These approaches offer ways of looking at society from different perspectives. Marxism is one theoretical approach that is associated with conflict theory. It asserts that society is divided into classes that are in conflict with each other. Marxism views history as a result of conflicts caused by material needs. It sees society progressing through stages from primitive communism to capitalism and eventually communism, where there are no classes. Key concepts in Marxism include historical materialism, alienation, surplus value, false consciousness, and praxis. Marxism aims to challenge the status quo and encourage social change to abolish social classes.

1. Discipline and Ideas in the
Social Sciences

2. REVIEW

3. What is FEMINIST THEORY all
about?
This theory seeks to improve the overall condition of women in the society?
It encourages women to be aware of their subordination and do something to promote gender equality.

4. What are the KEY CONCEPTS in
FEMINIST THEORY?
SEX
GENDER
GENDER IDEOLOGY
GENDER INEQUALITY
GENDER OPPRESSION

5. What is the difference between
sex and gender?
Sex is what your genitals tell you, and gender is what you personally feel like you
are.

6. What is GENDER IDEOLOGY?
Attitudes regarding the suitable roles , rights, and responsibilities in the society.

7. What is GENDER INEQUALITY?
Unequal treatment of perceptions or individuals based on their gender.

8. What is GENDER OPPRESSION?
The manner in which certain groups are privileged or disadvantaged because of
gender.

9. LISTEN TO THE SONG
“TATSULOK”

10. TATSULOK
Bamboo
Totoy bilisan mo, bilisan mo ang takbo
Ilagan ang mga bombang nakatutok sa ulo mo
Totoy tumalon ka, dumapa kung kailangan
At baka tamaan pa ng mga balang ligaw
Totoy makinig ka, wag kang magpa-gabi
Baka mapagkamalan ka’t humandusay dyan sa
tabi
Totoy alam mo ba kung ano ang puno’t dulo
Ng di matapos-tapos na kaguluhang ito
Hindi pula’t dilaw tunay na magkalaban
Ang kulay at tatak ay di syang dahilan
Hangga’t marami ang lugmok sa kahirapan
At ang hustisya ay para lang sa mayaman
Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok
Di matatapos itong gulo
Iligtas ang hininga ng kay raming mga tao
At ang dating munting bukid, ngayo’y
sementeryo
Totoy kumilos ka, baliktarin ang tatsulok
Tulad ng dukha, nailagay mo sa tuktok
Hindi pula’t dilaw tunay na magkalaban
Ang kulay at tatak ay di syang dahilan
Hangga’t marami ang lugmok sa kahirapan
At ang hustisya ay para lang sa mayaman
Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok
Di matatapos itong gulo
Hindi pula’t dilaw tunay na magkalaban
Ang kulay at tatak ay di syang dahilan
Hangga’t marami ang lugmok sa kahirapan
At ang hustisya ay para lang sa mayaman
Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok
Di matatapos itong gulo
Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok
Di matatapos itong gulo.......
Di matatapos itong gulo......

11. What line/phrase/word struck
you most? Why?

12. What does TATSULOK mean?
How will you relate this in our
society?

13. What social problems can be
illustrated from this song?

14. These approaches and ideas offer various ways of
looking at society.
These approaches and ideas offer various ways of explaining
the things that are happening in the society.
DOMINANT APPROACHES AND
IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

15. Positivist Social
Science
DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS IN THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES
Interpretive Social
Science
Critical Social Science
• Structural-
Functionalism
• Rational Choice
• Institutionalism
• Hermeneutical
Phenomenology
• Symbolic
Interactionism
• Feminist Theory
• Marxism
• Psychoanalysis
• Human-
Environment
System

16. MARXISM
•A theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
•One of the theoretical approaches in social
sciences that is associated with conflict theory
•It asserts that society is divided into social
classes which are always in conflict with one
another

17. The society
functions to
serve the
powerful class
and disadvantage
the others

20. SOLUTION TO CLASS CONFLICT
•Challenge the status quo
•Encourage social change
•Abolish social classes

21. KEY CONCEPTS

22. HISTORICAL MATERIALISM
•History is the result of conflict of
social forces caused by material
needs

23. STAGES OF HISTORY: MARXIST PERSPECTIVE
STAGE DESCRIPTION MEANS OF
PRODUCTION
SOURCE OF
CONFLICT
Primitive
Communism
• Society is
classless.
• Production is
done
exclusively
for survival
Foraging in
nature
Material
scarcity

24. STAGES OF HISTORY: MARXIST PERSPECTIVE
STAGE DESCRIPTION MEANS OF
PRODUCTION
SOURCE OF
CONFLICT
Slavery • Society is
divided on
class lines.
• Production is
carried out by
the slaves who
are owned by
their masters.
Slave labor Master and
slave

25. STAGES OF HISTORY: MARXIST PERSPECTIVE
STAGE DESCRIPTION MEANS OF
PRODUCTION
SOURCE OF
CONFLICT
Feudalism • Production is
carried out by
peasants or
serfs
Land Landowners
and
serfs/peasants

26. STAGES OF HISTORY: MARXIST PERSPECTIVE
STAGE DESCRIPTION MEANS OF
PRODUCTION
SOURCE OF
CONFLICT
Capitalism • Division
between
capitalists and
labourers is
established.
Land Bourgeoisie
and proletariat

27. History ends when the society
become classless
Communism

28. Alienation
• Separation from one’s true nature
• The proletariat are separated from the true nature of
Product
Labor
Fellow workers
Themselves

29. Surplus Value
• The value extracted from the labour of the proletariat

30. False Consciousness
• Done to mask the nature of the worker’s oppression
• Working class are deceived from their true class position

31. Praxis
• A theory is enacted or realised by critically assessing the world and
change society based on the workers’ own interest rather than
accepting the ideology of the capitalist class