Each organism in this world, whether it is a plant, an animal or a microorganism, is unique in itself. This uniqueness of individuals forms the basis of the diversity among the living organisms.
This presentation explores diversity in organisms. How are they classified and how are they studied.
diversity in living organisms class 9 cbseVARSHINIINKULU
this is the ppt which i prepared. this contains and covers all the topics of the lesson
hope you like this
hit a like button share it with your friends and comment below. thank you
Each organism in this world, whether it is a plant, an animal or a microorganism, is unique in itself. This uniqueness of individuals forms the basis of the diversity among the living organisms.
This presentation explores diversity in organisms. How are they classified and how are they studied.
diversity in living organisms class 9 cbseVARSHINIINKULU
this is the ppt which i prepared. this contains and covers all the topics of the lesson
hope you like this
hit a like button share it with your friends and comment below. thank you
Chapter 10 of Science of class 1th, Very nice animated and the best powerpoint for the children, it made by me; Abhishek Bhartee, not downloaded from any other website.
It is Awesome
Chapter - 9, Living Organisms And Their Surroundings, Science, Class 6Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 9, Living Organisms And Their Surroundings, Science, Class 6
ENVIRONMENT
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
ORGANISMS
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS
NUTRITION
GROWTH
RESPIRATION
EXCRETION
HABITAT AND ADAPTATION
CAMEL
FISH
TERRESTRIAL HABITAT
DESERTS
MOUNTAIN REGIONS
GRASSLANDS
RAINFOREST
POLAR HABITAT
AQUATIC HABITATS
MARINE HABITAT
OCEANS
FRESHWATER HABITAT
COASTAL HABITAT
ACCLIMATISATION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
Weather, climate and adaptations of animals class-7Ravi Prakash
WEATHER (मौसम),
METEOROLOGY,
TEMPERATURE,
HUMIDITY- आर्द्रता,
RAIN,
PRECIPITATION & WIND,
CLOUDINESS AND WIND,
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE,
CLIMATE- (जलवायु),
EFFECT OF SUN IN CHANGING OF CLIMATE
CLIMATE ZONE OF INDIA
Alpine Zone,
Sub-Tropical Zone ,
Tropical Zone,
TROPICAL WET ZONE,
TROPICAL DRY ZONE,
Arid zone,
ADAPTATION OF ANIMALS,
Behavioural adaptation,
Structural adaptation,
THE POLAR REGIONS
POLAR BEARS
ADAPTATIONS OF POLAR BEAR
PENGUINS
ADAPTATIONS OF PENGUINS
POLAR BIRDS
ADAPTATIONS OF SIBERIAN CRANE
THE TROPICAL RAINFORESTS
ARBOREAL ANIMALS,
ADAPTATIONS OF RED EYED FROG,
ADAPTATIONS OF MONKEYS.
ADAPTATIONS OF LION TAILED MACAQUE (BEARD APE),
ADAPTATIONS OF TOUCAN,
ADAPTATIONS OF CAT & LEOPARDS,
ADAPTATIONS OF LIONS AND TIGERS,
THE ELEPHANT
ADAPTATIONS OF THE ELEPHANT
The Living World Biology Class notes for NEET preparationMiso Study
Class 11th Biology important topic for preparation of NEET 2019 exam by expert faculty. These is sample class notes on The Living World. You can download free from https://bit.ly/2L0hQnr
ALL THE ORGANISMS NEED TO TRANSPORT WATER, FOOD, MINERALS, OXYGEN TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY. THEY HELP IN THE GROWTH AND RESPIRATION OF THE CELLS. THE WASTE PRODUCTS ARE TRANSPORTED TO THE EXCRETORY ORGANS FOR ELIMINATION FROM THE BODY. PLANTS AND ANIMALS HAVE DIFFERENT ORGANS AND PROCESSES FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF SUBSTANCES.
brief description about the diversity of living organisms present on earth... this is actually based on a chapter included in NCERT curriculum in class 9th. may be helpful for the students...
Chapter 10 of Science of class 1th, Very nice animated and the best powerpoint for the children, it made by me; Abhishek Bhartee, not downloaded from any other website.
It is Awesome
Chapter - 9, Living Organisms And Their Surroundings, Science, Class 6Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 9, Living Organisms And Their Surroundings, Science, Class 6
ENVIRONMENT
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
ORGANISMS
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS
NUTRITION
GROWTH
RESPIRATION
EXCRETION
HABITAT AND ADAPTATION
CAMEL
FISH
TERRESTRIAL HABITAT
DESERTS
MOUNTAIN REGIONS
GRASSLANDS
RAINFOREST
POLAR HABITAT
AQUATIC HABITATS
MARINE HABITAT
OCEANS
FRESHWATER HABITAT
COASTAL HABITAT
ACCLIMATISATION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
Weather, climate and adaptations of animals class-7Ravi Prakash
WEATHER (मौसम),
METEOROLOGY,
TEMPERATURE,
HUMIDITY- आर्द्रता,
RAIN,
PRECIPITATION & WIND,
CLOUDINESS AND WIND,
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE,
CLIMATE- (जलवायु),
EFFECT OF SUN IN CHANGING OF CLIMATE
CLIMATE ZONE OF INDIA
Alpine Zone,
Sub-Tropical Zone ,
Tropical Zone,
TROPICAL WET ZONE,
TROPICAL DRY ZONE,
Arid zone,
ADAPTATION OF ANIMALS,
Behavioural adaptation,
Structural adaptation,
THE POLAR REGIONS
POLAR BEARS
ADAPTATIONS OF POLAR BEAR
PENGUINS
ADAPTATIONS OF PENGUINS
POLAR BIRDS
ADAPTATIONS OF SIBERIAN CRANE
THE TROPICAL RAINFORESTS
ARBOREAL ANIMALS,
ADAPTATIONS OF RED EYED FROG,
ADAPTATIONS OF MONKEYS.
ADAPTATIONS OF LION TAILED MACAQUE (BEARD APE),
ADAPTATIONS OF TOUCAN,
ADAPTATIONS OF CAT & LEOPARDS,
ADAPTATIONS OF LIONS AND TIGERS,
THE ELEPHANT
ADAPTATIONS OF THE ELEPHANT
The Living World Biology Class notes for NEET preparationMiso Study
Class 11th Biology important topic for preparation of NEET 2019 exam by expert faculty. These is sample class notes on The Living World. You can download free from https://bit.ly/2L0hQnr
ALL THE ORGANISMS NEED TO TRANSPORT WATER, FOOD, MINERALS, OXYGEN TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY. THEY HELP IN THE GROWTH AND RESPIRATION OF THE CELLS. THE WASTE PRODUCTS ARE TRANSPORTED TO THE EXCRETORY ORGANS FOR ELIMINATION FROM THE BODY. PLANTS AND ANIMALS HAVE DIFFERENT ORGANS AND PROCESSES FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF SUBSTANCES.
brief description about the diversity of living organisms present on earth... this is actually based on a chapter included in NCERT curriculum in class 9th. may be helpful for the students...
open it get everything clear
you can get exercise question also in ppt
this ppt can make clear every single thing in this chapter
diversity in living organisms class 9
Diversity, refers to all the variety of life that exists on Earth. Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of ecosystems on Earth. An ecosystem is a system formed by populations of many different species interacting with each other and their environment.
The topic of Discussion is the Process of Classification, Identification & Nomenclature of an organism based upon their similarities and placing them under a common taxa. The rules of Nomenclature and Taxonomy.
THE LIVING WORLD : ADAPTATION AND CLASSIFICATION
STD VII
2. SMALL PLANTS, BIG TREES
3. What is adaptation? • Adaptation describes how a plant or animal is able to survive in various environmental conditions. • Well adapted organisms can cope with the different aspects of their environment. For example, the temperature.
4. Gradual changes occur in the body and also in the behavior of organisms which helps them to adjust to their surroundings. Such changes are called adaptation. Define Adaptation
5. E.g: Deodar, Pine, Spruce
6. CONE
7. Sundew Plant Pitcher Plant
8. Observe the bodies of the frog , duck and tortoise. Text book page no 5 1. Of what use are their legs to these animals? A. All the three animals i.e frog, duck and tortoise use their legs for locomotion and swimming. 2. What helps frogs to breathe underwater? A. When in water frogs breathe with the help of skin.
9. 3. Of what use are the long hind legs of the frog? A. When on land frog uses its hind legs for jumping. When is water the same legs are used for swimming as oars. 4. Why doesn’t a duck get wet in water? A. Water flows off from the waxy layer of feathers thus duck does not get wet even in water.
10. ADAPTATION IN REPTILES
11. ADAPTATION FOR BLENDING WITH THE SURROUNDINGS • Many animals use camouflage, which means they are able to blend in with the color, pattern, or texture of their surroundings so they are not detected by a predator. • Camouflage can also come in handy for a predator when it wants to surprise its prey.
12. Snow Fox Peringuey's viper sliding through sand
13. Charles Robert Darwin • He was an English biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. • He has studied numerous types of Plants and Animal. • He suggested that only those organisms are likely to survive which can best adapt themselves to a changing environment. • This theory was known as Survival of the fittest. This is Darwin ‘s First principle. • If an organism is born with a new beneficial characteristic and is able to survive , so this change is preserved in the next generation. • So this was Darwin’s second principle and is called as Theory of Natural Selection
14. Which are the criteria used for the classification of plant and animals? Plant are classified according to Height, Shape of Period of life cycle, whether they are flowering plants non flowering plants and their habitat. Animals are classified according to cell structure, vertebral column, method of reproduction and habitat.
15. How are organism Classified? • Animals and Plants are classified according to its characteristic. • For this detail study of these organisms is done. • Based on similarities and differences the organisms are classified into groups and sub groups. • A hierarchy is formed depending on these features. • In this way the organism are placed in suitable groups and classification is achieved.
Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic organisms without cell wall and chlorophyll. The method of arranging organism into groups on the basis of similarities and differences is called classification. Taxonomy is the science of classification which makes the study of wide variety of organisms easier.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
1. DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISM
P. Monish
IX-B
KV CRPF
DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISM
2. Classification
Science of arranging organisms in series of
groups and subgroups on the basis of their
similarities and dissimilarities.
Aristotle classified organisms on the basis of
their habitat means the place where they live, in
water, in air and on land.
3. Basic characteristics of classification
• Nature of Cells: prokaryotic or eukaryotic
• Cellularity: unicellular or multicellular
• Level of organization: cellular, tissue, organ and
organ system
• Mode of nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic
4. Classification and Evolution
• Time is the key factor which helps in development of complex
organisms from the simple ones.
• Charles Darwin firstly gave the idea of evolution in 1859 in his
famous book ‘The Origin of Species’.
• Those organisms which have ancient body design and not changed
much are called Primitive organisms.
• Those who acquired certain special characters during the time
period are known as advanced or higher organisms.
5. Biodiversity
• Biodiversity is the term used for the various forms of life
found in a given area.
• These life forms depends on each other and on the
environment and results in a stable community.
• Human also is the part of this biodiversity.
• It is estimated that there is about 10,000,000 species on
this planet, we know only about 20,00,000 species.
6. Hierarchy of classification
• Ernst Haeckel, Robert Whittaker, Carl Woese
have tried to classify all living organisms into
broad categories.
• R. Whittaker proposed five kingdom system
which is widely used. This kingdom includes
Monera, Protista, Fungi, plantae and Animalia.
• Carl Woese divided Monera into Archaebacteria
and Eubacteria.
7. Further Classification
• Living organisms have been broadly classified into five main kingdoms.
• They are :-
i) Monera ii) Protista iii) Fungi iv) Plante v) Animalia
• Each kingdom has been further classified into smaller
sub - groups at various levels as :-
Kingdom
Phylum (for plants) / Division (for animals)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• By arranging organisms on the basis of hierarchy and characteristics
into smaller and smaller groups we arrive at the basic unit of
classification called species.
8. Further classification
Further classification is done by naming the sub
groups at Various levels as given:
Kingdom→PhyllumDivision→Class→Order→Family
→Genus→Species
•Kingdom Monera
•Kingdom Protista
•Kingdom Fungi
•Kingdom Plantae
•Kingdom Animalia
9. Kingdom: Monera
• Unicellular organisms.
• Nucleus and cell organelles are
absent.
• May or may not have cell wall.
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic.
• Able of nitrogen fixation.
• Reproduce by asexual
methods.
• Bacteria, cyanobacteria and
mycoplasma
10. Kingdom: Protista
• Unicellular organisms.
• A well defined nucleus and cell
organelles are present.
• They may be autotrophic or
heterotrophic.
• Some of these organisms have
appendages like cilia and
flagella for movement.
• They reproduce by both sexual
and asexual methods.
• Diatoms, protozoa are few
examples
11. Kingdom: Fungi
• Heterotrophic eukaryotic
organisms.
• Saprophytes.
• Cell wall made of chitin.
• Some of them live in close
relationship with certain algae
and plants forming Lichens
and Mycorrhizae.
• Some of them have the ability
of being multi-cellular.
• Yeast, Mushroom and
Rhizopus
12. Kingdom: Plantae
• They are multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms.
• This kingdom includes all the plant species.
• They are autotrophic and prepare their own food.
• They are further classified into five major
divisions
13. Division: Thallophyta
• Body of the organisms is not
differentiated into organs.
• Mainly aquatic found in marine
and fresh water.
• Tissue for conduction of
material and for mechanical
strength is absent.
• They are covered by mucilage.
• Reproduce by vegetative,
asexual and sexual
reproduction.
• Algae are example of this
division.
14. Division: Bryophyta
• Plant body is differentiated into
leaf, root and stem like
structures.
• Special conducting tissues are
not present.
• These are known as amphibians
of plant kingdoms.
• Reproduce by vegetative,
asexual and sexual
reproduction.
• Funaria, Anthoceros and
Marchantia are few examples.
15. Division: Pteridophyta
• Plant body is differentiated
into leaf, stem and roots.
• They also have conductive
tissues.
• All the above discussed plant
types doesn’t bear seeds
instead they bear spores.
They are also known as
cryptograms.
• They require water for the
purpose of reproduction.
• Fern, Adiantum and
Selaginella are few examples
16. Division: Gymnosperms
• These plants bear naked
seeds mean seeds are not
enclosed in fruits.
• These are perennial,
evergreen trees having
woody trunk.
• They bear cones in which
seeds are placed.
• Sequoia sempervirens is the
largest tree found on earth
(125 Meters) is an example.
Other examples are Pinus,
Cycas.
17. Division: Angiosperms
• Bear seeds covered by
special organs known as
fruits.
• They bear flowers as their
reproductive organs.
• Embryo in seed has special
structure called cotyledons
which act as seed leaves at
the time of germination.
• They are divided into two
groups: Monocots and
Dicots.
• Wheat, Rice, Rose and
Tomato are examples of this
division.
18. Kingdom: Animalia
• Main characteristics of this kingdom are as follows:
• These are eukaryotic organisms of heterotrophic nature.
• These are multi-cellular organisms.
• Their cells do not bear cell walls and chloroplasts.
• They are further subdivided into following categories:
19. Phyllum: Porifera
• These animals bear small holes
on their body surface.
• They are aquatic and sedentary
means non motile.
• They have cellular level of body
design.
• They bear hard external
skeleton and have a canal
system for the distribution of
food and gases.
• Spongilla and Sycon are the
examples.
20. Phylum: Coelentrata
• They are aquatic animals and
have tissue level of body design.
• They have a body cavity called
coelom so named as
coelentrata.
• They may be solitary or colonial.
• They have special stinging cells
called cnidoblasts so also known
as Cnidaria.
• Hydra, Obelia and Physalia are
few examples.
21. Phylum: Platyhelminthes
• Show bilateral symmetry and
are triploblastic mean have
three germ layers.
• They are dorsoventrally
flattened so also called
flatworms.
• They are either free living or
parasitic.
• They have tissue level of body
design.
• They do not have any body
cavity
• Planarian and Liver flukes are
examples
22. Phylum: Nematoda
• These animals show bilateral
symmetry and are triploblastic
mean have three germ layers.
• They are cylindrical in shape.
• They have a pseudocoelom.
• They have tissue level of body
design.
• They are mainly parasitic in
nutrition.
• Ascaris and Wuchuraria are
examples.
23. Phylum: Annelida
• Show bilateral symmetry and
are triploblastic.
• They are cylindrical in shape and
have a true body cavity.
• Organ system level of body
design is found.
• Body is divided into small
segments called annuli so
phylum is also known as
Annelida.
• They found in both land and
water.
• Earthworm and Leech are
examples.
24. Phylum: Arthropoda
• These animals show bilateral
symmetry and are triploblastic
mean have three germ layers.
• They have a true body cavity
which is blood filled.
• Organ system level of body
design is found.
• Open circulatory system is
found in these animals.
• Largest group of animals.
• They have jointed legs.
• Cockroach, Housefly, Butterfly
are examples
25. Phylum: Mollusca
• Body cavity is highly reduced
• These animals show bilateral
symmetry and are triploblastic
mean have three germ layers.
• They also have open circulatory
system.
• They have kidney like structure
for excretion.
• A highly muscular foot is used
for movement.
• Pila and Chiton are examples
26. Phylum: Echinodermata
• They are spiny skin organisms.
• They are free living animals
found only in marine water.
• They are triploblastic and
have true body cavity.
• They have a tube system for
the purpose of movement.
• They show high power of
regeneration.
• Starfish and Sea urchin are
examples
27. Phylum: Protochordata
• These animals show
bilateral symmetry and are
triploblastic mean have
three germ layers.
• They are cylindrical in
shape and have a true body
cavity.
• They also have a notochord
at any stage of life which
provide surface for the
attachment of muscles and
to provide support.
• Amphioxus, Balanoglossus.
28. Phylum: Vertebrata
• They have notochord at
any stage of life.
• They have a dorsal nerve
cord.
• They are triploblastic.
• They have paired gill
pouches.
• They have true body
cavity.
• They includes classes:
Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia,
Aves and Mammalia
29. Class: Pisces
• They are aquatic found in fresh
and marine water.
• Skin is covered by scales or
plates and have gills for
respiration.
• Body is streamlined and has a
tail.
• They have two chambered heart
and are cold blooded.
• Skeleton is made up of either
cartilage or of bone.
• Scoliodon and Labeo rohita.
30. Class: Amphibia
• They are animals with
uncovered skin which help in
gas exchange.
• They have three chambers in
heart and are cold blooded.
• They are found in both water
and on land.
• They lay eggs without any
hard shell.
• Frog and Salamanders.
31. Class: Reptilia
• They are terrestrial as
well as aquatic.
• Skin is covered by scales.
• They are cold blooded
animals mostly having
three chambers in heart
except crocodile.
• Their eggs are covered by
a hard shell.
• They breathe through
lungs.
• Snakes tortoise.
32. Class : Aves
• They have four chambers in
heart and are warm blooded.
• They breathe through lungs.
• They lay eggs covered by hard
shells.
• Their body is covered by
feathers and are very good
fliers.
• They do not have teeth and
bear beak and claws.
• All the birds are examples.
33. Class : Mammalia
• They have four chambers in
heart and are warm blooded.
• They breathe through lungs.
• They have mammary glands for
the production of milk.
• They have hairs and nails as
well as sweat and oil glands.
• They give birth to young ones
except Platypus and Echidna.
• All the milk producing animals
including humans