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1. DISCIPLINES
WITHIN THE
SOCIAL
SCIENCES
Prepared by: Ms. Mary Joy Adelfa P. Dailo, LPT

2. GEOGRAPHY

3. GEOGRAPHY
• Geography is the study of the interaction
between the natural environment and the
people living in it.
• Greek words
geo - “Earth”
graphos - “charting or mapping”

4. TWO MAIN BRANCHES:
• Physical Geography
• Human Geography

5. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
• Physical Geography is the study of the
natural environment of the Earth and of
how humans have altered natural systems.
• Physical geographers study Earth’s seasons,
climate, atmosphere, soil, streams,
landforms, and oceans.

6. Disciplines in Physical
Geography
• Geomorphology
• Glaciology
• Pedology
• Hydrology
• Climatology
• Biogeography
• Oceanography

7. • Geomorphology is
the study of
landforms and the
processes that shape
them.
Danxia Landforms. Southern
China. Red Sandstones.

8. • Glaciology is the
study of the Earth’s
ice fields and their
impact on the
planet’s climate.
March of Two Penguins. Durmont
d’Urville Station, Antarctica

9. • Pedology is the
study of soil and
how it is created,
changed, and
classified.
Cinque Terre. Lingurian Sea, Italy.
UNESCO World Heritage Site

10. • Hydrology is the
study of the
distribution and
movement of water
both on and below
the Earth’s surface,
as well as the
impact of human
activity on water
availability and
conditions.
Hydrologist. The hydrologist
measure the stream flow in
Coeur d’Alene River.

11. • Climatology is the
study of the Earth’s
climate system and
its impact on
Earth’s surface.
Antarctic Ice Core. A core is
extracted from the ice sheet to learn
what the area’s (near McMurdo
Station, Antarctica) climate was
like in the past.

12. • Biogeographers
study the impact of
the environment on
the distribution of
plants and animals.
Ducks Pollution. Two ducks rest in
a drum of toxic gas in an
abandoned swimming pool on
Bradenton, Florida.

13. • Oceanography
focuses on the
creatures and
environments of the
world’s oceans.
Scuba Diving. Sipadan Borneo

14. APPROACHES IN STUDYING
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY:
- To look at the physical environment as the
provider of natural resources.
- To look at the physical environment as
hazard to human life.

15. Cite a specific
experience where
physical environment
has been a hazard to
your life.

16. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
• Human geography is concerned with the
distribution and networks of people and cultures on
Earth’s surface.
• Human geographers study how people use
and alter their environments.
• Human geographers study how political , social,
and economic systems are organized across
geographical space.

17. METHOD OF RESEARCH
• Cartography –
mapmaking
Stick Chart. Sticks show currents and wave
patterns and shells show atolls and islands. As
early as 1500 BCE, Polynesian navigators used
stick charts to travel the Pacific Ocean.

18. FATHER OF GEOGRAPHY
Eratosthenes of Cyrene
• The head of the Great
Library at Alexandria and
royal tutor to the future
King Ptolemy IV.
• Wrote the first scholarly
treatise on the topic, a
three-book volume
Geographika.

19. QUIZ
1-2. Geography comes from two Greek words geo and graphos where
in geo means ____(1)_____ and graphos means _____(2)____.
3. What branch of Geography studies the distribution and networks of
people on Earth?
4. What do you call the basic research technique used in studying
geography which means mapmaking?
5. What social science discipline studies the interaction between the
natural environment and the people living in it?
6. What branch of Geography studies human activities such as
agriculture, urbanization, and land reclamation?
7. What subdiscipline of physical geography studies landforms and the
processes that shape them?
8. What branch of Geography studies the natural environment of the
Earth?
9. Who is the Father of Geography?
10. What subdiscipline of physical geography focuses on the creatures
and environments of the world’s oceans?

20. Answer key
1. Earth
2. Charting or mapping
3. Human geography
4. Cartography
5. Geography
6. Human geography
7. Geomorphology
8. Physical geography
9. Eratosthenes
10. Oceanography

21. Materials
• Short Bond paper
• Colored pencils
• Pencils
• Black marker
• Rulers
• Maps and atlases as examples

22. Activity: Creating an Imaginary Nation
• Create a physical map of an imaginary nation.
• Write the name of the nation on top of the map.
• Include at least five different land or water forms in the
map and give a unique name.
• Cities will be designated by a large black dot ( ) and all
must be named.
• Color the map with colored pencils or crayons.
• At the back of your map:
a. Explain the reason behind the choice of water forms and
land forms and the locations of the cities.
b. Explain how your imaginary nation is conducive to a
productive and develop society.

23. PHYSICAL
MAP OF ASIA

24. ---

25. What significant
event happened
on your
birthday?

26. HISTORY

27. HISTORY
• The discipline that studies the
chronological record of events, based on a
critical examination of source materials
and usually presenting an explanation of
their causes.
• From Greek word:
historia - “inquiry”

28. TWO TYPES OF HISTORICAL
SOURCES
• Primary Source – a testimony of an
eyewitness or an account of someone who
has firsthand information on the subject.
• Includes journal entry, transcripts, video
interviews, monuments or structures,
photographs, statistics, and official
government records

29. TWO TYPES OF HISTORICAL
SOURCES
• Primary Source
• Examples:
• Voices of the Enslaved in Nineteenth-
Century Cuba (1996)
• Provision on the National Territory of 1987
Constitution (2/11/1987)
• “Sabah! A Game of Diversion” by Senator
Benigno S. Aquino Jr. (10/5/1968)

30. TWO TYPES OF HISTORICAL
SOURCES
• Secondary Source – uses primary
materials as the source of information.
• Includes biographies, textbooks,
conference proceedings, and book reviews

31. TWO TYPES OF HISTORICAL
SOURCES
• Secondary Source
• Examples:
• JSTOR
• The Biography of Jose Rizal

32. Hieroglyphs on the Temple of Kom
Ombo, Egypt

33. Sumerian cuneiform tablet, probably from Erech (Uruk),
Mesopotamia, c. 3100–2900 BCE; in the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York City

34. Horse depicted in Lascaux Cave in the
Dordogne, Southwestern France, dated to the
Upper Palaeolithic period.

35. Branches of History
Social
History
Cultural
History
Economic
History
Political
History
Diplomatic
History
Intellectual
History

36. Social History
• The history which focuses on the study of
various societal norms like ways of living,
standard, customs, disciplines, status and
so on of the people, alongside the
demography.
• It is a branch of history which looks at the
lived experience of the past.
• Ex. Crime, Society and the State in the 19th Century
Philippines (Greg Bakoff, 1996)

37. Cultural History
• Cultural history is the branch of history
that deals with the traditions and cultural
interpretation of the past.
• Includes Language, Literature, Sports, and
Entertainment
• Ex. Balatik: Etnoastronomiya Kalangitan sa Kabihasnang
Pilipino (Dante Ambrosio, 2010)

38. Economic History
• Economic history is the branch of history that
focuses on the study of economies as well as
economical phenomena of the past.
• Includes pattern of the production,
consumption, industry, market, and labor
• Ex. The Tobacco Monopoly in the Philippines:
Bureaucratic Enterprise and Social Change 1766-1880
(Ed de Hesus, 1980)

39. Political History
• Political History is the narration of the
evolution of the political related matters of
the past.
• Includes political leaders, ideas, events,
movements, electoral activities, and
making of policy.
• Ex. Illustrado Politics: Filipino Elite Responses to
American Rule (Michael Cullinane, 2003)

40. Diplomatic History
• Diplomatic history is the branch of history
that focuses on the study of international
relations between nations diplomats, and
ideas of diplomacy.
• Ex. The United States and the Philippines: A Study of
Neocolonialism (Stephen Rosskamm Shalom, 1986)

41. Intellectual History
• The history which aims to understand the
ideas (ideology and philosophy) by
understanding the political, cultural,
intellectual, and social context of the past.
• Intellectual history is about the human
(historians) actions and how they developed
history.
• Carmen Nakpil, Teodoro Agoncillo, Cecilio Lopez, Nick
Joaquin, Gregorio Zaide

42. Father of History
• Herodotus of Halicarnassus
• Narrated the Persians wars
along with various earlier and
contemporary stories about
Greeks and barbarians in his
book, The Histories, where
he put ethnographic,
geographic, cultural and
religious observations and
comments.

43. • Thucydides
• Chronicled nearly 30 years
of war and tension between
Athens and Sparta, “History
of the Peloponnesian War”
• He relied on the testimony
of eyewitnesses and his own
experiences as a general
during the war.

44. ---

45. “Those who cannot
remember the past are
condemned to repeat it.”
- George Santaya

46. QUIZ
1. History comes from the Greek word historia which means ________.
2. What branch of history is concerned with the making of policies?
3. What branch of history studies about historians and how they develop
history?
4. What do you call the historical sources that are narrated based on the
experience of others?
5. What social science discipline studies the chronological record of
events?
6. What branch of history looks at the lived experience of the past?
7. What do you call the historical sources that are narrated by someone
who has a firsthand information of the event?
8. What is regarded as the writing system of the people in
Mesopotamia?
9. What branch of history studies the patterns of production and the
industry?
10. Who is the Father of history?

47. Answer key
1. Inquiry
2. Political History
3. Intellectual History
4. Secondary Sources
5. History
6. Social History
7. Primary Sources
8. Cuneiform
9. Economic History
10. Herodotus

48. Bring 3 pieces of evidence
that best represents you.
One is a description of
yourself in 10 words or less
and the other two must be
objects.