Philippine History

1. MODULE 1:
UNDERSTANDING HISTORY
USING PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SOURCES

2. UNIT 1
Meaning and Relevance of History

3. History
• the past of mankind
• often encountered in such overworked phrases as "all history
teaches" or "the lesson of history
• As used by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, history meant a
systematic account of a set of natural phenomena, whether or not
chronological ordering was a factor in the account

4. History
• It requires only a moment's reflection to recognize that in this sense
history cannot be reconstructed.
• The past of mankind for the most part is beyond recall.

5. The Incompleteness of the Records in History
-Louis Gottschalk
Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by
those who observed it;
Only a part of what was remembered was recorded;
Only a part of what was recorded has survived;
Only a part of what has survived has come to the historians' attention;
Only a part of what has come to their attention is credible;
Only a part of what is credible has been grasped;
And only a part of what has been grasped can be expounded or
narrated by historian.

6. History
• Historical Method
• the process of critically examining and analyzing the records and
survivals of the past
• Historiography
• the imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by that
process
By means of historical method and historiography the historian
endeavors to reconstruct as much of the past of mankind as he
can.

7. History
• Even in this limited effort, however, the historian is handicapped.
He rarely can tell the story even of a part of the past “as it actually
occurred,” because in addition to the probable incompleteness of
the records, he is faced with the inadequacy of the human
imagination and of human speech for such an "actual” re-
creation.

8. Historian at Work
• Historians
• people with some advanced training in the discipline of history.
• They bring a particular and often-misunderstood set of skills to the
task of learning about the past.
• They also gather and weigh different kinds of evidence, including
primary sources, material artifacts, and secondary sources.
• The historian is not permitted to imagine things that could not
reasonably have happened.

9. Historiography
• Vann (2017) states that Historiography is the writing of history,
especially the writing of history based on the critical examination of
sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic
materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a
narrative that stands the test of critical examination.
• It can also refer to the theory and history of historical writing

10. Modern Historical Evidences
• According to Vann (2017) the 20th century the scope of
historical evidence was greatly expanded to include:
• Aerial photographs
• Rings of trees
• Old coins
• Clothes
• Pictures
• Motions pictures
• Houses

11. Ancient Historiographies
• Chinese Historiography- A rich and persistent annalistic tradition and
a growing emphasis on history as a repertoire of moral examples
• Sima Qian- The Father of Chinese Historiography
• the most noted Chinese historian for his authorship of the Shiji
("Historical Records) which is considered to be the most important
history of China down to the end of the 2nd century.

12. Ancient Historiographies
• Greek Historiography- It originated in the activities of a group of
writers whom the Greeks called logographoi (logographers).
• Logography was the prose compilation of oral traditions relating to
the origins of towns, peoples, and places. It combined geographical
with cultural information and might be sees as an early form of
cultural anthropology.

13. Ancient Historiographies
• Roman Historiography- The Romans inherited Greek historiography
as they inherited other elements of Greek culture, aware of its
prestige and emulating it in some ways but inevitably giving it the
imprint of their quite different temperament
• The primary reason for Rome's success according to him was the
Roman character, as reflected in statesmanship, public spirit and
moderation toward defeated people.

14. Ancient Historiographies
• Islamic Historiography- The Quran, the sacred text of Islam, contains
allusions that constitute the basis of a providential history of
humankind from Adam through Muhammad, the founder of Islam.
• Hadith (the traditions or sayings of Muhammad)- another valuable
resource of Islamic historians

15. Qualities of an Objective Historian
• Historian must treat sources with appropriate reservations.
• Historian must not dismiss counter evidence without scholarly
considerations.
• Historian must be even-handed in her treatment of evidence.
• Historian must clearly indicate any speculation.
• Historian must not mistranslate documents or mislead by omitting parts of
documents.
• Historian must weigh the authenticity of all accounts, not merely those
that contradict her favored view.
• Historian must take the motives of historical actors into consideration.

16. Famous Early Historians
• Herodotus
• "Father of History“
• Best known for his work “Histories” which is considered as one of the
earliest examples of historical writing.
• He traveled extensively and wrote about various cultures, events, and
historical accounts, including Persian Wars.
• Approach is factual reporting and storytelling

17. Famous Early Historians
• Thucydides- most famous critic and emulator of Herodotus
• History of the Peloponnesian War-describes the destructive conflict
(431-404 B.C.) between Athens and Sparta
• . When reporting on events that he did not personally witness, he
carefully checked the reports of eyewitnesses, bearing in memories.
• Because of this he was sometimes called the "Father of Scientific
History".

18. Famous Early Historians
• Livy- is one of the greatest Roman historians
• Livy was inclined to idealize the severe virtues of republican Rome
• His work is not only a historical account but also contains elements of
myth and legend making it an essential source for understanding
Rome’s early history and Roman worldview

19. Famous Early Historians
• Tacitus- His great works are the Annals which covers the years 14-68
A.D. and the Histories which begins with the famous "year of the four
emperors" (69 A.D.) and ends with the death of the emperor
Domitian (96 A.D.) provide an important account of the first century
of the principate.
• Tacitus was a self-conscious stylist, and his treatise on style he
claimed that styles were themselves the product of historical changes
rather than being entirely the decision of the historian.
• His own writing is perhaps most remarkable for his concise epigrams.

20. Famous Early Historians
• Al-Tabari- known as the greatest early Islamic historian
• was reputed to have memorized the Quran at the age of seven
• Legend credited him with producing a 30,000-page commentary on
the Quran and an equally long universal history both survive but are
only one-tenth as long.

21. Filipino Historians
• Teodoro Agoncillo
• He was one among the first Filipino historians renowned for
promoting a distinctly nationalist, essayist and poetic point of view of
Filipino history.
• He was named National Scientist of the Philippines in 1985 for his
distinguished contributions in the field of history.

22. Filipino Historians
• Renato Constantino
• He is known as a Filipino historian.
• Apart from being a historian, Constantino was also engaged in foreign
service, working for the Philippine Mission to the United Nations and
the Department of Foreign Affairs.
• Constantino held professorial positions at the University of the
Philippines and other prominent universities.

23. Filipino Historians
• Gregorio F. Zaide-
• He was a historian, author and politician from the town of Pagsanjan,
Laguna in the Philippines.
• A multi-awarded author, Zaide wrote 67 books and more than 500
articles about history.
• He was one of the founders of the International Association of
Historians of Asia (IAHA), and president of the Philippine Historical
Association for three terms.

24. Filipino Historians
• Trinidad Pardo de Tavera-
• He was a Filipino physician, historian and politician of Spanish and
Portuguese descent.
• Trinidad, also known by his name T. H. Pardo de Tavera was known
for his writings about different aspects of Philippine culture.

25. Filipino Historians
• Carmen Guerrero Nakpil-
• She is a Filipino journalist, author, historian and public servant.
• She was born in Ermita, Manila, into the Guerrero clan of that town,
who were painters and poets, as well as scientists and doctors.

26. Emergence of Historical
Associations

27. Historical Associations
• These early societies were commonly formed by elites whose main
interest was the history of people like themselves, leaders in business,
commerce and government.
• Their mission was to preserve the legacy of their ancestors, to
commemorate heroes, and to preserve historic architecture. Rapid
urbanization and urban renewal in the 20th century led to another
wave of interest in preserving local history (Doyle 2012).

28. Historical Associations
• Royal Historical Society (RHistS).
• American Historical Association (AHA).
• Association of Chinese Historians (ACH).
• Philippine Historical Association (PHA).
• Philippine National Historical Society (PNHS).

29. The National Historical
Commission of the Philippines

30. National Historical Commission of the Philippines
• responsible for the conversation and preservation of the historical
legacies.
• Its major thrusts encompass an ambitious cultural program on
historical studies, curatorial works, architectural conservation,
Philippine heraldry, historical information dissemination activities,
restoration information dissemination activities, and preservation of
relics and memorabilia of heroes and other renowned Filipinos.

31. National Historical Commission of the Philippines
• NHCP was known before as the National Historical Institute (NHI)
which was established in 1972 during the time of former President
Ferdinand Marcos.
• It was only in 2010 when former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
signed into law the Republic Act 10086 or "An Act Strengthening
Peoples' Nationalism Through Philippine History by Changing the
Nomenclature of the National Historical Institute into the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines, Strengthening its powers
and Functions, and for Other Purposes."

32. Thus
• The study of the past is essential for rooting' people in time.
• The answer is that people who feel themselves to be rootless live
rootless lives, often causing a lot of damage to themselves and others
in the process.
• So, understanding the linkages between past and present is
absolutely basic for a good understanding of the condition of being
human. That, in a nutshell, is why History matters. It is not just
'useful', it is essential (Corfield 2018).

33. UNIT 2
Primary and Secondary Sources

34. Sources of History
• 1. Primary sources
• 2. Secondary sources

35. Primary Sources
• These are sources created by eyewitnesses to or participants
in an event who record the event or their reactions to it.
• they originated with people who had primary, or first-hand
knowledge of the event.

36. Primary Sources
• Kinds of Primary Sources
• Letters, diaries, journals, wills, bibles, report cards
• Business records such as correspondence, ledgers, minutes, speeches, invoices
• Poems, songs, hymns
• Photographs, paintings, films, advertisements, and other artwork
• Tools, machines, furniture, clothing, and other artifacts from a particular era
• Government records such as court proceedings, treaties and trade agreements
• Newspapers and magazines of the period
• Oral history interviews and genealogical information
• Memorabilia such as buttons, banners, flyers
• Other objects such as gravestones

37. Secondary Sources
• These are sources created second-hand by people who were
either not at the event or recorded information long after.
• Secondary sources usually interpret and analyze primary
sources.

38. Secondary Sources
•Kinds of Secondary Sources
•Published Textbooks
•Scholarly Journals
•Articles in Newspapers
•Popular Magazines
•Movie Reviews

39. Thus…
• Historical sources can be woven together in a multitude of ways,
using many different kinds of sources, including material culture such
as artifacts, oral histories and written materials.
• In that process of evaluation, the historian is asking one key question:
Out of all the available source materials, which among them will most
effectively tell the story that I want to tell?

40. UNIT 3
External and Internal Criticism in
History

41. Two Modes of Historical Criticism
• External Criticism
• Internal Criticism

43. Two Modes of Historical Criticism
• External Criticism- It is called the lower criticism and deals
with the authorship of documents, the source, handwriting,
dates, the question of genuineness, purity etc
• Internal Criticism- It is often called the higher criticism and
deals with the process by which the trustworthiness of the
document is studied

45. Thus …
• Both external and internal criticism have a great importance
in history.
• External criticism applies "science to a document." It involves
such physical and technical tests as dating of paper a
document is written on, but it also involves knowledge of
when certain things existed or were possible for example
when zip codes were invented.
• Internal criticism on the other hand looks within the data
itself to try to determine truth--facts and "reasonable"
interpretation. It includes looking at the apparent or possible
motives of the person providing the data.