Diversity of living organisms class 9th...ncert

3. Classification of living organisms is based on characteristics and divided the animals
into groups and sub-groups . Charles Darwin put forward the idea of evolution in 1859,
in his book , The Origin of Species . Ernst Haeckel, Robert Whittaker and Carl
Woese have tried to classify living organisms into broad categories, called kingdoms .
Kingdom sub grouping into Phylum for animals or Division for plants, Class, Order,
Family, Genus and Species is called hierarchical classification..
The classification Whittaker proposed has five kingdoms: Monera , Protista , Fung
Plantae and Animalia. These groups are formed on the basis of their cell structure
mode and source of nutrition and body organisation.
Further classification is done by naming sub groups at various levels as given in th
following scheme:

6. •Monera are about 1 micrometer in size and complex as living molecules.
•The Monera cell structure is mostly unicellular and some organisms that form
groups or filaments.
•These organisms are the simplest prokaryotic cell structures.
•The Monera cell structure lacks nuclei and many other cell organelles.
•They lack enclosed sub-cellular organelles like mitochondria and only have
ribosomes.
•The genetic material DNA is contained in the cytoplasm called nucleoid.
•The cytoplasm is enclosed by plasma membrane that lies beneath the cell
wall.
•The plasma membrane is made up of lipids and proteins.
Some Monera have hair like pilli for adhesion or tail-like flagella for locomotion
•The characteristics also include the shape of the cell that includes round
(cocci), rod-like (bacilli) or spiral (spirochetes or spirilla).

7. Reproduction is asexually through binary fission or sexually by conjugation.
The process of circulation and digestion is carried out through diffusion
Some monerans cause diseases, but others a
helpful to people
Examples: bacteria

8. •They are mostly unicellular but some are multicellular and colonial
organisms.
They are either free-living or parasitic
•They have aerobic mode of respiration and have mitochondria for
cellular respiration.
•They reproduce both sexually (syngamy) and asexually.
•They are grouped into 3 categories: animal like (protozoa),
fungus like, and plant-like.
•According to the categories, they have different modes of
nutrition, like heterotrophy or autotropohy.
•Plant-like protists (algae) have chlorophyll and accessory
pigments, named xanthophylls, phycobilins, and carotene

9. Examples are paramecium, amoeba, and kelp
Paramecium
Amoeba
.Diatoms

10. Fungi are eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular organisms
Fungi contain membrane-bound nucleus (like plants and animals but unlike
bacteria), so they are eukaryotes
They contain cell wall made
of chitin
They have no chlorophyll (like plants and algae have), so they do not produce
food by photosynthesis, but they have to obtain it from organic matter from
their environment, so they are heterotrophes

11. They do not ingest food, but secrete enzymes, which digest food outside of
their bodies, and then absorb obtained nutrients.
Multi-cellular fungi grow by extension of thin, tubular threads called hyphae
through which they absorb nutrients. Hyphae may branch and form mycelium.
•Fungi reproduce by sexual or asexual spores (which are usually spread by
air), or by budding

12. 1. Multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic autotrophs.
2. Contain chloroplasts with the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, and b and
carotenoids.
3. Cell walls containing cellulose.
4. Food reserve is starch that is stored in plastids.
5.Aerial parts are coated with a waxy cuticle that helps prevent desiccation.
6 Gas exchange cannot occur across the waxy cuticle so specialized
openings on the under surface of the leaf, called stomata, allow gas
exchange.
7. Reproductive adaptations necessary as plants moved from and
aquatic to a terrestrial environment

13. •All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs —they have multiple
cells with mitochondria and they rely on other organisms for their nourishment.
•Adult animals develop from embryos: small masses of unspecialized cells
- Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla within the Kingdom
•Most animals reproduce sexually, by means of differentiated
haploid cells (eggs and sperm).
•Most animals are diploid, meaning that the cells of adults contain
two copies of the genetic material.
•The bodies of most animals (all except sponges) are
made up of cells organized into tissues.
•Each tissue is specialized to perform specific
functions.
•In most animals, tissues are organized into even more
specialized organs.
•Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs
form organ systems. This is how an organism
develops.

14. The thallophytes are a polyphyletic group of non-mobile organisms traditionally
described as "relatively simple plants” with undifferentiated body
They are found in moist or wet places
They are autotrophic ,i.e, manufacture their own food. Reserve food is
generally
Starch.Mechanical &
conducting elements
are absent
Sex organs are simple, single celled, there is
no embryo formation after fertilization
Examples are Cladophora ,
Chara , Ulothrix.

15. There are about 20,000 species of Bryophytes, the plants which
lack vascular tissue. They are found throughout the world
Small --> 2 cm - 20 cm
There are about 20,000 species of Bryophytes, the
plants which lack vascular tissue. They are found
throughout the world
•Often grow in prostrate masses or clumps
•Attach to substrate with rhizoids which anchor
(no roots)
There is no specialised tissue for the conduction of
water and other substances from one part of plant
to another
Examples are moss and
marchantia
These are called as
“AMPHIBIANS OF PLANT KINGDOM”

16. 1. Members of this group are most primitive living vascular plants
2. The main plant body is a sporophyte. It is differentiated into root, stem and
leaves.
3. Plants (sporophyte) reproduce by spores formed in sporangia.
Sporangia develop either on the ventral surface or in the axil of leaves.
4.Water is essential to effect fertilization as male reproductive units
are flagellated and motile.
5.Seed formation never takes place in living pteridophytes
6.This group is further classified based on whether the seeds are naked
Or enclosed in fruits. They relationship Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Ferns

17. The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads
The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek word gymnospermos meaning "naked
seeds"
They bear naked seeds.
They are Perennial ever Green and woody
Example : Pines , Deodar

18. Angiosperms have ovules that are enclosed in an ovary. There are two subtypes of
angiosperms: monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The most prominent features of
angiosperms is the ability to flower and produce fruits.
Angiosperms are able to grow in a variety of habitats as well as habits. They can grow
as trees, shrubs and bushes as well as herbs.
Angiosperms have very well-developed conducting tissues. These tissues include the
xylem and the phloem arranged in form of vascular bundles
The vascular bundles of
monocotyledons are arranged in the
stems in a cross-section. The
dicotyledons have vascular bundles
organized in form of a ring

20. Characteristics of Porifera
They feed through pores on their outer walls.
Porifera are unidirectional driven by flagella.
They have cellular level organization.
Different cells perform different functions.
They are both asexual and sexual.
Their skeleton is made up of collegen and spicules.
Porifera are also known as Sponges.
There are more then 8,000 known species of Porifera in the
world.
Examples are Sponges,
Sycon
Sea Sponge

21. It includes aquatic animals like Hydra, sea anemone, corals etc. Phylum
Coelenterata is also known as cnidaria.
They are exclusively marine animals.
Body cavity is absent
They have a tissue level of organization and lack organs and organ systems
Their body is made up of two layers of cells; the outer layer is called
ectoderm and the inner layer is called endoderm.
Most of these animals have radial symmetry
Examples are Hydrilla,
Sea anemone.
Hydrilla

22. 1)Bilaterally symmetrical
2)Body having 3 layers of tissues with organs and organelles
3)Body contains no internal cavity.
4)Generally dorsoventrally flattened
5)Mostly they feed on animals and other
smaller life forms
6)Some species occur
in all major habitats,
including many as
parasites of other
animals.
Flatworm
Tapeworm

23. Nematoda are the most abundant multicellular animal on earth
Many worms are parasitic to insects, plant, and animals
There are more then 20,000 species of Nematoda
They are a free-living species that commonly feeds on bacteria, fungi,
and other Nematoda.
They have digestive, nervous, excretory,
and reproductive systems
They do not have a discrete circulatory or respitory
system.
Nematoda range from .3 mm to 8 meters in size.
Ascaris
Wuchereria

24. Characteristics of Annelida:-
1)Bilaterally symmetrical and vermiform.
2)Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs.
3)Body cavity is a true coelom, often divided by internal septa.
4)Body possesses a through gut with mouth and anus.
5)Has a nervous system with an anterior
nerve ring, ganglia and a ventral nerve
chord.
6)Has a true closed circulatory system.
7)Has no true respiratory organs.
8)Reproduction normally sexual and
hermaphoditic.
9)Feed a wide range of material.
10)Live in most environments.
Earthworm
Leech

25. •The body segmented, the segments usually
grouped in two or three rather distinct regions.
Characterists are:
•Bilateral symmetry.
Paired segmented appendages
•A tubular alimentary canal, with mouth and
anus.
The circulatory system is open .
Respiration by means of gills, or
tracheae and spira
The sexes nearly always separate.
Examples are Scorpio , Housefly,
Crabs , Butterfly.

26. •1)Bilaterally symmetrical.
2)Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs.
3)Body without cavity.
4)Body possesses a through gut with mouth and anus.
5)Body monomeric and highly variable in form, may possess a dorsal or lateral shells of
protein and calcareous spicules.
7)Has a pair of kidneys.
8)Reproduction normally sexual.
9)Feed a wide range of material.
10)Live in most environments.
11)Has an open circulatory system
Pila
Octopus

27. Living representatives of Echinodermata include : Sea Lilies, Starfish, Bristle Stars,
Sea Urchins, and Sea Cucumbers.
•They are the largest phylum to lack
any freshwater or land representatives.
•Many Echinoderms form “Tube Feet”,
with which they can move or grip with.
•All echinoderms are marine; they cannot live in
freshwater or on land.
Almost all Echinoderms are bottom
dwellers

28. Vertebrates may be characterized by 12 general derived characteristics.
1. Bilateral symmetry
2. Two pairs of jointed locomotor appendages, which can include fins (pectoral and
anal/dorsal fins, as well as the forelimbs and hindlimbs).
3. Outer covering of protective cellular skin, which can be modified into special
structures such as scales, hair and feathers
4. Well-developed coelom, or body cavity completely lined with epithelium
(cellular tissue), that may be divided into 2 to 4 compartments.
5. Well-developed sense organs (eyes, ears, nostrils)
located on the head (cephalization).
The phylum is divided into 5 classes

29. Characteristics Class Pisces Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Ayes Class Mammalia
Habitat Aquatic Amphibious Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial
Exoskeletion Scales (dermal) Usually absent Scales (epidermal) Feathers Hair
Respiratory organs Gills Lungs Lungs Lungs Lungs
Locomotor organs Fins Limbs Limbs Limbs Limbs
Heart Two chambers Three chambers Three chambers Four chambers Four chambers
Aortic arch On both sides On both the sides On both the sides Only on right side Only on left side
Mode of reproduction Oviparous Oviparous Oviparous Oviparous Mostly Viviparous
Fertilisation External Internal External Internal Internal
Examples
Cartilagenous Rays
sharks Bony Fishes
Hemiramphus
Hippocampus
Froas Toads
Salamanders
Turtles Tortoises
Crocodiles Lizards
Snakes
Parrot Sparrow Myna
Ostrich Rhea Penguin
Whale Bat, Rat, Rabbit
Horse Cow, Lion Tiger,
Cat, Dog, Shrew Apes,
Monkeys, Humans