This Powerpoint Presentation is all about the Social Science Disciplines; Inquiry, Methods of Research and History solely for Educational Purposes.

1. SOCIAL SCIENCE
DISCIPLINES
History, Methods, and Areas
of Inquiry

2. Word Search:_______________________
A N N O S P O L I T S S A W Q R E A L Y
N N A K O W A T E R S I C O N S D A I L
G W T O C F G H I S T O R Y C J V L N O
R E B R I H A Y A B U S A W P W O B G O
Y C L V O V B C I T Y B G J S V G V U D
B O G W L P H Y S I C S G V Y L G W I S
I N R O O L O L W E O R C F C J J J S V
R O L J G H V L V B A N F A H F U E T D
D M V G Y W J G O B S A H P O R L S I C
G I M I Y A B I W G T N A L L E A T C L
O C H I L D A L A N Y A C E O Y K E S I
R S E C O N O M S L E G O T G A A S L N
D L H J V D E M O G R A P H Y A I S A T
P O L I T I C A L S C I E N C E B H A S
G E O G R A P H G B V Y T R D A S D G J

3. Social Science Disciplines

4. Social Science Disciplines
 Social science is a category of academic
disciplines, concerned with society and the
relationships among individuals within a society.
Social science as a whole has many branches.
These social sciences include, but are not limited
to: anthropology, archaeology, communication
studies, economics, history, musicology, human
geography, jurisprudence, linguistics, political
science, psychology, public health, and sociology.

6. ANTHROPOLOGY
What is Anthropology?
 Anthropology is the systematic study of
humanity, with the goal of understanding our
evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness as a
species, and the great diversity in our forms
of social existence across the world and
through time.
 Anthropology is divided into three subfields:
cultural, linguistics, physical and
archaeology.

7. ANTHROPHOLOGY : HISTORY
History Of Anthropology:
A. Origins
B. Imperialism and Increased Contact with Other Cultures
C. The Beginnings of Modern Anthropology
C.1. Evolutionary Theory
C.2. Anthropological Evolutionary Theories
C.3. Cultural Evolution, Colonialism, and Social Darwinism
D. New Directions in Theory and Research
D.1. The Influence of Boas
D.2. Functionalism
D.3. Structuralism
D.4. Cultural Materialism and Cultural Ecology
D.5. Symbolic Anthropology

8. Research Methods : Anthropology
Research Methods:
A. Cultural Immersion
B. Human Ecology
C. Linguistic Analysis
D. Archaeological Analysis
E. Physical Anthropological
Research

9. PSYCHOLOGY
What is Psychology?
Psychology, scientific discipline that studies
mental states and processes and behaviour in
humans and other animals.
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind
and behavior.Psychology is a multifaceted
discipline and includes many sub-fields of
study such areas as human development,
sports, health, clinical, social behavior and
cognitive processes.

10. PSYCHOLOGY : Areas Of Study
What are the Areas of Study within Psychology?
 Biological psychologists
 Clinical psychology
 Cognitive psychology
 Developmental psychology
 Educational psychology
 Industrial and organizational psychology
 Personality psychology
 Social psychologists
 Evolutionary psychology
 Quantitative psychology
 Health psychology
 Sports psychology

11. Psychology : History
History of Psychology
 Early History
 Behaviourism
 Freud And His Followers
 After World War II And Sputnik
 Impact And Aftermath Of The Cognitive Revolution
 Linking Mind, Brain, And Behaviour
 Social cognitive neuroscience
 Epigenetics
 Evolving Scope And Structure Of Psychological Science

12. Psychology : Research Methods
Research Methods
 Multiple tools and methods for diverse goals
An extremely wide range of diverse research methods
are used by psychological scientists to pursue their
particular goals.
 Complex data-analysis methods
The astonishing growth in computational power that
began in the final decades of the 20th century
transformed research on methods of data analysis in
psychology.

13. HISTORY
What is History?
History, the discipline that studies the
chronological record of events (as affecting a
nation or people), based on a critical examination
of source materials and usually presenting an
explanation of their causes.
History is the study of the human past as it is
described in the written documents left by
human beings.

14. History : Origins of History
Origins of History
Description
History and prehistory
Historiography
Philosophy of history
Historical methods
Marxian theory of history

15. History : Areas Of Study
Areas Of Study
 Periods
 Prehistoric Periodisation
 Geographical locations
 Regions
 Military history
 History of religion
 Social history
 Cultural history
 Diplomatic history
 Economic history
 Environmental history
 World history
 People's history
 Intellectual history
 Gender history
 Public history
 The judgement of history
 Pseudohistory

16. GEOGRAPHY
What is Geography?
Geography, the study of the diverse environments,
places, and spaces of Earth’s surface and their
interactions. It seeks to answer the questions of why
things are as they are, where they are.
The modern academic discipline of geography is
rooted in ancient practice, concerned with the
characteristics of places, in particular their natural
environments and peoples, as well as the relations
between the two.

17. Geography : Historical Development
Historical Development Of Geography
 The emergence of geography: exploration and mapping
 Geography and education: the 19th-century creation of an
academic discipline
 Geography’s early research agenda in Europe
 Geography in the United States
 The development of academic geography in the United Kingdom
 Geography After 1945
 Geography as a science: a new research agenda

18. Geography : Methods and machines
Methods and machines:
Mapmaking and remote sensing
Computational analysis
Geographic information systems
Growth, depth, and fragmentation in the late 20th
century
Influence of the social sciences
Linking the human and physical worlds

19. Geography : Contemporary Discipline
Contemporary Discipline
Physical geography
Human geography
Economic geography
Political geography
Social geography
Historical geography

20. DEMOGRAPHY
What is Demography?
Demography is the scientific study of the
size, composition, and distribution of human populations,
and their changes resulting from fertility, mortality, and
migration.
Demography is concerned with how large (or small)
populations are, that is, their size; how the populations are
composed according to age, sex, race, marital status, and
other characteristics, that is, their composition; and how
populations are distributed in physical space (e.g., how
urban and rural they are), that is, their spatial distribution
(Bogue 1969).

21. Demography : Demographic Processes
Demographic Processes
 Demographic processes are the changes in
populations that affect the distribution of people in
geographic areas. These processes include the
birthrate, the death rate and migration.
• The birthrate
• The death rate
• Migration
 Immigration
 Internal migration

22. Demography : Father of Demography
Who is the Father of Demography?
That would be John Graunt.
John Graunt, (born April 24, 1620, London—died April
18, 1674, London), English statistician, generally
considered to be the founder of the science of demography,
the statistical study of human populations. His analysis of
the vital statistics of the London populace influenced the
pioneer demographic work of his friend Sir William
Petty and, even more importantly, that of Edmond Halley,
the astronomer royal.

23. Demography : Facts
The Materials of
Demography
The Analysts
Institutionalization
The Recent Past and the
Future

24. Demography : Methods
Methods
 Direct methods
Direct data comes from vital statistics registries that track all
births and deaths as well as certain changes in legal status such
as marriage, divorce, and migration (registration of place of
residence).
 Indirect methods
Indirect methods of collecting data are required in countries
and periods where full data are not available, such as is the case
in much of the developing world, and most of historical
demography.

25. POLITICAL SCIENCE
What is Political Science?
 Political science, the systematic study of governance
by the application of empirical and generally scientific
methods of analysis. As traditionally defined and studied,
political science examines the state and its organs and
institutions.
 The contemporary discipline, however, is considerably
broader than this, encompassing studies of all the societal,
cultural, and psychological factors that mutually influence
the operation of government and the body politic.

26. Political Science : Fields And Subfields
Fields And Subfields:
Domestic politics
Comparative politics
International relations
Political theory
Public administration
Public
Public policy

27. Political Science : Historical Developments
Historical Development:
 Ancient influences
 Early modern developments
 19th-century roots of contemporary political
science
 The early 20th century
Developments in the United States
Developments outside the United States
 Post-World War II trends and debates

28. Political Science : Facts
Behavioralism
Political culture
Systems analysis
Theory of rational choice
Democratic theory
Enduring Debates In Political
Science

29. LINGUISTICS
What is Linguistics?
 Linguistics, the scientific study of language.
 The word was first used in the middle of the 19th century to
emphasize the difference between a newer approach to the study
of language that was then developing and the more traditional
approach of philology.
 The differences were and are largely matters of attitude,
emphasis, and purpose.
 The philologist is concerned primarily with the historical
development of languages as it is manifest in written texts and in
the context of the associated literature and culture.

30. Linguistics : History Of Linguistics
History of linguistics
Earlier history
 Non-Western traditions
 Greek and Roman antiquity
 The European Middle Ages
 The Renaissance
The 19th century
 Development of the comparative
method
 The role of analogy
 Other 19th-century theories and
development
The 20th century
 Structuralism
 Transformational-generative
grammar
 Tagmemic, stratificational, and
other approaches

31. Linguistics : Methods of Synchronic
Linguistic
Methods of synchronic linguistic
analysis:
• Structural linguistics
 Phonology
 Morphology
 Syntax
 Semantics
• Tagmemics
 Modes of language
 Hierarchy of levels
• Stratificational grammar
 Technical terminology
 Interstratal relationships
• The Prague school
 Combination of structuralism
and functionalism
 Phonological contributions
 Theory of markedness
 Later contributions

32. Linguistics : Historical (diachronic) linguistics
Historical (diachronic)
linguistics
• Linguistic change
 Sound change
 Grammatical change
 Semantic change
 Borrowing
• The comparative method
 Grimm’s law
 Proto-Indo-European
reconstruction
 Steps in the comparative
method
 Criticisms of the comparative
method
 Internal reconstruction
 Language classification

33. Linguistics :
Linguistics and other disciplines
• Psycholinguistics
 Language acquisition by children
 Speech perception
 Other areas of research
• Sociolinguistics
 Delineation of the field
 Social dimensions
• Other relationships
 Anthropological linguistics
 Computational linguistics
 Mathematical linguistics
 Stylistics
 Applied linguistics
Dialectology and linguistic geography
• Dialect geography
 Early dialect studies
 Dialect atlases
 The value and applications of
dialectology
• Social dialectology

34. ECONOMICS
What is Economics?
 Economics is the scientific study of the ownership,
use, and exchange of scarce resources - often shortened
to the science of scarcity.
 Economics is regarded as a social science because it
uses scientific methods to build theories that can help
explain the behaviour of individuals, groups and
organisations.
 Economics attempts to explain economic behaviour,
which arises when scarce resources are exchanged.

35. Economics : Historical Development of Economics
Historical Development of Economics:
Construction of a system
 Marxism
The marginalists
The critics
Keynesian economics
Postwar developments
Radical critiques

36. Economics : Methodological Considerations
In Contemporary Economics
Methodological Considerations In Contemporary
Economics:
 Methods of inference
 Testing theories
 Microeconomics
 Theory of choice
 Theory of allocation
 Macroeconomics
 Neoclassical economics

37.  Economics : Fields Of Contemporary Economics
Fields Of Contemporary Economics
 Money
 Growth and development
 Public finance
 International economics
 Labour
 Industrial organization
 Agriculture
 Law and economics
 Information economics
 Financial economics
 Other schools and fields of economics

38. SOCIOLOGY
What is Sociology?
 Sociology, a social science that studies human societies,
their interactions, and the processes that preserve and
change them.
 It does this by examining
the dynamics of constituent parts of societies such as
institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial,
or age groups.
 Sociology also studies social status or stratification, social
movements, and social change, as well as societal disorder
in the form of crime, deviance, and revolution.

39. Sociology : Historical Development Of Sociology
Historical Development Of Sociology:
Founding the discipline
Replacing Darwinist determinism
Economic determinism
Human ecology
Social psychology
Cultural theory

40. Sociology : Early Schools of Thought
Early schools of thought
Early functionalism
The functionalist-conflict debate
Rising segmentation of the discipline
Major Modern Developments
Social stratification
Interdisciplinary influences

41. Sociology : Methodological development in
contemporary sociology
Methodological development in contemporary
sociology:
Ecological patterning
Experiments
Statistics and mathematical analysis
Data collection
National methodological preferences

42. Sociology : Status Of Contemporary Sociology
Status Of Contemporary
Sociology:
Academic status
Scientific status
Current trends
Emerging roles for sociologists

43. Thanks For
Listening !!!