The document outlines several dominant approaches in the social sciences, including structural functionalism, Marxism, symbolic interactionism, psychoanalysis, rational choice theory, institutionalism, feminist theory, hermeneutical phenomenology, and the human-environment system. It provides more detailed descriptions of structural functionalism and Marxism. Structural functionalism views society as a complex system with interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability and equilibrium. It analyzes how societal elements function in a manifest or latent manner. Marxism, developed by Karl Marx, focuses on industrialism and conflicts between social classes.

1. Dominant Approaches
in Social Sciences
Structural Functionalism
Marxism
Symbolic Interactionism
Psychoanalysis
Rational Choice Theory
Institutionalism
The Feminist Theory
The Hermeneutical Phenomenology
The Human – Environment System

2. What is a THEORY?

3. Dominant Approaches in Social Sciences
Structural Functionalism
Marxism
Symbolic Interactionism
Psychoanalysis
Rational Choice Theory
Institutionalism
The Feminist Theory
The Hermeneutical Phenomenology
The Human – Environment System
a perspective
which describes the
society as a social
system that has a
social structure of
its own, made up of
different parts
which are
interconnected which
works together in
harmony to achieve
balance of social

4. Dominant Approaches in Social Sciences
Social institutions as pillars of
society:
The most
functional and most
important element of human society.
 Government
 Economy
 Education
 Religion
 Family Family
Structural Functionalism

5. Structural Functionalism
Dominant Approaches in Social Sciences
Structuralism is the term used that
believes that it is a “must” the human should
be part of a big structure. Humans should be
interrelated with other individuals.
Structural-Functionalism describes the
effects of societal elements.
Functional x Dysfunctional

6. Structural Functionalism
Dominant Approaches in Social Sciences
2 Types of Function

7. Structural Functionalism
Dominant Approaches in Social Sciences
2 Types of Function
MANIFEST LATENT
effects that are
intended and
recognized by norms
consequences that are
unintended or hidden

8. Structural Functionalism
Dominant Approaches in Social Sciences
Strengths and Weaknesses
o There is a general consensus
about the values and norms of
society by the majority.
o It is made up of integrated
parts that are tied together.
o It tends to seek stability and
avoid conflict (which is seen as dysfunctional).
o Uses microlevel analysis in
examining issues or problems in
society.
o They do not see anything wrong
with inequality in a society
based on class gender or race.
o It is not open to social change.
o Does not look at the cause
(root) of social problem.

9. Structural Functionalism EQUILIBRIUM
 A framework for
building a theory that
sees society as a
complex system whose
parts work together to
promote solidarity and
stability.
 Such parts of the
whole system may vary
in terms of functions
but they are all
related to each other
 They have all one goal
and that is to maintain
and keep the whole
Talcott Parsons

10. Structural Functionalism EQUILIBRIUM
AGIL model
Adaption
Goal Attainment
Integration
Latency

11. Structural Functionalism
Marxism
Karl Marx

12. Industrialism
Structural Functionalism
Marxism