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2025 BASIC first aid for lay persons.pptx
- 1. BASIC FIRST AIDFOR LAY PERSONS
- 2. DISCLAIMER This lecture isnot a substitute for a practical first aid training by an accredited first aid training provider. This is only an overview of the basic first aid knowledge that can be used in everyday life.
- 3. COVERAGE OF TOPICS Basic Principles in First Aid Airway and Breathing Emergencies Choking Asthma Anaphylaxis Sudden Illnesses Seizures Fainting Environmental Emergencies Heat-Related Illnesses Insect Stings Soft Tissue Injuries Wounds Burns Muscles, Bones and Joints Injuries
- 4. BASIC PRINCIPLES INFIRST AID FIRST AID Immediate help provided to a sick or injured person until professional medical help arrives or becomes available Scope and Limitation Does not imply medical treatment and is by no means a replacement for it
- 5. BASIC PRINCIPLES INFIRST AID: EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES Scene Size-up • Scene Safety • Know What Happened • Number of casualties Primary Assessment • Assess Responsiveness • Activate Medical Help
- 6. BASIC PRINCIPLES INFIRST AID: EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES PRIMARY ASSESSMENT: Check Responsiveness Shout-tap-shout Check for breathing, bleeding or other life-threatening conditions Check for no more than 10 seconds
- 7. PRIMARY ASSESSMENT: ACTIVATION OFMEDICAL HELP If responsive, fully awake and not in life-threatening condition, ask SAM • Signs and symptoms • Allergies • Medications, medical conditions Offer emotional support, comfort and reassurance to the injured or ill party
- 8. PRIMARY ASSESSMENT: ACTIVATION OFMEDICAL HELP Call First if • Any unconscious adult or child > 12 years old • A child or infant collapses within your sight/presence • Unconscious child or infant known to have heart problems Care First if • Any unconscious child less than 12 years old who collapsed out of sight • Any drowning victim • Give 2 mins of care, then call ARMU
- 9. BASIC PRINCIPLES INFIRST AID: EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES PRIMARY ASSESSMENT: Activation of Medical Help What happened? Location of emergency? Number of persons injured or ill? Cause and extent of injury and nature of illness and first aid given? Telephone number from where call is made Name of person who called medical help Person must identify him/herself before ending the call
- 10. AIRWAY AND BREATHINGEMERGENCIES CHOKING, ASTHMA, ANAPHYLAXIS
- 11.
- 12. FIRST AID: CHOKING Airway Obstruction Mild Severe Signs of MILD airway obstruction Able to talk Cough Make Wheezing Sounds
- 13. FIRST AID: CHOKING Airway Obstruction Mild Severe Signs of SEVERE airway obstruction Poor air exchange Increased difficulty in breathing Inability to speak, cough and breathe
- 14.
- 15. FIRST AID: ASTHMA ASTHMAATTACK increasing wheezing, cough, chest tightness or shortness of breath waking often at night with asthma symptoms Increased usage of reliever inhaler ASTHMA EMERGENCY Severe shortness of breath Blue/Cyanotic lips Unable to speak in sentences Rapid progression of symptoms No improvement with inhaler
- 16. FIRST AID: ASTHMA SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Wheezing Trouble breathing or shortness of breath Rapid, shallow breathing Sweating Tightness in the chest Inability to talk without stopping for a breath
- 17. FIRST AID: ANAPHYLAXIS Common Allergens (triggers) Milk, Eggs, Peanuts, Tree Nuts, Sesame, Fish, Crustaceans, Wheat, Soy Insect Venom – Bee, Wasp and Jumper Ant Certain medications – Aspirin, Penicillin, Herbal Medicines
- 18. FIRST AID: ANAPHYLAXIS MILDTO MODERATE ALLERGIC REACTIONS Swelling of lips, face, eyes Hives or welts Tingling mouth Abdominal pain, vomiting ANAPHYLAXIS (SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONS) Difficult or noisy breathing Swelling of tongue Swelling or tightness in throat Wheeze or persistent cough Difficulty talking or hoarse voice Persistent dizziness or collapse Pale and floppy (young children)
- 19. FIRST AID: ANAPHYLAXIS Assessif allergic reaction vs anaphylaxis Call for medical assistance If mild to moderate allergic reaction Give Diphenhydramine 50mg orally If anaphylactic reaction Administer Epi- pen/Epinephrine
- 21.
- 22. FIRST AID: SEIZURES Signsand Symptoms Unusual sensations or feelings (e.g. visual hallucinations) Irregular breathing patterns Drooling Upward rolling of eyes Sudden, uncontrollable, rhythmic muscle contractions and convulsions Decreased level of responsiveness Loss of bladder or bowel control
- 23. FIRST AID: SEIZURES Reassure the victim Remove nearby objects that might cause injury Protect the victim’s head by placing a thinly folded towel or piece of clothing beneath it Time the duration of the seizure Stay and watch over the victim until fully conscious Do not hold or restrain the patient when a seizure is in progress Do not place anything between the victim’s teeth or put anything in the victim’s mouth Loosen clothing around the neck that could block breathing Ensure that the victim’s airway is open and check for breathing and other injuries once seizure is over
- 24. FIRST AID: SEIZURES Whento call emergency medical help seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes have another seizure soon after the first one trouble breathing or waking up after the seizure injured during the seizure seizure happens in water No prior history of seizure Has diabetes and lost consciousness Is pregnant
- 25. FIRST AID: FAINTING Signsand Symptoms Lightheadedness or dizziness Signs of shock, such as pale, cool or moist skin Nausea, numbness or tingling in the finger and toes Distortion/dimming of vision
- 26. FIRST AID: FAINTING Position the victim on his or her back Raise the person's legs above heart level if possible. about 12 inches (30 centimeters). Loosen belts, collars or other tight clothing Check for any other conditions This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND To reduce the chance of fainting again, don't get the victim up too fast. Do not give anything to eat or drink
- 27. ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES HEAT-RELATED ILLNESSES,BITES AND STINGS
- 28. FIRST AID: HEAT-RELATEDILLNESSES
- 29. FIRST AID: HEAT-RELATEDILLNESSES Remove the victim from the hot environment Cool the victim by fanning, applying ice bags or spraying water on the skin If conscious, oral rehydration with a beverage containing salt (e.g. ORS, Pocari Sweat)
- 30. FIRST AID: INSECTSTINGS Remove any visible stinger. Wash the site with soap and water. If necessary, change contaminated clothing. Cover the site with a dressing Apply cold compress to the area to reduce pain and swelling Call for medical assistance if there is any difficulty in breathing or other signs of anaphylactic reaction
- 31.
- 32. FIRST AID: CLOSEDWOUND (BRUISE) Apply an ice pack Do this for 15 to 20 minutes every 2 to 4 hours for 24 to 48 hours. Elevate the injured part Help the victim to rest Provide comfort and reassure the victim This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
- 33. FIRST AID: OPENWOUND Minor Open Wounds Use a barrier between your hand and the wound Using a gauze or clean cloth, apply direct pressure Wash abrasions, other superficial wounds Apply betadine wound solution or if available, antibiotic ointment/cream Cover the wound with sterile dressing Major Open Wounds Call for medical assistance Put on PPE (gloves) Control bleeding by applying direct pressure Monitor airway and breathing Have the person rest comfortably and provide reassurance
- 34. FIRST AID: OPENWOUND Dress the wound • Put on gloves or use other protection to prevent contact with the victim's blood. • Clean the wound with mild soap and water. • Do not use toxic solutions like hydrogen peroxide. • In cases where there are no known allergies, antibiotic ointments may be used. • Place a clean dressing over the entire wound. • If blood soaks through the dressing, place another dressing over the first one. Cover the dressing • Wrap roller gauze or cloth strips over the dressing and around the wound several times. • Extend the bandage at least an inch beyond both sides of the dressing. • Don't wrap the bandage so tight that it interferes with blood flow to healthy tissue.
- 35. FIRST AID: OPENWOUND Secure the bandage • Tie or tape the bandage in place. • Don't secure the bandage so tight that fingers or toes become pale or blue. Check circulation • Check circulation on the side of the injury that is furthest away from the heart after several minutes and again after several hours. If circulation is poor, the skin may look pale or blue or feel cold. Signs of poor circulation also include numbness and tingling. • If circulation is reduced, loosen the bandage right away. If symptoms continue, get medical care
- 36. FIRST AID: BURNS Cool with cold running water for at least 5 minutes Cover the burn loosely with sterile dressing Apply antibiotic ointment if without allergies
- 37. FIRST AID: BONES,JOINTS AND MUSCLE INJURIES Strain • Injuries of the muscles or tendons Sprain • Injuries of the ligaments Dislocation • Disalignment of a joint Fracture • Break in the bone
- 38. FIRST AID: BONES,JOINTS AND MUSCLE INJURIES Rest Immobilize Cool/Cold Elevate For first 48 – 72 hours
- 39. FIRST AID: BANDAGING- ANKLE
- 40. RECOMMENDED CONTENT OF FIRSTAID KIT Quality Unit Particulars 1 pc 1-inch medical paper tape 1 pc 2-inch elastic bandages 1 pc 3-inch elastic bandages 10 pc Alcohol Wipes 4 pc Antacid (Kremil-S or Maalox-1 chewable tab) 5 pc Band-Aid 10 pc Betadine Solution/Wipes 3 pc Carbocisteine 500 mg/cap 4 pc Celecoxib 200 mg/tab 5 pc Cetirizine 10 mg/tab 2 pairs Clean Gloves 1 pc Cold Packs/Cold Compress Bags 10 pc Cotton Balls 1 sachet Dextromethorpan 5mg/lozenges (optional) 1 pc Hydrogen Peroxide 60ml bottle 4 pc Hyoscine10mg tab 5 pc Ibuprofen 200 mg/tab 5 pc Loperamide 2mg 1 pc Mupirocin Ointment 1 pc Nail Clippers (optional) 5 pc Oral Rehydration Solution (optional) 1 pc Plastic Tweezers 1 pc Scissors 2 pc Sterile Gauze Pads (4x4) 1 pc Thermometer
- 41. Thank you forlistening!
Editor's Notes
- #6 Scene Assessment - Look for Clear and Apparent Dangers, Look for Less Obvious Hazards
- #17 Remain calm Help the person sit comfortably Loosen any tight clothing around the neck and abdomen Assist the person with prescribed quick-relief medication
- #18 Skin becomes swollen and turns red (angioedema) Difficulty in breathing, wheezing or shortness of breath Tight feeling in the chest and throat Swelling of the face, throat or tongue Weakness, dizziness or confusion Rashes or hives Low Blood Pressure Shock
- #19 Skin becomes swollen and turns red (angioedema) Difficulty in breathing, wheezing or shortness of breath Tight feeling in the chest and throat Swelling of the face, throat or tongue Weakness, dizziness or confusion Rashes or hives Low Blood Pressure Shock
- #20 Skin becomes swollen and turns red (angioedema) Difficulty in breathing, wheezing or shortness of breath Tight feeling in the chest and throat Swelling of the face, throat or tongue Weakness, dizziness or confusion Rashes or hives Low Blood Pressure Shock
- #22 Skin becomes swollen and turns red (angioedema) Difficulty in breathing, wheezing or shortness of breath Tight feeling in the chest and throat Swelling of the face, throat or tongue Weakness, dizziness or confusion Rashes or hives Low Blood Pressure Shock
- #25 Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911. Don't offer water or food until they are fully alert. This is not necessary and could cause them to choke.
- #26 Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911.
- #28 If the person doesn't regain consciousness within one minute, call 911 or your local emergency number.
- #35 Always wash your hands before and after applying a bandage. Step 1. Dress the wound Put on gloves or use other protection to prevent contact with the victim's blood. Clean the wound with mild soap and water. Avoid getting soap directly into the wound. Do not use toxic solutions like hydrogen peroxide. They can irritate the wound and are harmful to wound healing. In cases where there are no known allergies, antibiotic ointments may be used. Apply a thin layer of topical antibiotic if desired. Place a clean dressing over the entire wound. Nonstick dressings have a special surface that won't cling to the wound. If blood soaks through the dressing, place another dressing over the first one.
- #36 Always wash your hands before and after applying a bandage. Step 1. Dress the wound Put on gloves or use other protection to prevent contact with the victim's blood. Clean the wound with mild soap and water. Avoid getting soap directly into the wound. Do not use toxic solutions like hydrogen peroxide. They can irritate the wound and are harmful to wound healing. In cases where there are no known allergies, antibiotic ointments may be used. Apply a thin layer of topical antibiotic if desired. Place a clean dressing over the entire wound. Nonstick dressings have a special surface that won't cling to the wound. If blood soaks through the dressing, place another dressing over the first one.
- #37 Always wash your hands before and after applying a bandage. Step 1. Dress the wound Put on gloves or use other protection to prevent contact with the victim's blood. Clean the wound with mild soap and water. Avoid getting soap directly into the wound. Do not use toxic solutions like hydrogen peroxide. They can irritate the wound and are harmful to wound healing. In cases where there are no known allergies, antibiotic ointments may be used. Apply a thin layer of topical antibiotic if desired. Place a clean dressing over the entire wound. Nonstick dressings have a special surface that won't cling to the wound. If blood soaks through the dressing, place another dressing over the first one.
- #39 Strain – pulled muscle, caused by overstretcing and tearing of muscles or tendons, usually involved muscles in the neck, back , thigh, or back of lower leg Sprain – tearing of ligaments at a joint – ankle, knee, wrist and fingers are the most easily injured Dislocation – movement of a bone at a joint away from its normal position Fracture
- #40 Mainly for sprain REST – stop any current activities and rest without moving or straightening the injured body part IMMOBILIZE – keep the injured area at the position in which it is found COOL – injured part for 20 mins every hour to reduce swelling and pain. Do not rub the ice or cold pack. Put a thin dry cloth or pad between the ice compress and bare skin ELEVATE – above the heart Avoid applying heat during the first 48 hours to minimize swelling
- #41 Mainly for sprain REST – stop any current activities and rest without moving or straightening the injured body part IMMOBILIZE – keep the injured area at the position in which it is found COOL – injured part for 20 mins every hour to reduce swelling and pain. Do not rub the ice or cold pack. Put a thin dry cloth or pad between the ice compress and bare skin ELEVATE – above the heart Avoid applying heat during the first 48 hours to minimze swelling