This document provides an overview of biodiversity and the hierarchical classification system used for living organisms. It discusses the five kingdom system (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) and describes some key characteristics of each kingdom. Within the kingdoms, there are further classifications into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species. The classification system aims to systematically organize all of Earth's life in a way that solves naming confusions and groups organisms with similar traits. Scientific names are written in Latin and follow specific formatting rules to uniquely identify each species.

3. • Nature of Cells: prokaryotic or eukaryotic
• Cellularity: unicellular or multicellular
• Level of organization: cellular, tissue, organ and
organ system
• Mode of nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic

4. Classification and Evolution

5. Biodiversity
• Biodiversity is the term used for the various
forms of life found in a given area.
• These life forms depends on each other and
on the environment and results in a stable
community.
• Human also is the part of this biodiversity.
• It is estimated that there is about
10,000,000 species on this planet, we know
only about 20,00,000 species.

6. Hierarchy of classification
• Ernst Haeckel, Robert Whittaker, Carl Woese
have tried to classify all living organisms into
broad categories.
• R. Whittaker proposed five kingdom system
which is widely used. This kingdom includes
Monera, Protista, Fungi, plantae and Animalia.
• Carl Woese divided Monera into
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

7. Further classification
Further classification is done by naming the sub
groups at Various levels as given:
Kingdom→PhyllumDivison→Class→Order
→Family→Genus→Species
•Kingdom Monera
•Kingdom Protista
•Kingdom Fungi
•Kingdom Plantae
•Kingdom Animalia

8. Kingdom: Monera
• Unicellular organisms.
• Nucleus and cell organelles
are absent.
• May or may not have cell
wall.
• Autotrophic or
heterotrophic.
• Able of nitrogen fixation.
• Reproduce by asexual
methods.
• Bacteria, cyanobacteria
and mycoplasma

9. Kingdom: Protista
• Unicellular organisms.
• A well defined nucleus and
cell organelles are present.
• They may be autotrophic
or heterotrophic.
• Some of these organisms
have appendages like cilia
and flagella for movement.
• They reproduce by both
sexual and asexual
methods.
• Diatoms, protozoans are
few examples

10. Kingdom: Fungi
• Heterotrophic
eukaryotic organisms.
• Saprophytes.
• Cell wall made of chitin.
• Some of them live in
close relationship with
certain algae and plants
forming Lichens and
Mycorrhizae.
• Some of them have the
ability of being
multicellular.
• Yeast, Mushroom and
Rhizopus

11. Kingdom: Plantae
• They are multicellular eukaryotic
organisms.
• This kingdom includes all the plant
species.
• They are autotrophic and prepare their
own food.
• They are further classified into five
major divisons

12. Divison: Thallophyta
• Body of the organisms is
not differentiated into
organs.
• Mainly aquatic found in
marine and fresh water.
• Tissue for conduction of
material and for mechanical
strength is absent.
• They are covered by
mucilage.
• Reproduce by vegetative,
asexual and sexual
reproduction.
• Algae are example of this
divison.

13. Divison: Bryophyta
• Plant body is
differentiated into leaf,
root and stem like
structures.
• Special conducting tissues
are not present.
• These are known as
amphibians of plant
kingdoms.
• Reproduce by vegetative,
asexual and sexual
reproduction.
• Funaria, Anthoceros and
Marchantia are few
examples.

14. Divison: Pteridophyta
• Plant body is differentiated
into leaf, stem and roots.
• They also have conductive
tissues.
• All the above discussed
plant types doesn’t bear
seeds instead they bear
spores. They are also known
as cryptograms.
• They require water for the
purpose of reproduction.
• Fern, Adiantum and
Selaginella.are few
examples

15. Divison: Gymnosperms
• These plants bear naked
seeds mean seeds are not
enclosed in fruits.
• These are perennial,
evergreen trees having
woody trunk.
• They bear cones in which
seeds are placed.
• Sequoia sempervirens is the
largest tree found on earth
(125 Meters) is an example.
Other examples are Pinus,
Cycas.

16. Divison: Angiosperms
• Bear seeds covered by
special organs known as
fruits.
• They bear flowers as their
reproductive organs.
• Embryo in seed has special
structure called cotyledons
which act as seed leaves at
the time of germination.
• They are divided into two
groups: Monocots and
Dicots.
• Wheat, Rice, Rose and
Tomato are examples of
this divison.

17. Kingdom: Animalia
• Main characteristics of this kingdom are as follows:
• These are eukaryotic organisms of heterotrophic nature.
• These are multicellular organisms.
• Their cells do not bear cell walls and chloroplasts.
• They are further subdivided into following categories:

18. Phyllum: Porifera
• These animals bear small
holes on their body
surface.
• They are aquatic and
sedentary means non
motile.
• They have cellular level of
body design.
• They bear hard external
skeleton and have a canal
system for the
distribution of food and
gases.
• Spongilla and Sycon are
the examples.

19. Phylum: Coelentrata
• They are aquatic animals
and have tissue level of
body design.
• They have a body cavity
called coelom so named as
coelentrata.
• They may be solitary or
colonial.
• They have special stinging
cells called cnidoblasts so
also known as Cnidaria.
• Hydra, Obelia and Physalia
are few examples.

20. Phylum: Platyhelminthes
• Show bilateral symmetry
and are triploblastic mean
have three germ layers.
• They are dorsoventrally
flattened so also called
flatworms.
• They are either free living
or parasitic.
• They have tissue level of
body design.
• They do not have any body
cavity
• Planarian and Liver flukes
are examples

21. Phylum: Nematoda
• These animals show
bilateral symmetry and are
triploblastic mean have
three germ layers.
• They are cylindrical in
shape.
• They have a pseudocoelom.
• They have tissue level of
body design.
• They are mainly parasitic in
nutrition.
• Ascaris and Wuchuraria are
examples.

22. Phylum: Annelida
• Show bilateral symmetry
and are triploblastic.
• They are cylindrical in
shape and have a true body
cavity.
• Organ system level of body
design is found.
• Body is divided into small
segments called annuli so
phylum is also known as
Annelida.
• They found in both land and
water.
• Earthworm and Leech are
examples.

23. Phylum: Arthropoda
• These animals show
bilateral symmetry and are
triploblastic mean have
three germ layers.
• They have a true body
cavity which is blood filled.
• Organ system level of body
design is found.
• Open circulatory system is
found in these animals.
• Largest group of animals.
• They have jointed legs.
• Cockroach, Housefly,
Butterfly are examples

24. Phylum:Mollusca
• Body cavity is highly
reduced
• These animals show
bilateral symmetry and are
triploblastic mean have
three germ layers.
• They also have open
circulatory system.
• They have kidney like
structure for excretion.
• A highly muscular foot is
used for movement.
• Pila and Chiton are examples

25. Phylum: Echinodermata
• They are spiny skin
organisms.
• They are free living
animals found only in
marine water.
• They are triploblastic
and have true body
cavity.
• They have a tube
system for the purpose
of movement.
• They show high power
of regeneration.
• Starfish and Sea urchin
are examples

26. Phylum: Protochordata
• These animals show
bilateral symmetry and
are triploblastic mean
have three germ layers.
• They are cylindrical in
shape and have a true
body cavity.
• They also have a
notochord at any stage
of life which provide
surface for the
attachment of muscles
and to provide support.
• Amphioxus,
Balanoglossus.

27. Phylum: Vertebrata
• They have notochord
at any stage of life.
• They have a dorsal
nerve cord.
• They are triploblastic.
• They have paired gill
pouches.
• They have true body
cavity.
• They includes classes:
Pisces, Amphibia,
Reptilia, Aves and
Mammalia

28. Class: Pisces
• They are aquatic found in
fresh and marine water.
• Skin is covered by scales
or plates and have gills
for respiration.
• Body is streamlined and
has a tail.
• They have two
chambered heart and are
cold blooded.
• Skeleton is made up of
either cartilage or of
bone.
• Scoliodon and Labeo
rohita.

29. Class: Amphibia
• They are animals with
uncovered skin which
help in gas exchange.
• They have three
chambers in heart and
are cold blooded.
• They are found in both
water and on land.
• They lay eggs without
any hard shell.
• Frog and Salamanders.

30. Class: Reptilia
• They are terrestrial as
well as aquatic.
• Skin is covered by
scales.
• They are cold blooded
animals mostly having
three chambers in heart
except crocodile.
• Their eggs are covered
by a hard shell.
• They breathe through
lungs.
• Snakes tortoise.

31. Class : Aves
• They have four chambers in
heart and are warm
blooded.
• They breathe through lungs.
• They lay eggs covered by
hard shells.
• Their body is covered by
feathers and are very good
fliers.
• They do not have teeth and
bear beak and claws.
• All the birds are examples.

32. Class : Mammalia
• They have four chambers
in heart and are warm
blooded.
• They breathe through
lungs.
• They have mammary glands
for the production of milk.
• They have hairs and nails
as well as sweat and oil
glands.
• They give birth to young
ones except Platypus and
Echidna.
• All the milk producing
animals including humans

33. Need for Nomenclature:
• To solve the problem of many names for any
organism in different areas. Such as Lady
Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus) is known by
Bhindi, Gumbo in different countries.
• To solved out the confusion occurred by the
common names of some organisms. Such as
Silver fish, Cuttle fish are example of
arthropods and mollusks respectively, but the
name produce confusion that they belongs to
class Pisce.

34. How to write Scientific
Names
• Carlous Linnaeus introduced the system of providing
unique names to each organism.
• Few rules are proposed for naming that are following:
1. Name should be given in Latin language.
2. Name of Genus begins with capital letter.
3. Name of the species begins with small letter.
4. The scientific name should be written in italics when
printed and should be underlined separately when
hand written.
• Such as the name for Humans is “Homo sapiens”,
for Lion is “Panthera leo”.

35. That’s for today guys!!!
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