The document describes the evolution of classification systems for living organisms from the original two kingdom system proposed by Linnaeus to the five kingdom system currently in use. It outlines the key characteristics used to classify organisms into the kingdoms of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. For each kingdom, it provides examples of phyla and details about their structures and traits. The hierarchical levels of classification from kingdom down to species are also defined.

2. INTRODUCTION

3. Classification of Organisms
Kingdom
Phylum / Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

4. TWO KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
BY - CAROLUS LINNEOUS
KINGDOM - PLANTEA
KINGDOM - ANIMALIA
BY – ERNEST HEACKEL
KINGDOM - PLANTAE
KINGDOM - ANIMALIA
KINGDOM - PROTISTA
THREE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

5. KINGDOM - PLANTEA
KINGDOM - ANIMALEA
KINGDOM - PROISTA
KINGDOM - FUNGAI
KINGDOM - MONERA
FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
BY – ROBERT WHITTEKAR
FOUR KINGDOM CLASSIFIACATION
BY – HERBERT COPELAND
KINGDOM - PLANTEA
KINGDOM - ANIMALEA
KINGDOM - PROISTA
KINGDOM - FUNGAI

6. ARRANGEMENT OF THEIR
CLASSIFICATION
KINGDOM - MONERA - UNICELLULAR
KINGDOM - PROTISTA - UNICELLULAR
KINGDOM - FUGAI - MULTICELLULAR
KINGDOM - PATNAE - MULTICELLULAR
KINGDOM - ANIMALIA - MULTICELLULAR

7. THE HIERARCHY Classification
GROUPS
Kingdom:- The
following classification
“telescope” clearly
indicates the mechanism
behind the classification
of the Kingdom

8. KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
It is the sequence
arrangement of
classification from
species to kingdom
called hierarchy

9. KINGDOM : MONERA
•THEY ARE UNICELLULAR AND PROKARAYOTES.
• BODY ORGANISATION IS ON CLLULAR LEVEL.
MODE OF NUTRITION - Heterotroph .Well defined
nuclear membrane is absent.
Example : Bacteria , Blue – Green algae
,Cynobacteria.

10. KINGDOM : protista
• They are unicellular and eukaryotes means well
developed nuclear membrane present .
•MODE OF NUTRITION - Autotroph and hetrotroph
both .
•Example of Hetrotroph – chlamydomonas
•Example of Autotroph - amoeba , paramecium ,
euglena.
• They have flagella and cilia for their movement and
locomotion .
• Body organisation is on cellular level.

11. KINGDOM : fungi
•They are multicellular and eukaryotic.
•Body organisation is on tissue level.
•MODE OF NUTRITION - Hetrotroph.
•Example – 1. Parasite.
• 2. Saprophyte.
•Parasites – The organism which take nutrition
from living host that is called parasites . (UPA)
Ustilago , Pccinia and Albugo.
•Saprophyta - (MRP)mucor , rhizopus, penicilline
store food material in the form of glucose.

12. • cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin.
• Name of bacteria cell wall-
1. NAM - N.Acetyl Mumaric Acid.
2. NAG - N.Accetyl Glutomic Acid .
• They store food in the form of glucose.
spores
sporangium
hyphal
mycelium

13. Mycelium -mycelium it is a network like structure of
fungi which increase in their surface area.
Hyphal - It is a elongated and tube like structure
present between sporangium and mycelium. It holds
sporangium.
Sporangium – It is a sack like structure in which
spores are produced

14. KINGDOM : plantae
PLANT KINGDOM
CRYPTOGAMAE
THALOPHYTA
ALGAE
FUNGI
LICHENS
BRYOPHYTA PTERIDOPHYTA
PHANEROGAMAE
GYMNOSPERMAE ANGIOSPERMAE
MONOCOT
DICOT

15. Thyllophyta
• Stem absent , Root absent , Leaves absent.
•Only a single structure present that is called thallus.
• It have no vascular bundle.
• They are multicellular
• This division includes three sub-divisions: algae,
fungi and lichens.
• They are fruitless , flowerless and seedless plant.
• Example – algae.
Ulothrix
Spirogyra

16. BRYOPHYTA
• They are amphibian plant of plant kingdom.
• Stem present , leaves present.
• Root absent.
• Their vascular bundle starts to develop.
• They mostly grow in marshy and sandy areas.
• Gametophyte generation is dominant.
• They are photosynthetic and Autotroph.

17. PTERIDOPHYTA
• Root present , stem present , leaves present.
• Vascular bundle was well developed for the
conduction of water mineral and food material.
• Leaves usually have leaflets. Spores are borne on the
undersurface of the leaf.
• Saprophyte germination s dominant.
• They are photosynthetic and Autotroph.
• They are multicellular.
• They are seedless fruit less
and flowerless.
Fern

18. KINGDOM PHANEROGAMAE
This division is made up of plants that bear flowers
and seeds and make up the majority of the larger
plants. The body is differentiated into true stem, leaves
and roots. Propagation of the plant takes place with the
help of seeds. Seeds are formed as a result of sexual
reproduction. The male and female gametes (sex cells)
fuse together inside the ovary (female part of the
flower) and develop into the seed. In some plants seed
is not produced inside an ovary. Phanerogamae is
made into two further divisions.
Gymnosperms (naked seeded plants)
Angiosperms (Seed borne within a fruit)

19. GYMNOSPERM
• Naked seed is the most characteristics features of
gymnosperm means seed coat are absent from the side
• Root , stem , leaves are well developed.
• Vascular bundle is well developed.
• Fruit , Flower and Seed formation takes place.
• Male and female plant are seperated and they are
unisexual
• Wood formation takes place.
EXAMPLAE- pinus , cycas

20. ANGIOSPErm
• It is the most advanced plant in the kingdom.
• All the characters are well developed in angiosperm
that is root stem and leaves are well developed.
•Vascular bundle is well developed .
• Seed coat was around the seed.
• It is divided into two types-
1. Monocotyledons (One seed leaf)
Example: Rice, Wheat
2. Dicotyledons (two seed leaves)
Example: Beans, Mango

21. MONOCOTYLEDON
The plant in which the seed can not be divided into
two equal half called monocotyledon.
Single cotyledon is called monocotyledon.
EXAMPLE – wheat , rice , maize , barley .
Paphiopedilum
dicotyledon
The seed which can be divided into two equal half is
called dicotyledon.
EXAMPLE – mango , pea , gram , mustard.

23. Kingdom : animalia
INVERTIBRATES (BACKBONE ABSENT)
1. PHYLUM - PORRIFERA
2. PHYLUM - COELENTRATE
3. PHYLUM – PLATYHELMINTHES
4. PHYLUM - ASCALMENTHES
5. PHYLUM - MOLLUSCA
6. PHYLUM - ARTHROPODA
7. PHYLUM - ECHINODERMATA
8. PHYLUM - ANNELIDA

24. PHYLUM - CHORDATA
SUBPHYLUM - VERTEBRATA
(BACK BONE PRESENT)
1. CLASS - PISCES
2. CLASS - AMIPHIBIAN
3. CLASS - REPTILIA
4. CLASS - AVES
5. CLASS - MAMMALIA

25. INVERTIBARTES
These are those animals which are lack of vertibrate column
(backbone) called in vertibrates.
Invertebrates are animal species that do not develop a
vertebral column. This in effect includes all animals apart
from the subphylum Vertebrata. Familiar examples of
invertebrates include insects, worms, clams, crabs, octopus, sn
ails, and starfish. Taxonomically speaking "invertebrate" is no
more than a term of convenience. The vast majority of animal
species are invertebrates, since only about 3% of
animal species include a vertebral column in their anatomy. In
other words all animals except those in
the chordate subphylum Vertebrata
(fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) are regarded
as invertebrates.

26. general points
• Symmetry.
• Body Cavity.
• Embryonic Layer.
SYMMETRY
SYMMETRY MEANS THE PATTERN OF DIVIDING
1. Asymmetrical - The animal which can not be
divided into two equal halves those animals are
called asymmetrical.
EXAMPLE- Flat worm , Amoeba ,
Euglena , Paramecium .

27. 2. Bilateral symmetrical - The animal which can be
divided into two equal halves they are called bilateral
symmetrical .
3. Radial symmetry – The animal which can be
divided into equal parts when cute to any radii are
called radial symmetry .

28. Body cavity
THE SHAPE BETWEEN BODY WALLAND
ELIMANTARY CANAL IS CALLED BODY CAVITY.
Body cavity is of three types :-
1. Acoelomate – body cavity absent .
Example – Platyhelmenthes.
2. Psendocoelomate – False body cavity .
Example – Ascalmenthes.
3. Eucoelomate – True body cavity.
Example - Man

29. LAYERS OF BODY
1. Ectoderm - outer part.
2. Mesoderm - middle part.
3. Endoderm - inner part
ECTODERM
MESODERM
ENDODERM
EUCOELOMATE
OR
TRUE BODY
CAVITY
PSEUDOCOELOMATE
OR
FALSE BODY CAVITY

30. GERM LAYER
1. Ectoderm
2. Mesoderm
3. Endoderm
Triploblastic
1. Endoderm
2. Endoderm
Diploblastic

31. Circulatory system
1. Open circulatory system - blood vessel are absent.
2. Close circulatory system - blood vessels are
present.
RESPIRATION SYSTEM
1. BY SKIN.
2. BY GILLS.
3. BY LUNGS.

33. Phylum : porrifera
• Ostia and Osculum are the characteristic features of
porrifera.
•Body cavity called spongo coel.
• Mode of nutrition is hetrotroph.
• Digestion is intracellular (within the cell).
• Most of members are marine but few are fresh water.
• They are diploblastic means endoderm
and ectoderm is present.
•EXAMPLE – bath sponge spongelle ,
euplectella

34. EXAMPLES
OF
PORRIFERA
Euplectelia Sycon Spongilla

35. Phylum : COELENTRATA
•They is Triploblastic animal
• in this phylum body cavity is called coelentron.
•Cnidoblast is the special stinging cell present at the terminal
which paralyze prey and them the
prey is eaten by tentacles.
• in coelentrata radial symmetry is present.
•Mode of nutrition is hetrotroph.
• mostly are in marine water but few are
fresh water.
• digestion is extra cellular(out the cell).
• EXAMPLE –Hydra , jellyfish , sea anemone.

36. Hydra
Sea anemone
JELLY FISH
SEA FAN
EXAMPLES
OF
COELENTRATA

37. PHYLU M : PLATYHELMENTHES
• They are commonly called flat worm and also called ribbon
worm.
•Dorsoventraly flattened(very thin).
•They are acoelomate(body cavity absent).
•There are bilaterally symmetrical.
•The are endoparasite(active when in the body).
•They are hermaphrodite(bisexual)means male and female
parts present in single body.
•Digestive system absent.
•Secretary organ called flame cell.
•EXAMPLE – Taenia solium, Tapeworm , Fasciola.

38. TAPE WORM
Taenia solium
FASCIOLA
EXAMPLES
OF
PHLATYHELMANTHES
PLANAREIA

39. PHYLUM : NEMATODA
• It is also called Ascalamenthes.
•They are commonly called round worm
•The are pseudocoelome.
•They are called pseudocoelomate.
•They are unisexual means male and female is separated.
•The male is small in size but female is long in size.
•Bilateral symmetry is present in nematodes.

40. FEMALE
MALE
ASCARIS
WUCHERERIA
EXAMPLES OF NEMATODA

41. PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
•Body is segmented ring like structure .
•They are triplobltic and coelomate(true body cavity).
•They are hermaphrodite (bisexual).
•Circulatory system is closed.
•Necturnal(active in night).
•Digested system is completed.
•The have hemoglobin but have not red colored blood because
hemoglobin is dissolved in plasma.
•Excretory organ is nephridia
•Setae is the structure which is out growth of skin(epidermis)
and help in movement and locomotion called parapodia
• EXAMPLE – Earth worm , Leech.

42. EXAMPLES OF ANNELIDA
Earth warm Leech Nereis

43. PHYLUM : ARTHROPODA
•It is the largest phylum of the animal kingdom about 80% of
phylum is covered by this.
•They have jointed legs.
•They have open circulatory system is presented
•Body is divided into heads , thorax and abdomen
•They have compound eyes.
•Excretory organ is called malpigiam tubules.
•Hard chitinous layer is presented on the dorsal surface.
•Mouth part are different in different types of species
•They are sucking ,biting and chewing type .
•It is the largest phylum of the animal kingdom about 75% of
phylum is covered by this.
•EXAMPLE - Mosquito , Honey bee , House fly, Grasshopper
,etc.

44. EXAMPLES OF ARTHROPODA
Palaemon
(Prawn)
Pariplaneta
(Cockroach)
Aranea(Spider)
Musca
(House fly)

46. PHYLUM : MOLLUSKA
•They have kidney for secretion.
• The are Triploblastic and coelomate .
•Digestive system complete.
•Outer surface is covered by a hard covering called shell. Shell
is made up of calcium carbonate.
•Inner part is soft and delicate.
•Inner pat is folded and form a structure called mantle.
•Excretory organ is metanephrida .
•Its symmetry is bilateral.
•EXAMPLE – Snail , Oyster , Chiton.

47. EXAMPLES OF MOLLUSKA
OCTOPUS PILA CHITON
UNIO

48. PHYLUM : ECHINODERMATA
•Body is pentamerous (divided into five parts).
•They have spiny skin .
•Water vascular system present.
•Locomotion by tube feet's.
•Radial symmetry is present.

49. EXAMPLES OF ECHINODERMATA
Antedon
(feather star)
Holothuria
(sea cucumber)
Asterias
(star fish)
Echinus
(sea urchin)

50. PHYLUM : CHORDATA
•Due to presence of notochord it is called chordate.
•They are bilaterally symmetrical.
•They are Triploblastic and have coelomate.
•They have notochord which is rod like support structure that
run along back of animal separating the nervous tissue from
the guts. It provides a place for muscles to attach for easy the
movement.
•They lives mostly in marine water.
EXAMPLE – Herdemania ,Amphioxus , Balanoglossus.
All veribrates are chordates but all chordates are not
vertibrates.

51. EXAMPLES OF CHORDATA
Balanoglossus

52. SUB PHYLUM : VERTIBRATE
•These animals have true vertebral column and internal
sceleton.
•That skeleton allowing a completely different distribution of
muscle attachment points to be used for movement.
•They have bilateral symmetry , Triploblastic, Coelomate and
segmented
•Have notochord.
•Have a dorsal nerve cord.
•They have paired grill pouches.

53. •THEYARE OF FIVE TYPES:-
1.PISCES
2.AMPHIBIAN
3.AVES
4.REPTILIA
5. MAMMALIA

54. CLASS : PISCES
•They are cold blooded animal(piekilothermic).
•There heat is of two chambers.
•They are oviparous(egg laying).
•In Pisces single circulatory system is present.
•Respiration by gills.
•Locomotion by fins.
•EXAMPLE – Rohu , Shark , Whale

55. EXAMPLES OF CLASS: PISCES
Electric ray
(Torpedo)
Sting ray Caulophyryne
jordani
(Angler fish)
Synchiropus
splendidus
Pterois
volitans
(Lion fish)
Scoliodon
(Dog fish)

56. CLASS : AMPHIBIA
•They live in land and water both.
•Their heart is three chambered (2 auricle, 1 ventricle)
•They are cold blooded.
•They are oviparous.
•There respiratory organ is gills , skin and lungs.
•There skin is moist and slimy due to presence of
mucilaginous.
•They are Triploblastic , coelomate and heterotrophic
animal.
• EXAMPLE – Bufo(toad), ranatigrina(frog) ,
hyla(tree frog), salamander.

57. EXAMPLES OF CLASS: AMPHIBIA
Dendrobates
Salamander
Rana tigrina
(Common frog)Hyla (Tree frog) Toad

58. CLASS : REPTILIA
•They are creeping animals.
•Their heart is three chambered except crocodile in
crocodile heart is of four chambered.
•Their respiration is by lungs.
•They are oviparous (egg laying)
•They are picilotheumic (cold blooded animal).
•Scales present on the body surface / skin.
•EXAMPLE – Crocodile , Snake , Lizard , Tortotoise.

59. EXAMPLES OF CLASS: REPTILIA
Flying lizard (Draco)King CobraHouse wall lizard
(Hemidactylus)
Chameleon
Turtle

60. CLASS : AVES
•They are warm blooded animal.
•Hear if four chambered heart (2 auricle , 2 ventricle).
•Beak present on the interior portion of the mouth.
•Their bone is hollow due to which they can fly called
pneumatic bone.
•Fore limb are converted into wings .
•Feather present on the wings.
•Only ostrich , kiwi and penguin are those aves which
van not fly.

61. EXAMPLES OF
CLASS: AVES
Pigeon crow
Ostrich
(Struthio
camelus)
White Stork
(Ciconia
ciconia)
Male Tufted Duck
(Aythya fuligula)

62. CLASS : mammAlia
•There memory gland are well developed
•Hair present on there body.
•They are viviparous(child bearing).
•They have 4 chambered heart.
•There respiration is by lungs.
•They are warm blooded(homiothermic).
•There nerveous system is well developed.
•Digestive system is well developed.
•In there mouth several typed of tooth's are present.
•They are unisexual means males and female are
seperated.

63. EXAMPLES OF CLASS:MAMMALIA
WHALE
CAT
HUMAN
RAT
BAT