Requires energy (ATP)
– Active transport proteins are highly selectiveActive transport proteins are highly selective
– Active transport is needed for properActive transport is needed for proper
functioning of nerves and musclesfunctioning of nerves and muscles
41. Active Transport of “X”Active Transport of “X”
– Active transport proteins span theActive transport proteins span the
plasma membraneplasma membrane
– They have openings for “X” on only oneThey have openings for “X” on only one
side of the membraneside of the membrane
– ““X” enters the channel and binds toX” enters the channel and binds to
functional groups inside the transportfunctional groups inside the transport
protein.protein.
– Cytoplasmic ATP binds to theCytoplasmic ATP binds to the
transport proteintransport protein
42. Active Transport of “X”Active Transport of “X”
– A phosphate group is transferred fromA phosphate group is transferred from
ATP to the transport proteinATP to the transport protein
– protein is energized by the added –P.protein is energized by the added –P.
– The energized transport protein changesThe energized transport protein changes
shape and releases “X” on the other sideshape and releases “X” on the other side
of the cell.of the cell.
– The phosphate group is released fromThe phosphate group is released from
the transport protein and it resumes itsthe transport protein and it resumes its
original shape.original shape.
– Process repeats.Process repeats.
48. Bulk FlowBulk Flow
• Vesicles are used to transport largeVesicles are used to transport large
particles across the PM.particles across the PM.
– Requires energyRequires energy
• Types:Types:
– ExocytosisExocytosis
– EndocytosisEndocytosis
• Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediatedPhagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated
50. Bulk FlowBulk Flow
• ExocytosisExocytosis
– Cytoplasmic vesicle merges with the PMCytoplasmic vesicle merges with the PM
and releases its contentsand releases its contents
– Example:Example:
• Golgi body vesicles merge with the PM anGolgi body vesicles merge with the PM an
release their contentsrelease their contents
• How nerve cells release neurotransmittorsHow nerve cells release neurotransmittors
51. Vesicle forming
EndocytosisEndocytosis
Endocytosis can occur in three waysEndocytosis can occur in three ways
• Phagocytosis ("cell eating")Phagocytosis ("cell eating")
• Pinocytosis ("cell drinking")Pinocytosis ("cell drinking")
• Receptor-mediated endocytosisReceptor-mediated endocytosis
52. EndocytosisEndocytosis
• EndocytosisEndocytosis
– PM sinks inward, pinches off and forms aPM sinks inward, pinches off and forms a
vesiclevesicle
– Vesicle often merges with Golgi forVesicle often merges with Golgi for
processing and sorting of its contentsprocessing and sorting of its contents
53. Endocytosis - termsEndocytosis - terms
• PhagocytosisPhagocytosis – cell eating– cell eating
– Membrane sinks in and capturesMembrane sinks in and captures solidsolid
particlesparticles for transport into the cellfor transport into the cell
– Examples:Examples:
• Solid particles often include: bacteria, cellSolid particles often include: bacteria, cell
debris, or fooddebris, or food
• Pinocytosis – cell drinkingPinocytosis – cell drinking
– Cell brings in a liquidCell brings in a liquid
54. Endocytosis -Endocytosis - commentscomments
• Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are notPhagocytosis and pinocytosis are not
selectiveselective
– Membrane sinks inward and capturesMembrane sinks inward and captures
whatever particles/fluid present.whatever particles/fluid present.
– Vesicle forms and merges with the GolgiVesicle forms and merges with the Golgi
body…body…
55. Receptor Mediated EndocytosisReceptor Mediated Endocytosis
• Receptor Mediated EndocytosisReceptor Mediated Endocytosis is ais a
highly specific form of endocytosis.highly specific form of endocytosis.
– Receptor proteins on the outside of the cellReceptor proteins on the outside of the cell
bind specific substances and bring them intobind specific substances and bring them into
the cell by endocytosisthe cell by endocytosis
56. Receptor Mediated EndocytosisReceptor Mediated Endocytosis
1.1. Receptor proteins on PM bind specificReceptor proteins on PM bind specific
substancessubstances (vitamins, hormones..)(vitamins, hormones..)
2.2. Membrane sinks in and forms a pitMembrane sinks in and forms a pit
– Called a coated pitCalled a coated pit
2.2. Pit pinches closed to form a vesicle aroundPit pinches closed to form a vesicle around
bound substancesbound substances
• Cytoskeleton aids in pulling in the membrane andCytoskeleton aids in pulling in the membrane and
vesicle formationvesicle formation